北(bei)京(jing)故(gu)宮(gong)是(shi)中國明清兩(liang)代(dai)的(de)皇家宮(gong)殿,舊稱為紫禁城,位于(yu)北(bei)京(jing)中軸線的(de)中心,是(shi)中國古代(dai)宮(gong)廷建(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)精華(hua)。北(bei)京(jing)故(gu)宮(gong)以三大(da)(da)(da)殿為中心,占地面積72萬(wan)平方米(mi),建(jian)筑(zhu)面積約15萬(wan)平方米(mi),有大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)宮(gong)殿七十(shi)多座,房屋九千余間(jian)。是(shi)世界上(shang)現(xian)存(cun)規(gui)模最大(da)(da)(da)、保存(cun)最為完(wan)整的(de)木質結構古建(jian)筑(zhu)之(zhi)一。
北(bei)京故宮(gong)(gong)(gong)于明成祖永樂四年(nian)(1406年(nian))開(kai)始建(jian)設,以南京故宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為藍本營建(jian),到永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)成。它是(shi)一(yi)座長(chang)方形城池(chi),南北(bei)長(chang)961米(mi),東西寬753米(mi),四面圍(wei)有高10米(mi)的(de)城墻,城外有寬52米(mi)的(de)護城河。紫禁城內的(de)建(jian)筑分為外朝和內廷(ting)(ting)兩部分。外朝的(de)中(zhong)心為太和殿(dian)(dian)、中(zhong)和殿(dian)(dian)、保和殿(dian)(dian),統稱(cheng)三大殿(dian)(dian),是(shi)國家(jia)舉行大典禮的(de)地(di)方。內廷(ting)(ting)的(de)中(zhong)心是(shi)乾清宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、交泰殿(dian)(dian)、坤寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong),統稱(cheng)后三宮(gong)(gong)(gong),是(shi)皇(huang)帝和皇(huang)后居住(zhu)的(de)正(zheng)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。
北京故宮(gong)(gong)被譽為世界五大宮(gong)(gong)之首(法(fa)國(guo)凡爾賽宮(gong)(gong)、英國(guo)白(bai)(bai)金(jin)漢(han)宮(gong)(gong)、美國(guo)白(bai)(bai)宮(gong)(gong)、俄羅斯克里姆林宮(gong)(gong)),是國(guo)家AAAAA級旅游景區,1961年被列(lie)為第一批全國(guo)重點文物保護單位(wei);1987年被列(lie)為世界文化遺產。
2012年(nian)(nian)1月至2018年(nian)(nian)6月,故宮(gong)累計接(jie)待(dai)觀眾達到1億人(ren)次。2019年(nian)(nian)起(qi),故宮(gong)將(jiang)試(shi)行分時段售(shou)票 。2018年(nian)(nian)9月3日(ri),故宮(gong)養心殿正(zheng)式進入古建筑研(yan)究性保(bao)護修繕(shan)工(gong)作(zuo)的實施階段。2019年(nian)(nian)3月4日(ri),故宮(gong)公布了2019年(nian)(nian)下半年(nian)(nian)展覽計劃。
北京(jing)故宮(gong)由明朝皇帝朱棣始建,設計者為蒯祥(xiang)(1397—1481年,字廷瑞,蘇(su)州人)。占地72萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(長961米(mi),寬753米(mi)),建筑(zhu)面(mian)積約15萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),占地面(mian)積72萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)米(mi),用(yong)100萬(wan)民工,共(gong)建了14年,有(you)房屋(wu)9999間(jian)半,實際據1973年專家現(xian)場測量故宮(gong)有(you)大小院落90多座(zuo),房屋(wu)有(you)980座(zuo),共(gong)計8707間(jian)(而此(ci)“間(jian)”并非現(xian)今房間(jian)之(zhi)概念,此(ci)處(chu)“間(jian)”指四根房柱所形(xing)成的(de)空(kong)間(jian))。
故(gu)宮(gong)前(qian)部宮(gong)殿,當時建(jian)筑造型(xing)要(yao)求宏偉壯(zhuang)麗,庭院明朗開闊,象征(zheng)封建(jian)政權至高無上(shang),太和殿坐(zuo)落在紫禁城對(dui)角線的中心,四角上(shang)各有十只吉祥瑞獸(shou)。故(gu)宮(gong)的設計(ji)者認為這樣以顯(xian)示皇(huang)帝的威嚴,震懾(she)天下。后(hou)部內廷卻要(yao)求深邃(sui)、緊湊(cou),因此(ci)東西六宮(gong)都自成一體,各有宮(gong)門宮(gong)墻(qiang),相對(dui)排列,秩序井然(ran)。內廷之(zhi)后(hou)是(shi)宮(gong)后(hou)苑(yuan) 。
故(gu)宮宮殿(dian)是沿著一條(tiao)南(nan)北(bei)向中軸線(xian)排列,三(san)大殿(dian)、后三(san)宮、御花園都位于這條(tiao)中軸線(xian)上。并向兩旁展開,南(nan)北(bei)取直,左右對稱(cheng)。這條(tiao)中軸線(xian)不(bu)僅貫穿在(zai)紫(zi)禁城內,而且(qie)南(nan)達永(yong)定門,北(bei)到鼓樓(lou)(lou)、鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou),貫穿了整(zheng)個城市。
故宮位于(yu)北京城(cheng)(cheng)中心(xin)。布(bu)局依據《周禮(li)·考工(gong)記》中所載:“左祖(zu)(zu)、右社、面(mian)(mian)朝、后(hou)市(shi)”的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze),建筑(zhu)在北京城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北長八公里的(de)(de)(de)中軸線上,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北取直,左右對稱。如今故宮左前面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)動人(ren)(ren)(ren)民文(wen)化宮,明(ming)清是(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)祭(ji)祀(si)祖(zu)(zu)宗的(de)(de)(de)太廟;右前面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)中山(shan)(shan)公園(yuan)是(shi)(shi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)祭(ji)祀(si)土神和谷神的(de)(de)(de)社稷壇;前面(mian)(mian)有朝臣(chen)辦事的(de)(de)(de)處所;后(hou)面(mian)(mian)有人(ren)(ren)(ren)們進行(xing)交易的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場 。北京故宮的(de)(de)(de)北面(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)萬(wan)歲(sui)山(shan)(shan),南(nan)(nan)(nan)面(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)金水(shui)(shui)河,恰好符合古人(ren)(ren)(ren)“負(fu)陰(yin)抱陽,沖氣為和”的(de)(de)(de)建宮原則(ze),萬(wan)歲(sui)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)(shi)專門為營造皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)風水(shui)(shui)而(er)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一座人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)山(shan)(shan),完成(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)明(ming)初,位于(yu)元代(dai)寢(qin)宮延春(chun)閣舊址(zhi),用開(kai)挖護城(cheng)(cheng)河和南(nan)(nan)(nan)湖的(de)(de)(de)淤泥堆(dui)積而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。此(ci)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu),一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)滿足了皇(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)要“負(fu)陰(yin)”的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze),另一方(fang)面(mian)(mian)又(you)鎮住(zhu)了前朝的(de)(de)(de)風水(shui)(shui),故萬(wan)歲(sui)山(shan)(shan)又(you)有“鎮山(shan)(shan)”之(zhi)稱。 北京四九城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局是(shi)(shi)二龍出(chu)水(shui)(shui)護著紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)。依照中國古代(dai)星象學(xue)說(shuo),紫微星(即(ji)北極星)位于(yu)中天(tian),乃(nai)天(tian)帝(di)所居,天(tian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對應,是(shi)(shi)以(yi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的(de)(de)(de)居所又(you)稱紫禁城(cheng)(cheng)。
故宮(gong)宮(gong)城周圍環(huan)繞著高12米(mi),長3400米(mi)的宮(gong)墻,形式為一(yi)長方形城池,墻外有(you)52米(mi)寬的護城河環(huan)繞,形成一(yi)個森嚴壁(bi)壘的城堡。故宮(gong)有(you)4個門(men)(men)(men)(men),正門(men)(men)(men)(men)名午門(men)(men)(men)(men),東門(men)(men)(men)(men)名東華門(men)(men)(men)(men),西門(men)(men)(men)(men)名西華門(men)(men)(men)(men),北門(men)(men)(men)(men)名神武門(men)(men)(men)(men)。面對(dui)北門(men)(men)(men)(men)神武門(men)(men)(men)(men),有(you)用土、石筑成的景山(shan)。在整(zheng)體布局上(shang),景山(shan)可說(shuo)是故宮(gong)建筑群的屏障。
故宮南北長約(yue)960米,東西(xi)寬約(yue)750米,面積72萬(wan)多(duo)平方米,現存房屋(wu)8000多(duo)間。它(ta)周圍有(you)(you)(you)高(gao)10米的城墻(qiang),墻(qiang)外(wai)有(you)(you)(you)寬52米的護城河。四(si)面各有(you)(you)(you)一座門(men),南為(wei)午門(men)、北為(wei)神武(wu)門(men)、東為(wei)東華門(men)、西(xi)為(wei)西(xi)華門(men)。紫禁(jin)城內由外(wai)朝(chao)、內廷(ting)兩大(da)部分組(zu)成。外(wai)朝(chao)以太和殿、中和殿、保和殿為(wei)中心,東有(you)(you)(you)文華殿,西(xi)有(you)(you)(you)武(wu)英殿為(wei)兩翼,是朝(chao)廷(ting)舉行大(da)典的地(di)方。外(wai)朝(chao)的后面是內廷(ting),有(you)(you)(you)乾(qian)清(qing)宮、交泰殿、坤寧宮、御花園以及東、西(xi)六宮等,是皇帝(di)(di)處(chu)理日(ri)常政務和皇帝(di)(di)、后妃(fei)們居住的地(di)方。此外(wai),東側還有(you)(you)(you)寧壽宮區域,是清(qing)朝(chao)乾(qian)隆皇帝(di)(di)為(wei)做太上(shang)皇退位養老之所。
外(wai)朝是皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)處理政事的(de)(de)地方,主要(yao)有三大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian):太(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、中和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、保和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。其中太(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)最為高大(da)(da)、輝煌(huang),它寬60.1米,深33.33米,高35.05米。皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)登基、大(da)(da)婚(hun)、冊封、命將、出征等都要(yao)在(zai)這里(li)舉(ju)行盛大(da)(da)儀式(shi),其時數千人(ren)“三呼萬(wan)歲”,數百種禮(li)器(qi)鐘(zhong)鼓齊鳴,極盡皇(huang)(huang)家氣派。太(tai)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)后的(de)(de)中和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)是皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)出席重大(da)(da)典禮(li)前休息和(he)接受朝拜(bai)的(de)(de)地方,最北(bei)面(mian)的(de)(de)保和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)則是皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)賜宴和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)試的(de)(de)場所(suo)。
故宮(gong)(gong)建筑的后半部(bu)叫內(nei)廷(ting),內(nei)廷(ting)宮(gong)(gong)殿的大門——乾清(qing)門,左右(you)有琉璃照壁,門里是后三宮(gong)(gong)。
內廷以乾清宮、交泰殿、坤寧宮為中心(xin),東西兩翼有(you)東六宮和西六宮,是皇帝處理日常政(zheng)務之處也(ye)是皇帝與后妃居住(zhu)生活(huo)的(de)地方(fang)。后半部(bu)(bu)(bu)在建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格上不同于前半部(bu)(bu)(bu)。前半部(bu)(bu)(bu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)象征皇帝的(de)至(zhi)高無(wu)上。后半部(bu)(bu)(bu)內廷建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)多是自成院落。
在故宮“內庭(ting)”最(zui)后(hou)面。重檐(yan)廡殿頂。坤寧(ning)宮是明朝及(ji)清朝雍正(zheng)帝(di)(di)之前的(de)皇(huang)后(hou)寢宮,兩頭有暖(nuan)閣(ge)。清代(dai)改為祭(ji)(ji)神場所。雍正(zheng)后(hou),西(xi)暖(nuan)閣(ge)為薩滿的(de)祭(ji)(ji)祀地。其中東暖(nuan)閣(ge)為皇(huang)帝(di)(di)大婚的(de)洞房,康(kang)熙、同治、光緒三帝(di)(di),均在此(ci)舉行婚禮(li)。
故宮有(you)四個(ge)大門(men)(men),正門(men)(men)名為午(wu)(wu)門(men)(men),其(qi)平面為凹(ao)形(xing)。午(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)后有(you)五座漢白玉拱橋通往太(tai)和門(men)(men)。東門(men)(men)名東華門(men)(men),西門(men)(men)名西華門(men)(men),北門(men)(men)名神武門(men)(men)。故宮的四個(ge)城角都有(you)角樓,高27.5米,十字屋脊。
午門
午門(men)是故宮的正門(men)。俗稱(cheng)五(wu)鳳樓(lou)。東(dong)西(xi)北三面以(yi)(yi)12米高的城(cheng)臺相(xiang)連,環抱(bao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個方形廣場。有1組(zu)建(jian)筑(zhu)。正中有重樓(lou),是9間面寬的大殿,重檐(yan)廡殿頂,在左右伸(shen)出(chu)兩(liang)闕城(cheng)墻(qiang)上,建(jian)有聯檐(yan)通脊的樓(lou)閣(ge)四(si)座(zuo),明廊相(xiang)連,兩(liang)翼(yi)各(ge)有13間的殿屋向南(nan)伸(shen)出(chu),四(si)隅各(ge)有高大的角亭,輔翼(yi)著(zhu)正殿。這(zhe)組(zu)城(cheng)上的建(jian)筑(zhu),是故宮宮殿群中第一(yi)(yi)(yi)高峰(feng)。午門(men)是皇帝下詔書、下令出(chu)征的地方。它當(dang)中的正門(men)平時只有皇帝才(cai)可以(yi)(yi)出(chu)入;皇帝大婚時皇后(hou)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci);殿試考中狀元、榜眼(yan)、探花的三人可以(yi)(yi)從此門(men)走出(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)。文武大臣(chen)進出(chu)東(dong)側(ce)(ce)門(men),宗室(shi)王(wang)公出(chu)入西(xi)側(ce)(ce)門(men)。
神武門
神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)明朝(chao)時為(wei)(wei)“玄武(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)”,玄武(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)古(gu)代四神(shen)(shen)獸(shou)之一,從方位上講(jiang),左青龍(long),右白虎(hu),前朱(zhu)雀,后玄武(wu)(wu),玄武(wu)(wu)主(zhu)北(bei)方,所以帝王宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)的(de)(de)北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)多取名“玄武(wu)(wu)”。清康熙年間因避諱改稱“神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)”。神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)也(ye)是(shi)一座城門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓形式,用(yong)的(de)(de)最高等級的(de)(de)重(zhong)檐廡殿(dian)式屋頂,但它的(de)(de)大殿(dian)只(zhi)有(you)五開(kai)間加(jia)圍廊,沒有(you)左右向(xiang)前伸(shen)展的(de)(de)兩翼,所以在(zai)形制上要比午門(men)(men)(men)(men)低一個等級。神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)宮(gong)(gong)內日常(chang)出入的(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)禁(jin)。現(xian)神(shen)(shen)武(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)故宮(gong)(gong)博物院(yuan)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)。
東(dong)、西華(hua)門(men)(men)東(dong)華(hua)門(men)(men)與(yu)西華(hua)門(men)(men)遙相對應,門(men)(men)外設有下(xia)馬(ma)碑石,門(men)(men)內金水河南北(bei)流向(xiang),上架石橋1座,橋北(bei)為三(san)座門(men)(men)。東(dong)華(hua)門(men)(men)與(yu)西華(hua)門(men)(men)形(xing)制相同,平面矩形(xing),紅色城臺,白玉須彌座,當中辟3座券門(men)(men),券洞(dong)外方內圓。城臺上建有城樓,黃琉璃瓦重檐廡殿頂(ding),城樓面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),四周出廊。
北(bei)京故宮的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)廷以(yi)三(san)(san)大殿為(wei)主。太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿和(he)(he)(he)中和(he)(he)(he)殿、保和(he)(he)(he)殿都建(jian)在(zai)漢白玉(yu)砌成的(de)(de)(de)8米高的(de)(de)(de)工字形基臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上,太(tai)(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿在(zai)前,中和(he)(he)(he)居中,保和(he)(he)(he)在(zai)后。基臺(tai)(tai)(tai)三(san)(san)層重疊,每層臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上邊緣都裝飾有(you)漢白玉(yu)雕刻的(de)(de)(de)欄(lan)板、望柱和(he)(he)(he)龍(long)頭,三(san)(san)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)當中有(you)三(san)(san)層石階雕有(you)蟠龍(long),襯(chen)托以(yi)海(hai)浪(lang)和(he)(he)(he)流云(yun)的(de)(de)(de)“御路”。在(zai)25000平(ping)方(fang)米的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面(mian)上有(you)透雕欄(lan)板1415塊,雕刻云(yun)龍(long)翔鳳的(de)(de)(de)望柱1460個,龍(long)頭1138個。用這樣多的(de)(de)(de)漢白玉(yu)裝飾的(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)臺(tai)(tai)(tai),造型重疊起伏,這是中國古代(dai)建(jian)筑上具(ju)有(you)獨特風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)裝飾藝(yi)術(shu)。而這種裝飾在(zai)結構功(gong)能上,又(you)是臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)管道。在(zai)欄(lan)板地栿(fa)石下,刻有(you)小(xiao)(xiao)洞口;在(zai)望柱下伸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)頭也(ye)刻出(chu)小(xiao)(xiao)洞口。每到雨季,3臺(tai)(tai)(tai)雨水(shui)逐層由各小(xiao)(xiao)洞口下泄(xie),水(shui)由龍(long)頭流出(chu)。這是科(ke)學(xue)而又(you)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計。
太和門
太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是紫禁城內最(zui)大(da)的宮門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),也是外朝(chao)宮殿的正(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。建成于明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),當時稱(cheng)(cheng)奉天門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。嘉靖四十一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian))改稱(cheng)(cheng)皇(huang)極門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),清順治(zhi)二年(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian))改今名。太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)9間(jian),進深3間(jian),建筑面(mian)(mian)積1300平(ping)方米。上(shang)覆(fu)重(zhong)檐歇山頂,下為漢白玉基座,梁(liang)枋等構件施以(yi)和(he)璽(xi)彩(cai)畫。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前(qian)列銅獅一(yi)(yi)(yi)對。太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)左右各設一(yi)(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),東為昭德門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(明(ming)代稱(cheng)(cheng)弘政門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)),西為貞度門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(明(ming)代稱(cheng)(cheng)宣(xuan)治(zhi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))。太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在明(ming)代是“御門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政”之處。清初的皇(huang)帝(di)也曾在太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政、賜宴,后來(lai)“御門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽政”改在乾(qian)清門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。順治(zhi)元年(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian))九(jiu)月,滿族統治(zhi)者定鼎北(bei)京后的第一(yi)(yi)(yi)個皇(huang)帝(di)福(fu)臨即(ji)在太(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)頒(ban)布大(da)赦令(ling)。
太和門廣場
太和門(men)(men)前有(you)面積約26000平方米的(de)廣(guang)場(chang),內金水河自西(xi)(xi)(xi)向東(dong)蜿蜒流過。河上橫架五座石橋,習稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內金水橋。廣(guang)場(chang)兩(liang)側是排列整(zheng)齊(qi)的(de)廊(lang)(lang)廡(wu),習稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)朝房,并(bing)有(you)協(xie)和門(men)(men)(明(ming)(ming)代稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)會(hui)極(ji)門(men)(men))和熙和門(men)(men)(明(ming)(ming)代稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)歸(gui)極(ji)門(men)(men))東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)對峙。東(dong)側廊(lang)(lang)廡(wu)在明(ming)(ming)代用作(zuo)實錄館(guan)、玉牒(die)館(guan)和起居(ju)注館(guan),清(qing)代改作(zuo)稽察欽奉上諭事件處和內誥敕房。西(xi)(xi)(xi)側廊(lang)(lang)廡(wu)在明(ming)(ming)代為編(bian)修《大(da)明(ming)(ming)會(hui)典(dian)》的(de)會(hui)典(dian)館(guan),清(qing)代改為繙書房和起居(ju)注館(guan)。
太和殿
太和殿,俗(su)稱“金鑾(luan)殿”,明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)成,稱奉天(tian)殿。嘉靖四十(shi)一年(nian)(1562年(nian))改稱皇(huang)極殿。清順治二年(nian)(1645年(nian))改今(jin)名。是皇(huang)帝(di)舉(ju)行大(da)典的地方(fang)。自建(jian)成后(hou)屢遭焚毀,又多次重建(jian),今(jin)天(tian)所(suo)見為(wei)清代(dai)康熙三十(shi)四年(nian)(1695年(nian))重建(jian)后(hou)的形制。太和殿面闊11間(jian)(jian),進(jin)深5間(jian)(jian),建(jian)筑(zhu)面積2377平方(fang)米(mi),高26.92米(mi),連同(tong)臺基通(tong)高35.05米(mi),為(wei)紫禁(jin)城(cheng)內規模最大(da)的殿宇,檐角(jiao)安放10個走(zou)獸。明清兩朝24個皇(huang)帝(di)都在太和殿舉(ju)行盛大(da)典禮(li),如皇(huang)帝(di)登極即位、皇(huang)帝(di)大(da)婚、冊立皇(huang)后(hou)、命將出征,此外每年(nian)萬壽節、元(yuan)旦、冬至(zhi)三大(da)節,皇(huang)帝(di)在此接(jie)受文(wen)武官員(yuan)的朝賀,并向(xiang)王(wang)公(gong)大(da)臣賜宴(yan)。
中和殿
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和殿位于(yu)太(tai)和殿后,高27米(mi),平(ping)面(mian)呈(cheng)正方形,面(mian)闊(kuo)、進深(shen)各為3間,四面(mian)出廊(lang),建筑面(mian)積580平(ping)方米(mi)。黃琉璃瓦單檐四角攢尖頂,正中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)鎏金寶頂。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和殿是(shi)皇(huang)帝去(qu)太(tai)和殿舉(ju)行大典前(qian)稍(shao)事休息和演習禮儀的地方。皇(huang)帝在(zai)(zai)去(qu)太(tai)和殿之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)先在(zai)(zai)此稍(shao)作停(ting)留(liu),接(jie)受內閣(ge)大臣和禮部官(guan)員行禮,然后進太(tai)和殿舉(ju)行儀式(shi)。另外,皇(huang)帝祭祀天地和太(tai)廟之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian),也要先在(zai)(zai)這里審閱一下寫有(you)祭文的“祝版”;在(zai)(zai)到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)南海演耕(geng)前(qian),也要在(zai)(zai)這里審視一下耕(geng)具。
保和殿
保和(he)殿(dian)(謹身(shen)殿(dian)、建極(ji)殿(dian))也是(shi)(shi)故宮三大殿(dian)之一(yi),在中和(he)殿(dian)后。保和(he)殿(dian)高(gao)29米,平面(mian)呈長方形(xing),面(mian)闊9間,進深(shen)5間,建筑面(mian)積1240平方米。黃琉璃瓦重檐歇山式屋頂(ding)。屋頂(ding)正(zheng)中有一(yi)條(tiao)正(zheng)脊(ji),前后各有2條(tiao)垂(chui)脊(ji),在各條(tiao)垂(chui)脊(ji)下部再斜(xie)出一(yi)條(tiao)岔(cha)脊(ji),連同正(zheng)脊(ji)、垂(chui)脊(ji)、岔(cha)脊(ji)共9條(tiao),建筑術語上叫歇山式。保和(he)殿(dian)是(shi)(shi)每(mei)年(nian)除夕皇帝賜宴外藩王公的場所。保和(he)殿(dian)也是(shi)(shi)科舉考試(shi)舉行殿(dian)試(shi)的地方。
體仁(ren)閣(ge) 體仁(ren)閣(ge)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)太和(he)殿(dian)前廣場內東側,面西(xi)。始建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),明(ming)初稱(cheng)(cheng)文樓,嘉靖時改稱(cheng)(cheng)文昭閣(ge),清(qing)(qing)(qing)初改稱(cheng)(cheng)體仁(ren)閣(ge)。體仁(ren)閣(ge)高25米,座落于(yu)(yu)崇(chong)基之上,上下兩(liang)層,黃色琉璃瓦廡殿(dian)頂。下層面闊9間(jian),進深3間(jian)。康(kang)熙年(nian)間(jian),曾(ceng)(ceng)詔內外大(da)臣舉薦博學之士在(zai)體仁(ren)閣(ge)試詩(shi)比賦,清(qing)(qing)(qing)代各朝御容也(ye)曾(ceng)(ceng)收藏于(yu)(yu)此。乾隆年(nian)間(jian)重(zhong)建后,此處(chu)作為清(qing)(qing)(qing)代內務府(fu)緞庫,內設(she)收貯緞繡木架143座。
弘義閣
弘(hong)(hong)義(yi)閣(ge)高(gao)23.8米,屬前三殿區。黃(huang)琉璃瓦,廡(wu)殿頂,面闊9間, 進(jin)深(shen)3間,上下二(er)層,四面出廊。弘(hong)(hong)義(yi)閣(ge)侍(shi)立于太和(he)殿西南(nan)側。初建于明永(yong)樂(le)年(nian),名為(wei)(wei)武(wu)樓(lou),明嘉靖朝(chao)(chao)改稱武(wu)成閣(ge),清(qing)初改為(wei)(wei)今名,意為(wei)(wei)弘(hong)(hong)揚大義(yi)。清(qing)代的弘(hong)(hong)義(yi)閣(ge)長期用于收儲宮(gong)廷(ting)使(shi)用的金銀器具等。現辟為(wei)(wei)“皇朝(chao)(chao)禮樂(le)展”展廳。
乾清門
乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)為紫(zi)禁城內(nei)(nei)廷的(de)(de)正宮(gong)門(men)(men)。建于明永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),清(qing)(qing)(qing)順治十二年(nian)(1655年(nian))重(zhong)修。乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),高(gao)約16米,單檐歇山屋(wu)頂,座(zuo)落在(zai)高(gao)1.5米的(de)(de)漢白玉石須彌座(zuo)上,周圍(wei)環以雕石欄(lan)桿。門(men)(men)前三(san)出三(san)階,中為御路石,兩(liang)側列(lie)銅鎏金獅子一對,中開三(san)門(men)(men)。乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)東為內(nei)(nei)左門(men)(men)及九卿值房,西邊內(nei)(nei)右(you)門(men)(men)及軍機處。門(men)(men)前廣(guang)場(chang)東西兩(liang)端為景運門(men)(men)、隆宗門(men)(men)。乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)是連接內(nei)(nei)廷與外朝往來的(de)(de)重(zhong)要通道,在(zai)清(qing)(qing)(qing)代又兼為處理政務的(de)(de)場(chang)所,清(qing)(qing)(qing)代的(de)(de)“御門(men)(men)聽政”、齋(zhai)戒(jie)、請寶(bao)接寶(bao)等典禮儀(yi)式都在(zai)乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)舉行。
乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是內廷(ting)后三宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)一。始建(jian)(jian)于明永(yong)樂十八年(1420年),明清(qing)(qing)兩(liang)代(dai)曾因(yin)數次被焚毀而重建(jian)(jian),現有建(jian)(jian)筑為(wei)清(qing)(qing)嘉(jia)慶(qing)三年(1798年)所建(jian)(jian)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)黃(huang)琉(liu)璃瓦重檐(yan)廡殿頂,座(zuo)落在單層漢白玉石臺(tai)基(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)上,連(lian)廊面闊(kuo)9間(jian),進深5間(jian),建(jian)(jian)筑面積1400平方米,自臺(tai)面至(zhi)正(zheng)脊高(gao)20余米 ,檐(yan)角置脊9個。殿前(qian)寬敞的(de)月臺(tai)上,左右分別有銅(tong)龜、銅(tong)鶴(he),日(ri)晷、嘉(jia)量,前(qian)設鎏(liu)金香爐4座(zuo),正(zheng)中(zhong)出丹陛(bi),接高(gao)臺(tai)甬路與乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門相連(lian)。乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑規(gui)模為(wei)內廷(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)首,明代(dai)共有14位皇(huang)帝曾在此(ci)居住。明代(dai)乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)也曾作為(wei)皇(huang)帝守喪之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)。清(qing)(qing)順治(zhi)、康(kang)熙也在此(ci)居住。雍正(zheng)以后,密建(jian)(jian)皇(huang)儲(chu)的(de)建(jian)(jian)儲(chu)匣存(cun)放乾(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)“正(zheng)大光明”匾后。康(kang)熙、乾(qian)(qian)隆兩(liang)朝這(zhe)里也曾舉(ju)行過千叟宴。現為(wei)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)生(sheng)活原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列。
交泰殿
交泰(tai)殿(dian)為內(nei)廷后(hou)(hou)(hou)三(san)宮(gong)之(zhi)一,位(wei)于乾(qian)清(qing)宮(gong)和坤寧(ning)宮(gong)之(zhi)間,約為明嘉靖(jing)年(nian)間建。交泰(tai)殿(dian)平面(mian)(mian)為方(fang)形,深、廣(guang)各3間。明間設(she)寶座,上(shang)懸康熙帝(di)御書(shu)“無為”匾,寶座后(hou)(hou)(hou)有板屏一面(mian)(mian),上(shang)書(shu)乾(qian)隆帝(di)御制《交泰(tai)殿(dian)銘》。交泰(tai)殿(dian)為皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)千(qian)秋節(jie)受慶(qing)賀禮的地(di)方(fang)。清(qing)代于此殿(dian)貯(zhu)清(qing)二十五寶璽。每年(nian)正月,由欽天監選(xuan)擇(ze)吉(ji)(ji)日吉(ji)(ji)時,設(she)案開(kai)封(feng)陳寶,皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)來此拈香(xiang)行(xing)禮。清(qing)世祖所立“內(nei)宮(gong)不(bu)許干(gan)預政事”的鐵牌曾立于此殿(dian)。皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)大婚時,皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的冊(ce)、寶安設(she)殿(dian)內(nei)左(zuo)右(you)案上(shang)。每年(nian)春季祀先(xian)蠶,皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)先(xian)一日在此查閱采桑的用具。
坤寧宮
坤(kun)寧(ning)(ning)宮是內廷(ting)后(hou)三宮之一,始建于明永(yong)樂十(shi)八(ba)年(1420年),清(qing)沿(yan)明制于順治二年(1645年)重修,順治十(shi)二年(1655年)仿沈陽盛京清(qing)寧(ning)(ning)宮再次重修。坤(kun)寧(ning)(ning)宮座北面(mian)(mian)(mian)南(nan),面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊連廊9間(jian)(jian),進深(shen)3間(jian)(jian),黃琉璃瓦重檐(yan)廡殿頂。明代(dai)是皇(huang)后(hou)的寢(qin)宮。清(qing)順治十(shi)二年改(gai)建后(hou),為薩滿教祭神的主要(yao)場所(suo)。改(gai)原(yuan)明間(jian)(jian)開門為東次間(jian)(jian)開門,門的西側四間(jian)(jian)設南(nan)、北、西三面(mian)(mian)(mian)炕,作為祭神的場所(suo)。清(qing)康熙、同治、光緒(xu)皇(huang)帝(di)在此大(da)婚(hun),溥儀(yi)結婚(hun)也都是在坤(kun)寧(ning)(ning)宮舉行。現為宮廷(ting)生活(huo)原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列。
御花園
御花(hua)園(yuan)位(wei)于紫禁(jin)城(cheng)中軸線(xian)上(shang),坤寧(ning)宮(gong)后方,明代(dai)稱為“宮(gong)后苑”,清代(dai)稱御花(hua)園(yuan)。始建(jian)于明永(yong)樂十八(ba)年(1420年),以(yi)后曾(ceng)有增(zeng)修(xiu),現(xian)仍(reng)保留(liu)初建(jian)時的基本格局。全(quan)園(yuan)南北縱80米(mi),東(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)140米(mi),占地(di)面積12000㎡。園(yuan)內主體(ti)建(jian)筑欽安殿為重檐盝頂(ding)式,座落于紫禁(jin)城(cheng)的南北中軸線(xian)上(shang),以(yi)其為中心,向前方及兩(liang)側鋪展亭臺樓閣。園(yuan)內的松、柏(bo)、竹與山(shan)石,形成四季(ji)長青的園(yuan)林景觀。
御景亭
御(yu)(yu)景亭(ting)位(wei)于御(yu)(yu)花園(yuan)內(nei)東(dong)側(ce)的(de)假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)上(shang)。原(yuan)是(shi)明代觀花殿的(de)舊址,萬歷(li)間(jian)改堆假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)。山(shan)(shan)的(de)東(dong)西山(shan)(shan)石間(jian)各有登道,拾級而上(shang)可達山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)御(yu)(yu)景亭(ting)。亭(ting)子平面(mian)方(fang)形,四柱,一斗二升(sheng)交蔴葉斗栱,攢尖頂(ding)(ding),上(shang)覆翠綠琉(liu)(liu)璃瓦(wa),黃色琉(liu)(liu)璃瓦(wa)剪(jian)邊,鎏金寶頂(ding)(ding),四面(mian)設隔扇門。四周圍繞著漢白玉石欄板。亭(ting)內(nei)天花藻井(jing),面(mian)南(nan)設寶座。御(yu)(yu)景亭(ting)是(shi)皇(huang)帝(di)、皇(huang)后在農歷(li)九月初九重陽節登高的(de)地方(fang)。自亭(ting)上(shang)可俯(fu)瞰宮苑,遠眺紫禁城、景山(shan)(shan)、西苑。
摛藻(zao)堂(tang) 摛藻(zao)堂(tang)位于(yu)御花園內堆秀山東側,依墻(qiang)(qiang)面南,面闊5間,黃(huang)琉璃瓦硬山式(shi)頂(ding),堂(tang)西墻(qiang)(qiang)辟有(you)一小門,可通西耳(er)房(fang)。堂(tang)前出(chu)廊,明間開門,次梢間為(wei)檻(jian)窗。室內放(fang)置書(shu)架,為(wei)宮中藏書(shu)之所(suo)。乾隆四(si)十四(si)年(1779年)后,《四(si)庫全書(shu)薈要》曾貯(zhu)藏于(yu)此。
養心殿
養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)位(wei)于內廷后三宮的(de)(de)西側,西六宮的(de)(de)南面。初建于明(ming)嘉靖年間(jian)(16世紀中(zhong)),一直做(zuo)為(wei)皇帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)便殿(dian)(dian)。自從(cong)清(qing)雍(yong)正朝開始(shi),這里做(zuo)為(wei)皇帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)主要居所和日常理政之處(chu),遂成清(qing)代皇帝(di)(di)(di)實際上的(de)(de)正寢(qin)。“養(yang)心”意為(wei)涵養(yang)心性。養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)在(zai)宮中(zhong)的(de)(de)位(wei)置比較便利,殿(dian)(dian)內空間(jian)布局豐(feng)富(fu)而功(gong)能集中(zhong),廳(ting)堂、書房、寢(qin)室(shi)以及(ji)分別(bie)用來批閱奏折、密談、休憩、禮佛的(de)(de)小室(shi)等一應俱全,比大殿(dian)(dian)宇更(geng)宜(yi)于宵衣旰食的(de)(de)君主周旋其間(jian),是清(qing)代高度集權的(de)(de)政治體制下更(geng)適(shi)宜(yi)皇帝(di)(di)(di)起居活(huo)動的(de)(de)場所。養(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)中(zhong)最著名的(de)(de)是雍(yong)正皇帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)“勤政親賢”室(shi)、乾隆皇帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)三希堂以及(ji)東暖閣的(de)(de)晚(wan)清(qing)垂簾聽政處(chu)。
長春宮
長(chang)春(chun)宮,內廷西六(liu)宮之(zhi)一,明永(yong)樂(le)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)成,清康熙二十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1683年(nian)(nian)(nian))重修,后又多次修整。咸豐九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian)(nian))拆除長(chang)春(chun)宮的宮門(men)長(chang)春(chun)門(men),并將(jiang)啟(qi)祥宮后殿改為穿堂殿,咸豐帝題額曰“體(ti)元殿”。長(chang)春(chun)宮、啟(qi)祥宮兩宮院由(you)此連(lian)通(tong)。長(chang)春(chun)宮面闊5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山式頂(ding)。殿前(qian)左(zuo)右(you)設銅龜、銅鶴各1對。東配(pei)殿曰綏壽殿,西配(pei)殿曰承禧殿,各3間(jian),前(qian)出廊,與轉角廊相連(lian),可通(tong)各殿。
翊坤宮
翊坤(kun)宮(gong)(gong),內廷西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)之一,明清時(shi)為妃嬪居所。建于明永樂十八年(1420年)。原為二進院,清晚期(qi)將翊坤(kun)宮(gong)(gong)后(hou)(hou)殿(dian)(dian)改成穿堂殿(dian)(dian)曰(yue)體(ti)和(he)殿(dian)(dian),東(dong)西(xi)耳房各(ge)改一間(jian)為通道,使翊坤(kun)宮(gong)(gong)與儲秀宮(gong)(gong)相連,形成四進院的格局。正殿(dian)(dian)面闊5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦(wa)歇山(shan)頂(ding),前后(hou)(hou)出(chu)廊(lang)。檐下(xia)施斗拱,梁枋飾以蘇式(shi)彩畫(hua)。殿(dian)(dian)前設(she)“光明盛昌”屏門,臺基下(xia)陳設(she)銅(tong)鳳、銅(tong)鶴(he)、銅(tong)爐各(ge)一對。東(dong)西(xi)有配殿(dian)(dian)曰(yue)延(yan)洪殿(dian)(dian)、元和(he)殿(dian)(dian),均為3間(jian)黃琉璃瓦(wa)硬山(shan)頂(ding)建筑。
儲秀宮
儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮,內廷(ting)西六(liu)宮之一,明清(qing)時為(wei)妃嬪(pin)所居。始建(jian)于明永(yong)樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),光緒(xu)十(shi)年(nian)(1884年(nian))為(wei)慶祝慈(ci)禧五(wu)十(shi)壽辰(chen),耗費(fei)白銀63萬(wan)兩進(jin)行大(da)規模整修(xiu)(xiu),現存建(jian)筑為(wei)光緒(xu)十(shi)年(nian)重修(xiu)(xiu)后的(de)(de)形制。儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮原為(wei)二進(jin)院,清(qing)晚期拆(chai)除了儲(chu)秀(xiu)門及(ji)圍墻,并將(jiang)翊(yi)坤宮后殿(dian)改為(wei)穿堂殿(dian),稱體和殿(dian),連通儲(chu)秀(xiu)宮與翊(yi)坤宮,形成(cheng)相通的(de)(de)四(si)進(jin)院落。
太極殿
太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),內廷西六宮(gong)之一(yi),建(jian)于(yu)明永樂(le)十八(ba)年(1420年)。原(yuan)名未央宮(gong),因嘉靖皇(huang)帝的(de)生(sheng)父興獻王朱(zhu)祐(you)杬生(sheng)于(yu)此(ci),故于(yu)嘉靖十四年(1535年)更名啟祥宮(gong),清(qing)代晚(wan)期改(gai)(gai)稱太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。清(qing)代曾多(duo)次修葺(qi)。太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)為(wei)二進院,清(qing)后(hou)期改(gai)(gai)修長(chang)春宮(gong)時(shi),將太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)辟為(wei)穿堂殿(dian)(dian)(dian),后(hou)檐(yan)接(jie)出抱廈,并與(yu)長(chang)春宮(gong)及其東西配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)轉角游廊(lang)相連,形成回廊(lang),東西耳(er)房(fang)各開一(yi)間為(wei)通(tong)道,使太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)長(chang)春宮(gong)連接(jie)成相互(hu)貫通(tong)的(de)四進院。
永壽宮
永(yong)壽(shou)宮(gong)為(wei)內(nei)廷西六(liu)宮(gong)之一(yi)。建(jian)于明永(yong)樂(le)十(shi)八年(1420年),初名長樂(le)宮(gong)。永(yong)壽(shou)宮(gong)為(wei)兩進院,前院正殿永(yong)壽(shou)宮(gong)面闊5間,黃琉璃瓦歇山(shan)頂。殿內(nei)高(gao)懸乾隆皇帝(di)御筆匾額(e)“令(ling)德淑儀”,東壁懸乾隆《圣制班(ban)姬(ji)辭(ci)輦贊》,西壁懸《班(ban)姬(ji)辭(ci)輦圖》。乾隆六(liu)年(1741年),乾隆皇帝(di)下令(ling),內(nei)廷東西十(shi)一(yi)宮(gong)的匾額(e)“俱(ju)照永(yong)壽(shou)宮(gong)式樣制造”,自掛起之后,不許(xu)擅(shan)動(dong)或更換。
重華宮(gong) 重華宮(gong)位(wei)于內廷西(xi)路(lu)西(xi)六宮(gong)以(yi)北(bei),原為(wei)明代乾西(xi)五(wu)所之二所。雍(yong)正(zheng)十(shi)(shi)一年(1733年),弘(hong)歷被封為(wei)“和(he)碩寶(bao)親(qin)王”,住(zhu)地賜名“樂善(shan)堂”。弘(hong)歷登極后(hou),名重華。重華宮(gong)沿用乾西(xi)二所的(de)三進院(yuan)落格局。前(qian)院(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)為(wei)崇(chong)敬(jing)殿(dian)。殿(dian)內正(zheng)中(zhong)懸弘(hong)歷為(wei)和(he)碩寶(bao)親(qin)王時(shi)親(qin)筆書匾(bian)額“樂善(shan)堂”。此后(hou)嘉慶(qing)皇帝將重華宮(gong)茶(cha)宴聯句(ju)作為(wei)家法,于每年的(de)正(zheng)月初二至初十(shi)(shi)期間舉(ju)行。道光年間仍時(shi)有舉(ju)行,咸豐以(yi)后(hou)終(zhong)止。
咸福宮(gong) 咸福宮(gong)為(wei)內廷西六宮(gong)之一。為(wei)兩進院,正門(men)咸福門(men)為(wei)琉璃門(men),面闊3間,黃琉璃瓦廡殿(dian)頂,形制(zhi)高于西六宮(gong)中其它五宮(gong),與東六宮(gong)相(xiang)對(dui)稱位置的景陽宮(gong)形制(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)。后(hou)院正殿(dian)名(ming)“同(tong)道堂”,室內設(she)落地罩隔斷,頂棚為(wei)海墁天花。咸福宮(gong)為(wei)后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)所居(ju),前殿(dian)為(wei)行禮升座之處,后(hou)殿(dian)為(wei)寢宮(gong)。道光帝(di)琳貴人(莊順皇貴妃(fei)(fei))、成貴妃(fei)(fei)、彤貴妃(fei)(fei)、常妃(fei)(fei)等都曾在此(ci)居(ju)住。
漱(shu)(shu)(shu)芳齋 漱(shu)(shu)(shu)芳齋原為(wei)(wei)乾(qian)(qian)西五所(suo)之(zhi)頭所(suo)。清乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)皇帝即位后,改(gai)乾(qian)(qian)西二(er)所(suo)為(wei)(wei)重華宮(gong)(gong),遂將(jiang)頭所(suo)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)漱(shu)(shu)(shu)芳齋,并建戲(xi)臺,作為(wei)(wei)重華宮(gong)(gong)宴(yan)集演戲(xi)之(zhi)所(suo)。漱(shu)(shu)(shu)芳齋為(wei)(wei)工字形殿,前殿與南(nan)房(fang)、東西配殿圍成(cheng)獨立的小院,其間有游(you)廊相連。乾(qian)(qian)隆(long)年(nian)間,逢萬(wan)壽節(jie)、圣壽節(jie)、中(zhong)元(yuan)節(jie)、除(chu)夕等重要節(jie)日(ri),常侍奉皇太后在(zai)后殿進膳、看戲(xi),并賜(si)宴(yan)于(yu)王公大(da)臣。宣統皇帝遜位后,同治帝瑜妃(fei)、瑨妃(fei)曾居漱(shu)(shu)(shu)芳齋芝(zhi)蘭室(shi),遇(yu)太妃(fei)誕(dan)辰日(ri),仍于(yu)此處傳(chuan)戲(xi),直至溥儀被迫(po)“即日(ri)出宮(gong)(gong)”。
奉先殿
奉先(xian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),位于(yu)(yu)紫禁城內(nei)廷東側(ce),為明(ming)清(qing)(qing)皇室祭(ji)祀祖(zu)先(xian)的(de)家廟,始建于(yu)(yu)明(ming)初。清(qing)(qing)沿明(ming)制,于(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)順(shun)治十(shi)四年(1657年)重建,后(hou)又(you)多次修繕。奉先(xian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)建筑面積1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦重檐廡殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂(ding),檐下彩繪金線大(da)(da)點金旋子彩畫。按清(qing)(qing)制,凡遇(yu)朔望、萬壽圣節、元旦及(ji)國(guo)家大(da)(da)慶(qing)等,大(da)(da)祭(ji)于(yu)(yu)前殿(dian)(dian)(dian);遇(yu)列圣列后(hou)圣誕、忌辰(chen)及(ji)元宵、清(qing)(qing)明(ming)、中元、霜降(jiang)、歲除等日,于(yu)(yu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)上香行禮;凡上徽號、冊立、冊封(feng)、御經筵、耕(geng)耤(ji)、謁陵(ling)、巡狩、回(hui)鑾及(ji)諸(zhu)慶(qing)典,均(jun)祗告于(yu)(yu)后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。
承乾宮
承乾宮,內廷東六宮之一(yi)。明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成(cheng),初曰永寧宮。宮為兩(liang)進院,后(hou)院正殿5間(jian),明(ming)間(jian)開門(men)。此宮在(zai)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)為貴妃(fei)(fei)所居(ju)。清代(dai)(dai)為后(hou)妃(fei)(fei)所居(ju),清順(shun)治帝(di)(di)皇貴妃(fei)(fei)董鄂氏,道光帝(di)(di)孝全成(cheng)皇后(hou)等都曾(ceng)在(zai)此居(ju)住。
景仁宮
景(jing)仁(ren)宮(gong),內廷東六宮(gong)之一(yi)。明(ming)(ming)永樂(le)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初曰長安(an)宮(gong)。宮(gong)為(wei)二進院,正(zheng)門南向,門內有(you)石影壁一(yi)座,傳(chuan)為(wei)元代(dai)遺物。后院正(zheng)殿(dian)5間,明(ming)(ming)間開門。景(jing)仁(ren)宮(gong)明(ming)(ming)代(dai)為(wei)嬪(pin)妃(fei)居所。清(qing)順治十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1654年(nian))三月,康(kang)熙帝(di)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)此宮(gong)。乾隆帝(di)生(sheng)(sheng)母孝圣憲皇后、咸豐(feng)帝(di)婉貴妃(fei)、光緒帝(di)珍妃(fei)均曾在此居住(zhu)。
延禧宮
延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)為內廷東六宮(gong)(gong)之一,建于(yu)明永樂(le)十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),初名(ming)長壽宮(gong)(gong)。殿(dian)前有東西(xi)(xi)配殿(dian)各3間。后(hou)院正殿(dian)5間,亦有東西(xi)(xi)配殿(dian)各3間,均(jun)為黃(huang)琉璃瓦硬山(shan)頂(ding)。宣統元年(nian)(nian)(1909年(nian)(nian))在延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)原址興工修建一座3層(ceng)西(xi)(xi)洋式(shi)建筑(zhu)--水殿(dian)。水殿(dian)四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)浚池,引玉泉山(shan)水環繞。主樓每層(ceng)9間,底層(ceng)四(si)面當(dang)中各開一門,四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)環以圍(wei)廊。隆(long)裕(yu)太后(hou)題匾額曰“靈沼(zhao)軒”,俗(su)稱“水晶宮(gong)(gong)”。1917年(nian)(nian)張(zhang)勛復辟時,延(yan)禧(xi)宮(gong)(gong)北部(bu)被直(zhi)系部(bu)隊飛機投彈(dan)炸毀。
景陽宮
景陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),為內廷東(dong)六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,位于鐘粹宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東(dong)、永(yong)和宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)北。明永(yong)樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初名(ming)長陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),嘉靖十(shi)四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更(geng)名(ming)景陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。明代(dai)(dai)為嬪妃(fei)所居(ju)。清代(dai)(dai)改作收貯(zhu)圖書(shu)之(zhi)地(di)。宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為二進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan),正(zheng)門南向,名(ming)景陽(yang)門,前(qian)院(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)即景陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong),面闊3間,黃琉璃瓦廡(wu)殿(dian)頂(ding)(ding),與(yu)東(dong)六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)其它五宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的屋頂(ding)(ding)形式不同(tong)。后院(yuan)(yuan)正(zheng)殿(dian)為御(yu)書(shu)房,面闊5間,明間開(kai)門,黃琉璃瓦歇山式頂(ding)(ding)。次、梢間為檻墻、檻窗,檐下(xia)施(shi)以斗(dou)栱,飾龍和璽(xi)彩畫。東(dong)西六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)節張掛的《宮(gong)(gong)(gong)訓圖》原收藏于此。
永和宮
永和(he)宮(gong)(gong),內(nei)廷(ting)東六(liu)宮(gong)(gong)之一,位(wei)于承乾宮(gong)(gong)之東、景陽宮(gong)(gong)之南。明代為妃嬪所居(ju)(ju),清(qing)代為后妃所居(ju)(ju)。清(qing)康熙(xi)帝(di)孝(xiao)恭仁皇后久居(ju)(ju)此宮(gong)(gong)。其后,道光(guang)帝(di)靜貴妃,咸(xian)豐帝(di)麗貴人等先后在此居(ju)(ju)住。宮(gong)(gong)為二進院(yuan),正(zheng)門南向(xiang),名永和(he)門,前(qian)院(yuan)正(zheng)殿即永和(he)宮(gong)(gong),面(mian)闊5間(jian)(jian)。明間(jian)(jian)開(kai)門,次(ci)、梢間(jian)(jian)皆為檻墻,上安支(zhi)窗(chuang)。正(zheng)間(jian)(jian)室內(nei)懸乾隆御(yu)題“儀(yi)昭淑慎”匾,吊(diao)白樘箅子頂棚,方磚(zhuan)墁地。東西有配殿各(ge)3間(jian)(jian),明間(jian)(jian)開(kai)門,黃琉(liu)璃(li)瓦硬山(shan)式頂,檐下(xia)飾旋(xuan)子彩畫(hua)。東西配殿的(de)北側皆為耳房,各(ge)3間(jian)(jian)。
毓慶宮
毓(yu)慶宮(gong)(gong)位于(yu)內廷東(dong)路奉先殿(dian)(dian)與齋宮(gong)(gong)之間(jian)(jian),系清康熙十八年(nian)(1679年(nian))在(zai)明代(dai)奉慈殿(dian)(dian)基址上修建(jian)而成。是(shi)由長方形院(yuan)落組成的建(jian)筑群(qun),前后共四進。正(zheng)門前星(xing)門,門內為(wei)(wei)第(di)一進院(yuan)落,有值(zhi)房3座,西(xi)墻開陽曜門與齋宮(gong)(gong)相通。過院(yuan)北祥(xiang)旭門為(wei)(wei)第(di)二進院(yuan)落,正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)惇本殿(dian)(dian),東(dong)西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian)各3間(jian)(jian)。第(di)三進院(yuan)東(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)側各有圍房20間(jian)(jian),直抵第(di)四進院(yuan),正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)即毓(yu)慶宮(gong)(gong),建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)工字殿(dian)(dian)。毓(yu)慶宮(gong)(gong)是(shi)康熙年(nian)間(jian)(jian)特為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太子(zi)允礽所建(jian),后作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)子(zi)居所。同治、光緒兩(liang)朝,此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)均(jun)作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)帝(di)讀(du)書(shu)處,光緒皇(huang)帝(di)曾在(zai)此(ci)居住。
齋宮
齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)位于紫禁城東六宮(gong)(gong)之南,毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)西,為(wei)皇帝行祭(ji)天祀(si)(si)地典(dian)禮前(qian)(qian)的齋(zhai)戒(jie)之所。明(ming)(ming)代和清(qing)前(qian)(qian)期(qi),祭(ji)天祀(si)(si)地前(qian)(qian)的齋(zhai)戒(jie)均在(zai)宮(gong)(gong)外進行。齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)系前(qian)(qian)朝后寢兩(liang)進的長方(fang)形院落。前(qian)(qian)殿齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),面闊5間(jian)(jian),黃琉璃瓦(wa)歇山頂,前(qian)(qian)出(chu)抱廈3間(jian)(jian),明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)、兩(liang)次間(jian)(jian)開隔扇(shan)門,兩(liang)梢(shao)間(jian)(jian)為(wei)檻窗。凡祭(ji)天祀(si)(si)地及(ji)祈谷(gu)、常(chang)雩(yu)大祀(si)(si)前(qian)(qian),皇帝致齋(zhai)于此(ci)。遇皇帝宿齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),恭設(she)齋(zhai)戒(jie)牌、銅人于齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)丹陛左側。齋(zhai)戒(jie)日,皇帝與陪(pei)祀(si)(si)大臣(chen)佩戴齋(zhai)戒(jie)牌,各宮(gong)(gong)懸齋(zhai)戒(jie)木(mu)牌于簾(lian)額。齋(zhai)戒(jie)期(qi)間(jian)(jian),不作樂,不飲酒,忌辛辣。
武英殿
武(wu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)殿(dian)始建于明(ming)初(chu)(chu)(chu),位于外朝(chao)熙(xi)和(he)門以西。正殿(dian)武(wu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)殿(dian)南向,面闊5間,進(jin)深3間,黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山頂(ding)。東西配殿(dian)分別是凝(ning)道殿(dian)、煥章殿(dian),左右共有(you)廊房63間。院落東北(bei)有(you)恒壽齋,西北(bei)為(wei)浴德(de)堂。明(ming)初(chu)(chu)(chu)帝王齋居、召(zhao)見大臣(chen)皆于武(wu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)殿(dian),后移至(zhi)文華殿(dian)。清(qing)兵(bing)入(ru)關之初(chu)(chu)(chu),攝政王多爾袞先行抵京,以武(wu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)殿(dian)作(zuo)為(wei)理(li)事之所(suo)。
皇極殿
皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)寧(ning)壽(shou)宮區的(de)主體(ti)建筑,始建于清康熙二(er)十(shi)八年(1689年),初名(ming)寧(ning)壽(shou)宮。皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)位于寧(ning)壽(shou)宮區中(zhong)軸線前部,與后殿(dian)(dian)寧(ning)壽(shou)宮前后排列于單層石臺基之(zhi)上。殿(dian)(dian)座北朝南(nan),面闊(kuo)9間(jian),進深(shen)5間(jian),取帝尊九五之(zhi)制。皇(huang)(huang)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)丹(dan)陛左右分(fen)置日晷、嘉量,是體(ti)現皇(huang)(huang)權的(de)重要陳(chen)設。御道兩(liang)側(ce)各(ge)有六(liu)(liu)方須(xu)彌(mi)座一個,座上置重檐六(liu)(liu)角亭(ting),亭(ting)身(shen)每面鐫篆體(ti)壽(shou)字各(ge)三。
慈寧宮
慈(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)位于內廷外西路隆宗門(men)(men)西側。始建于明嘉靖十(shi)五年(nian)(1536年(nian))。乾隆三(san)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1769年(nian))興工將慈(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)由單檐(yan)(yan)改為重檐(yan)(yan),并將后(hou)(hou)寢殿(dian)后(hou)(hou)移,始定今之(zhi)形制。正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)慈(ci)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)居中,前后(hou)(hou)出(chu)廊,黃琉璃瓦重檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)(shan)頂。面闊(kuo)7間,當中5間各開(kai)4扇(shan)雙交四(si)椀(wan)菱花(hua)槅(ge)扇(shan)門(men)(men)。兩梢(shao)間為磚(zhuan)砌坎墻(qiang)(qiang),各開(kai)4扇(shan)雙交四(si)椀(wan)菱花(hua)槅(ge)扇(shan)窗。殿(dian)前出(chu)月臺,正(zheng)(zheng)面出(chu)三(san)階(jie),左右各出(chu)一階(jie),臺上陳(chen)鎏(liu)金銅香(xiang)爐4座(zuo)。東西兩山(shan)(shan)設卡墻(qiang)(qiang),各開(kai)垂花(hua)門(men)(men),可(ke)通后(hou)(hou)院。
文淵閣
文淵閣是文華殿后的(de)(de)藏書(shu)樓,乾隆四(si)十一(yi)年(1776年)仿浙江藏書(shu)名樓“天一(yi)閣”建造。閣分上(shang)下兩層,黑色琉璃(li)瓦(wa)覆(fu)頂,綠(lv)色琉璃(li)瓦(wa)剪邊,色調深沉雅致,又寓含(han)五行中黑色主水,以水克火的(de)(de)用(yong)意。閣內藏《四(si)庫全(quan)書(shu)》與《欽定古今(jin)圖書(shu)集成》,清代(dai)乾隆朝(chao)以后,除了(le)皇(huang)帝來這里讀書(shu)外,也(ye)允許臣工和學士們來此查(cha)閱(yue)圖書(shu)。
暢音閣
暢音(yin)閣(ge)通高(gao)(gao)20.71米,在寧壽宮區(qu)的中(zhong)部,養性殿東側,是紫(zi)禁(jin)城中(zhong)最大(da)的戲樓。清乾隆四十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1776年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)成,嘉慶(qing)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(19世紀初)又(you)增建(jian)扮戲樓。閣(ge)高(gao)(gao)20余米,從城墻外也(ye)能(neng)望見樓閣(ge)的綠琉璃瓦(wa)頂。“暢音(yin)”即(ji)盡情(qing)賞樂音(yin)之意(yi)。高(gao)(gao)閣(ge)分上(shang)、中(zhong)、下三(san)層,分別為福、祿(lu)、壽臺(tai)(tai)。壽臺(tai)(tai)臺(tai)(tai)面有五口井通地(di)下室(shi),上(shang)有三(san)個(ge)天井通祿(lu)臺(tai)(tai)。此閣(ge)朝北,與帝后等賞戲的閱是樓相對。每逢年(nian)(nian)(nian)節,宮中(zhong)即(ji)在此開演大(da)戲,臺(tai)(tai)上(shang)、臺(tai)(tai)下都熱鬧非凡(fan)。
壽安宮
壽(shou)(shou)安(an)(an)宮(gong)位于內廷外西路壽(shou)(shou)康宮(gong)以(yi)北,英華殿以(yi)南(nan)。始建(jian)(jian)于明代(dai),初名咸(xian)(xian)熙宮(gong),嘉(jia)靖(jing)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian))改稱(cheng)咸(xian)(xian)安(an)(an)宮(gong)。清(qing)初沿明制,雍正年(nian)(nian)間(jian)在(zai)此興辦咸(xian)(xian)安(an)(an)宮(gong)官學,乾隆(long)十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian))咸(xian)(xian)安(an)(an)宮(gong)官學移出。同(tong)年(nian)(nian),乾隆(long)皇帝為(wei)慶賀(he)皇太后六十(shi)(shi)壽(shou)(shou)誕,將(jiang)此宮(gong)修(xiu)葺(qi)一(yi)(yi)新后改稱(cheng)壽(shou)(shou)安(an)(an)宮(gong)。乾隆(long)二(er)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)),為(wei)皇太后七十(shi)(shi)圣壽(shou)(shou)慶典,在(zai)院中添建(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)座3層大戲臺。嘉(jia)慶四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian))將(jiang)戲臺拆(chai)除,扮戲樓改建(jian)(jian)為(wei)春禧殿后卷(juan)殿。
養性(xing)(xing)殿(dian) 養性(xing)(xing)殿(dian)位于寧壽宮后(hou)(hou)的養性(xing)(xing)門內。為寧壽宮后(hou)(hou)寢主(zhu)體建筑之一(yi)。清乾(qian)隆(long)三十(shi)七(qi)年(1772年)仿內廷(ting)養心殿(dian)建造,體量略小,平面布局特殊。養性(xing)(xing)殿(dian)作為太上皇帝(di)寢宮,原為和(he)璽(xi)彩畫(hua)。光緒(xu)年間(jian)慈禧(xi)太后(hou)(hou)居樂壽堂時,曾在(zai)養性(xing)(xing)殿(dian)東暖閣進(jin)早、晚膳。此殿(dian)在(zai)光緒(xu)十(shi)七(qi)年重(zhong)修后(hou)(hou),除墨云室(shi)仍為和(he)璽(xi)彩畫(hua)外,其它均改為蘇式彩畫(hua)。
九龍壁
九龍壁位于(yu)紫(zi)禁城寧(ning)壽(shou)宮區皇極(ji)門(men)外。壁長29.47m,高(gao)3.59m,厚0.45.9m,是(shi)一座背倚宮墻而(er)建的單面(mian)琉(liu)璃(li)影壁,為乾隆三(san)十七年(nian)(1770年(nian))改(gai)建寧(ning)壽(shou)宮時(shi)燒(shao)造。
珍妃井
位(wei)于北(bei)京故宮寧壽(shou)宮北(bei)端的貞順(shun)門(men)內,原為(wei)宮中(zhong)普通水井(jing)。珍妃(fei)井(jing)井(jing)眼上置井(jing)口石(shi),石(shi)兩側鑿小(xiao)洞,用以穿入鐵棍上鎖(suo)。清(qing)光緒二十六年(1900年)八國(guo)聯軍攻打京城,慈(ci)(ci)禧太后與(yu)光緒皇帝倉(cang)惶西逃。臨(lin)行之前,慈(ci)(ci)禧太后將幽禁在(zai)景祺閣北(bei)小(xiao)院的珍妃(fei)召至頤和軒(xuan),命太監崔玉貴等人將她推入貞順(shun)門(men)內井(jing)中(zhong)溺死,此井(jing)因而得名“珍妃(fei)井(jing)”。
故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)創立,具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)兩(liang)方(fang)面的(de)(de)意義:其(qi)一(yi)是民主(zhu)革命的(de)(de)又(you)(you)一(yi)勝利,是對復(fu)辟勢力的(de)(de)一(yi)次致命打擊;其(qi)二(er)是中國(guo)文(wen)化藝(yi)術史上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)一(yi)個偉大業(ye)績。民國(guo)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1925年(nian))10月10日舉行故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)立典禮。博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館是以文(wen)化教育為(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de),收藏(zang)、研(yan)究、展示和保(bao)存(cun)實(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)機構。將(jiang)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)君主(zhu)法(fa)統象征和僅供皇帝(di)觀賞享用的(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物(wu),變為(wei)(wei)全民族的(de)(de)共有(you)(you)財富。故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)立時,就制定(ding)了《故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)臨時理事(shi)會章程》。民國(guo)十(shi)七年(nian)(1928年(nian)),國(guo)民政府頒布了《故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)組織法(fa)》,這是中國(guo)歷(li)史上(shang)(shang)第(di)一(yi)部有(you)(you)關博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館的(de)(de)法(fa)律,后(hou)來又(you)(you)頒布了《中華民國(guo)故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)理事(shi)會條例》。這兩(liang)份文(wen)件在故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展史上(shang)(shang)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)十(shi)分重要(yao)的(de)(de)意義,標志著博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)已(yi)由草創走(zou)向(xiang)成(cheng)熟,也是中國(guo)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館事(shi)業(ye)走(zou)上(shang)(shang)正軌的(de)(de)開(kai)端(duan)。
1987年,北京故宮(gong)被列入世(shi)界文化(hua)遺產。世(shi)界遺產組織對(dui)故宮(gong)的(de)評價(jia)是:“紫禁城是中國五個(ge)多世(shi)紀以來的(de)最高(gao)權力(li)中心,它以園(yuan)林(lin)景觀(guan)和容納了家(jia)具(ju)及工藝品的(de)9000個(ge)房(fang)間(jian)的(de)龐大建筑群,成為明(ming)清時代中國文明(ming)無價(jia)的(de)歷史見證。”
故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮成為(wei)(wei)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)(chan),使(shi)人們(men)對故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮古建筑價值的(de)(de)認識有(you)了深化(hua)(hua)(hua)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮所代表的(de)(de)是已(yi)經(jing)成為(wei)(wei)歷史的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),而且(qie)有(you)著宮廷(ting)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)外(wai)殼,同時它卻(que)代表了當(dang)時的(de)(de)主流文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua),經(jing)過了長時期的(de)(de)歷史篩選和(he)積累,當(dang)然不能簡單用(yong)“封建落后”來概括。故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮和(he)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)不是毫(hao)不相干或對立的(de)(de),而是有(you)機的(de)(de)統一,相得益彰(zhang)。把它們(men)結(jie)合(he)起來,就可看(kan)到(dao),故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)是世(shi)界(jie)(jie)上極少(shao)數(shu)同時具(ju)備藝術博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)、建筑博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)、歷史博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)、宮廷(ting)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)等特色,并且(qie)符合(he)國際公認的(de)(de)“原址保(bao)護”、“原狀(zhuang)陳列”基(ji)本原則(ze)的(de)(de)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)館(guan)和(he)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)。世(shi)界(jie)(jie)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)基(ji)本精(jing)神是文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)多樣性(xing),從世(shi)界(jie)(jie)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)角度,人們(men)努力挖掘和(he)認識故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)突出的(de)(de)和(he)普世(shi)的(de)(de)價值。
“文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)”觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引入,突破了傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“文(wen)物”觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,強化(hua)著遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境意識、共(gong)享意識,以(yi)及(ji)全(quan)社會(hui)都必須(xu)承(cheng)擔管理(li)和保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)念(nian),促使人(ren)們從“大故宮(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念(nian)來看(kan)待(dai)故宮(gong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。這(zhe)在故宮(gong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)中得到(dao)了充(chong)分體現。不僅要(yao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)故宮(gong)本(ben)身,還要(yao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境。過(guo)去只重視對故宮(gong)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu),后(hou)來認識到(dao)與皇宮(gong)連在一起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)城河(he)也是(shi)皇宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當然組成部分,必須(xu)治理(li),于是(shi)就有(you)了20世紀(ji)90年代投(tou)資(zi)6億元(yuan)人(ren)民幣、費時三年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)城河(he)治理(li),改變(bian)了長期存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臟、亂(luan)、差面貌。根據世界遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)委員會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求,在文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)周邊必須(xu)劃定(ding)“緩沖區”,以(yi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)其(qi)周邊原(yuan)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)風貌和環境。2007年5月(yue),在北京(jing)召開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“東亞地(di)區文(wen)物建(jian)筑保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)理(li)念(nian)與實踐國(guo)際研討(tao)會(hui)”通過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《北京(jing)文(wen)件》,對中國(guo)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策和原(yuan)則給予很高評價(jia),對故宮(gong)等世界遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修繕給予充(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肯定(ding),這(zhe)是(shi)對不同文(wen)化(hua)背景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)世界遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)及(ji)其(qi)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊重。
故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)是(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)院于(yu)2003年(nian)提(ti)(ti)出的(de)(de),它是(shi)以(yi)北京故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)及其(qi)豐(feng)富收藏(zang)為研(yan)(yan)究對象(xiang)的(de)(de)一門科(ke)學(xue)(xue)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究主(zhu)要包括紫禁城宮(gong)(gong)殿建筑(zhu)群、文物(wu)典藏(zang)、宮(gong)(gong)廷歷史(shi)文化(hua)遺存(cun)、明清檔案、清宮(gong)(gong)典籍及故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)院的(de)(de)歷史(shi)六個(ge)方面,有著(zhu)豐(feng)富深邃的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)內涵。故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)文化(hua)是(shi)以(yi)皇帝(di)、皇權、皇宮(gong)(gong)為核(he)心的(de)(de)皇家文化(hua)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)出并確(que)立將使其(qi)研(yan)(yan)究進(jin)入(ru)自(zi)覺(jue)階段(duan),從(cong)整體上提(ti)(ti)高(gao)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究的(de)(de)水平。
從故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學的視野(ye)看待故(gu)宮(gong)(gong),不僅(jin)認識(shi)到故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)古建筑、宮(gong)(gong)廷(ting)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)珍藏的重(zhong)(zhong)要價值,而且看到宮(gong)(gong)廷(ting)歷(li)史(shi)遺(yi)存有(you)著同(tong)樣重(zhong)(zhong)要的意(yi)義;更為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)要的是,古建筑、文(wen)物(wu)(wu)藏品、歷(li)史(shi)遺(yi)存以及在(zai)此發生過的人和事(shi),是一個(ge)(ge)不可分割的文(wen)化(hua)整(zheng)體。這(zhe)一認識(shi)是故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學得(de)以產生的重(zhong)(zhong)要依據,也有(you)利于(yu)(yu)進(jin)一步挖(wa)掘(jue)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)的歷(li)史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)內涵(han)。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)文(wen)化(hua)的這(zhe)一整(zheng)體性,也使流(liu)散(san)在(zai)院外(wai)、海外(wai)、國外(wai)的清宮(gong)(gong)舊藏文(wen)物(wu)(wu)、檔案文(wen)獻有(you)了一個(ge)(ge)學術(shu)上的歸宿。基于(yu)(yu)此,兩岸故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博物(wu)(wu)院在(zai)學術(shu)研究上的交流(liu)與合作(zuo)就(jiu)是不可避免(mian)的,人為(wei)地阻隔(ge)只(zhi)能是暫(zan)時的,事(shi)實上這(zhe)種交流(liu)也是在(zai)不斷(duan)地發展(zhan)。
北京(jing)故宮(gong)門票(piao)價格旺季(ji)60元,淡季(ji)40元。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)1日,北京(jing)故宮(gong)限流分(fen)流方(fang)(fang)案(an)公布了試行方(fang)(fang)案(an),具體為3項試行方(fang)(fang)案(an)——年(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)方(fang)(fang)案(an)、主題免費開(kai)(kai)放日方(fang)(fang)案(an)、單日內(nei)分(fen)流方(fang)(fang)案(an)。故宮(gong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)采用實名制,按(an)自然年(nian)(nian)(nian)度發(fa)(fa)(fa)售年(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao),每年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)售下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度年(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)。按(an)照年(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)方(fang)(fang)案(an),在一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)內(nei)(自然年(nian)(nian)(nian))可(ke)憑票(piao)參觀10次(不(bu)含專館),每年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(yue)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)售下(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)度年(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)。
2014年12月開始,故(gu)宮在淡季每月第一個(ge)星期(qi)三試行(xing)主題免(mian)費(fei)開放日,以(yi)此引導部(bu)分(fen)觀眾避(bi)開參(can)觀的高峰期(qi),獲得更好(hao)的參(can)觀環境與文(wen)化(hua)氛圍。 ?教師、大專院校學生(sheng)、現役軍(jun)人等五類(lei)人群將有機會(hui)在特定時間免(mian)費(fei)參(can)觀故(gu)宮。
2015年6月13日,第(di)十(shi)個“中國文(wen)化遺產(chan)日”,故宮(gong)(gong)將(jiang)正式實行(xing)每日8萬人次(ci)的強制限流措(cuo)施。為防止黃牛黨利用故宮(gong)(gong)的限流政策高(gao)(gao)價倒賣門(men)(men)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao),2015年6月13日,故宮(gong)(gong)將(jiang)同步實行(xing)全員實名制購票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)政策,并(bing)實行(xing)旅行(xing)社團隊全部通過網(wang)(wang)絡預訂門(men)(men)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao),也提倡(chang)散客通過網(wang)(wang)絡預訂門(men)(men)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao),逐(zhu)步提高(gao)(gao)網(wang)(wang)絡預售(shou)比例。 淡(dan)季網(wang)(wang)絡門(men)(men)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)降至(zhi)20元,并(bing)適時(shi)推出手機售(shou)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)除了網(wang)(wang)上購票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao),故宮(gong)(gong)還將(jiang)推出手機售(shou)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)。?
2017年5月,故宮博物院召開新聞發(fa)布會,院長(chang)單霽翔(xiang)稱,擬(ni)在2017年第四季度(10月下旬)起,取消現場售票(piao),實(shi)行(xing)全網絡(luo)售票(piao)參觀,最終(zhong)實(shi)現“分時(shi)段售票(piao)、分時(shi)段參觀、有效控制觀眾流(liu)量”。?
2012年(nian)5月(yue),故(gu)宮官方通過文化部(bu)向國務(wu)院(yuan)提出開展(zhan)“平安故(gu)宮”工(gong)程(cheng)的建(jian)議(yi),以徹(che)底解決故(gu)宮存在(zai)的火災隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)、盜竊(qie)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)、震災隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)、藏品(pin)自然損壞(huai)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)、文物庫房隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)、基礎設(she)施(shi)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)、觀眾安全(quan)隱(yin)(yin)(yin)患(huan)等7大安全(quan)問題。2013年(nian)4月(yue),“平安故(gu)宮”工(gong)程(cheng)得到國務(wu)院(yuan)批準立項,計劃到2020年(nian)完成。
2014年11月23日在(zai)廈(sha)門首度對外亮相。源(yuan)自(zi)中國傳統的吉(ji)祥龍鳳(feng)(feng),分別為龍“壯壯”和(he)鳳(feng)(feng)“美美”。吉(ji)祥物設計始(shi)于2013年9月,歷經(jing)近10月,數易其稿后方正式定稿,吉(ji)祥物身上的服飾(shi)、補子、朝(chao)珠、龍帽(mao)、鳳(feng)(feng)冠都經(jing)過(guo)專家(jia)考證,力求精(jing)確。
此次發布的吉(ji)祥(xiang)物(wu)身著清朝服飾,未來還將(jiang)推出身著明(ming)朝等其他朝代(dai)服飾的吉(ji)祥(xiang)物(wu)形象,并以吉(ji)祥(xiang)物(wu)為主題,開發一系列與故宮相關的文(wen)(wen)化(hua)產(chan)品,并用于動(dong)畫(hua)、出版物(wu)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)紀(ji)念(nian)品等現代(dai)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)創(chuang)意產(chan)業領(ling)域。?
公交
北京市區乘坐1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、52路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、59路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、82路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、99路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、120路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、126路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、觀光(guang)1線、夜17路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、夜1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、夜2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、專(zhuan)2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)“天安門(men)(men)東”站(zhan)下車然后步行約(yue)900米到達午(wu)門(men)(men)。或,乘坐1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、5路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、52路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、99路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、觀光(guang)1線、夜1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、專(zhuan)2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)公共汽車在(zai)“天安門(men)(men)西”下車,然后步行約(yue)1000米從午(wu)門(men)(men)進(jin)入。
地鐵
乘(cheng)坐地(di)鐵1號線在(zai)“天安門東”站下車,步(bu)行約900米,即(ji)可從午門進入故宮(gong)。
提示
故宮不設(she)停車(che)(che)場(chang)(chang),周邊的公共停車(che)(che)場(chang)(chang)也較遠,故不建議駕車(che)(che)前來。
故宮(gong)又稱(cheng)紫(zi)(zi)禁(jin)城(cheng)。 中國(guo)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)講究“天(tian)(tian)人合(he)一(yi)”的(de)(de)規劃(hua)理念,用天(tian)(tian)上的(de)(de)星辰與都城(cheng)規劃(hua)相對應(ying),以突出政權的(de)(de)合(he)法性和皇(huang)權的(de)(de)至高(gao)性。天(tian)(tian)帝(di)(di)居住(zhu)在紫(zi)(zi)微(wei)宮(gong),而人間皇(huang)帝(di)(di)自詡為(wei)受命(ming)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)子”,其居所應(ying)象征紫(zi)(zi)微(wei)宮(gong)以與天(tian)(tian)帝(di)(di)對應(ying),《后漢(han)書》載“天(tian)(tian)有紫(zi)(zi)微(wei)宮(gong),是(shi)上帝(di)(di)之(zhi)所居也。王(wang)者立宮(gong),象而為(wei)之(zhi)”。 紫(zi)(zi)微(wei)、紫(zi)(zi)垣、紫(zi)(zi)宮(gong)等便成了帝(di)(di)王(wang)宮(gong)殿的(de)(de)代(dai)稱(cheng)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)封建皇(huang)宮(gong)在古(gu)(gu)代(dai)屬于(yu)(yu)禁(jin)地,常人不能(neng)進入,故稱(cheng)為(wei)“紫(zi)(zi)禁(jin)”。但明朝(chao)初期稱(cheng)為(wei)“皇(huang)城(cheng)”,直接稱(cheng)呼為(wei)“紫(zi)(zi)禁(jin)城(cheng)”則大約始于(yu)(yu)明朝(chao)中晚(wan)期。
故宮嚴格(ge)地按(an)《周禮·考工記》中“前朝(chao)后市,左(zuo)(zuo)祖右社”的帝都營(ying)建(jian)原則建(jian)造。整個故宮,在(zai)建(jian)筑(zhu)布置(zhi)上,用形體(ti)(ti)變(bian)化、高低起伏的手法,組合成一個整體(ti)(ti)。在(zai)功能上符合封建(jian)社會的等級制(zhi)度。同(tong)時(shi)達到左(zuo)(zuo)右均(jun)衡和形體(ti)(ti)變(bian)化的藝術效果。
中國建(jian)筑的(de)(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)形(xing)式(shi)是豐富(fu)多彩的(de)(de),在故宮建(jian)筑中,不同(tong)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)就有(you)10種以(yi)上。以(yi)三大(da)殿為(wei)例(li),屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)各不相同(tong)。故宮建(jian)筑屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)滿鋪各色琉(liu)(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)(wa)件。主要殿座以(yi)黃色為(wei)主。綠色用(yong)(yong)(yong)于皇子居住區(qu)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑。其它藍、紫、黑(hei)、翠(cui)以(yi)及(ji)孔雀綠、寶石藍等五色繽紛的(de)(de)琉(liu)(liu)璃(li),多用(yong)(yong)(yong)在花園(yuan)或琉(liu)(liu)璃(li)壁上。太和殿屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)當(dang)中正脊(ji)的(de)(de)兩(liang)端(duan)各有(you)琉(liu)(liu)璃(li)吻獸(shou),穩重有(you)力地吞住大(da)脊(ji)。吻獸(shou)造(zao)型(xing)優美(mei),是構件又是裝飾物(wu)。一部分(fen)瓦(wa)(wa)件塑造(zao)出龍鳳(feng)、獅(shi)子、海馬等立體動(dong)物(wu)形(xing)象,象征吉祥(xiang)和威嚴,這些構件在建(jian)筑上起了裝飾作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
北(bei)(bei)京(jing)本(ben)來(lai)是(shi)燕王朱棣的封(feng)地。靖難之(zhi)役(yi)以(yi)(yi)后,永樂元年(nian)(1403年(nian)),禮(li)部(bu)尚書李至剛等奏稱,燕京(jing)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)是(shi)皇帝“龍(long)興(xing)之(zhi)地”,應當效仿明太祖對鳳陽的做法,立為(wei)陪都。明成祖于是(shi)大力擢升燕京(jing)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)府(fu)的地位,以(yi)(yi)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)為(wei)北(bei)(bei)京(jing),改北(bei)(bei)平(ping)府(fu)為(wei)順天府(fu),稱為(wei)“行在”同時開始遷發人民(min)以(yi)(yi)充實北(bei)(bei)京(jing);被強令(ling)遷入北(bei)(bei)京(jing)的有各地流民(min)、江南(nan)富戶和山西商人等百姓等。
永樂四年(1406年),明成(cheng)祖下(xia)詔以南(nan)(nan)京皇(huang)宮(gong)(南(nan)(nan)京故宮(gong))為(wei)(wei)藍本,興建北(bei)京皇(huang)宮(gong)和城垣。朱棣先派(pai)出人員,奔(ben)赴(fu)全(quan)國各地去開采名(ming)(ming)貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木材(cai)和石料(liao),然后運送到北(bei)京。光是(shi)準備(bei)工作,就持續了(le)11年。珍貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楠(nan)木多生長(chang)在(zai)崇山峻嶺里,百姓冒險(xian)進山采木,很(hen)多人為(wei)(wei)此(ci)丟(diu)了(le)性命,后世留下(xia)了(le)“入(ru)山一(yi)千,出山五百”來(lai)形容采木所付出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生命代(dai)價(jia)。開采修建宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石料(liao),同樣(yang)很(hen)艱(jian)辛。現在(zai)保和殿(dian)(dian)后那塊最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丹陛石,開采于北(bei)京西南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房山。史(shi)書記(ji)載了(le)運送它時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情景:數萬名(ming)(ming)勞工在(zai)道路兩(liang)旁每隔(ge)一(yi)里左右(you)掘一(yi)口井(jing),到了(le)寒(han)冬臘月氣溫足夠低時(shi)(shi),就從井(jing)里汲水潑成(cheng)冰道,用了(le)28天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間,才送到了(le)宮(gong)里。此(ci)外,還要在(zai)蘇州(zhou)燒(shao)制專供皇(huang)家建筑使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方磚——金磚,山東臨清也要向北(bei)京運送貢磚。
永樂七年(1409年),明(ming)(ming)成祖以北(bei)京(jing)為基地(di)進行北(bei)征,同時開始在北(bei)京(jing)附近的(de)昌平修建長陵。將(jiang)自己的(de)陵墓(mu)修在北(bei)京(jing)而不是南京(jing),證明(ming)(ming)明(ming)(ming)成祖已經(jing)下定決心要遷都。
永樂十四年(nian)(nian)(1416年(nian)(nian)),明(ming)成祖召集群臣,正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)(shi)商(shang)議遷(qian)都(dou)北(bei)京(jing)的(de)事宜。對(dui)于提出反(fan)對(dui)意(yi)見的(de)臣工(gong),明(ming)成祖一一革職或嚴懲,從此無人(ren)再敢反(fan)對(dui)遷(qian)都(dou)。次年(nian)(nian),以南(nan)(nan)京(jing)紫禁城(cheng)為(wei)模(mo)板的(de)北(bei)京(jing)紫禁城(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)(shi)動工(gong)。永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),北(bei)京(jing)皇(huang)宮和(he)北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)建(jian)成。北(bei)京(jing)皇(huang)宮以南(nan)(nan)京(jing)皇(huang)宮為(wei)藍本,規模(mo)稍大。新修(xiu)的(de)北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)周長四十五里,呈規則的(de)方形,符合《周禮(li)·考工(gong)記》中理想(xiang)的(de)都(dou)城(cheng)的(de)形制。明(ming)成祖下詔正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)(shi)遷(qian)都(dou),改金(jin)陵應天府(fu)為(wei)南(nan)(nan)京(jing),改北(bei)京(jing)順天府(fu)為(wei)京(jing)師,但在南(nan)(nan)京(jing)仍設六部(bu)等中央機構,稱南(nan)(nan)京(jing)某部(bu),以南(nan)(nan)京(jing)為(wei)留都(dou)。
故宮(gong)(gong)建(jian)成后,明清宮(gong)(gong)廷五(wu)百多年(nian)(nian)的歷(li)史,包(bao)含了帝后活動,等級制度(du)、權力斗爭、宗教(jiao)祭(ji)祀等。永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),北京宮(gong)(gong)殿竣工。次年(nian)(nian)發(fa)生大火,前三殿被焚毀。正統五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(1440年(nian)(nian)),重(zhong)建(jian)前三殿及乾清宮(gong)(gong)。天(tian)順(shun)三年(nian)(nian)(1459年(nian)(nian)),營建(jian)西苑。經歷(li)永樂、洪熙(xi)、宣德(de)、正統四代,整(zheng)20年(nian)(nian)。
嘉靖三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(1557年),紫禁城(cheng)大火(huo),前三(san)(san)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、奉(feng)天門、文(wen)武樓(lou)、午門全部被(bei)焚(fen)毀。至嘉靖四十(shi)(shi)年(1561年)才全部重建完(wan)工。嘉靖時期,故(gu)宮三(san)(san)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)名稱改為皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、中極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、建極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。
萬歷(li)二十五年(nian)(1597年(nian)),紫禁城大火,焚毀前三殿(dian)、后三宮。復建工(gong)程直至天(tian)啟(qi)七年(nian)(1627年(nian))方完工(gong)。在(zai)(zai)明(ming)朝,乾(qian)清宮是皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)的主(zhu)要(yao)寢(qin)宮,也是主(zhu)要(yao)政(zheng)治活動場所。自永樂皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)朱棣至崇禎皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)朱由(you)檢,共(gong)有(you)14位(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)曾在(zai)(zai)此(ci)居住(zhu)(zhu)。由(you)于宮殿(dian)高大,空間過敞,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)在(zai)(zai)此(ci)居住(zhu)(zhu)時曾分隔(ge)成數室。據記(ji)載(zai),明(ming)代乾(qian)清宮有(you)暖(nuan)閣9間,分上下兩層,共(gong)置床(chuang)27張,后妃(fei)們(men)得以(yi)(yi)進御。由(you)于室多床(chuang)多,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)每晚就寢(qin)之處(chu)(chu)很少有(you)人知(zhi)道(dao),以(yi)(yi)防不測。皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)雖然居住(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)迷(mi)樓(lou)式的宮殿(dian)內(nei),且防范森嚴,但仍(reng)不能高枕(zhen)無憂。據記(ji)載(zai),嘉靖年(nian)間發(fa)生“壬寅(yin)宮變”后,世宗(zong)移(yi)居西苑(yuan),不敢回(hui)乾(qian)清宮居住(zhu)(zhu)。萬歷(li)帝(di)的鄭貴妃(fei)為(wei)爭皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太后鬧出(chu)的“紅丸案”、泰昌妃(fei)李選侍爭做皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后而移(yi)居仁壽殿(dian)的“移(yi)宮案”,都發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)乾(qian)清宮。明(ming)代乾(qian)清宮也曾作為(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)守喪之處(chu)(chu)。
崇禎十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(清順(shun)治(zhi)元年(nian)、大順(shun)永昌元年(nian),1644年(nian)),李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)軍(jun)攻陷北京(jing)(jing)(jing),明朝滅亡,但李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)很快被(bei)清軍(jun)在山海(hai)關擊敗(bai)。李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)向陜西(xi)撤退前(qian)焚毀(hui)紫禁城,僅武英(ying)殿、建極(ji)殿、英(ying)華殿、南(nan)薰殿、四周角樓和皇極(ji)門未焚,其余建筑全部(bu)被(bei)毀(hui)。五月(yue)初二(er),清軍(jun)進入(ru)北京(jing)(jing)(jing),紫禁城被(bei)清軍(jun)接管。同年(nian)十(shi)月(yue),清世(shi)祖順(shun)治(zhi)帝遷(qian)都北京(jing)(jing)(jing)。十(shi)月(yue)初一,順(shun)治(zhi)帝在太和門向全國頒(ban)布登基(ji)詔書,清王朝正式定都北京(jing)(jing)(jing)。此(ci)后歷時14年(nian),將(jiang)中路(lu)建筑基(ji)本(ben)修復。
康(kang)熙(xi)二十(shi)二年(nian)(1683年(nian)),開始(shi)(shi)重建(jian)紫禁(jin)(jin)城(cheng)其余被毀部分(fen)建(jian)筑,至康(kang)熙(xi)三十(shi)四年(nian)基本完工。 清(qing)(qing)(qing)朝(chao)(chao)入關之后(hou)(hou),依照明朝(chao)(chao)的舊例,順治帝(di)(di)和(he)(he)康(kang)熙(xi)帝(di)(di)都將乾清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)為居(ju)住和(he)(he)處理朝(chao)(chao)政的主要場地(di)。雍(yong)正帝(di)(di)即位(wei)之后(hou)(hou),開始(shi)(shi)移居(ju)養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)于紫禁(jin)(jin)城(cheng)內廷(ting)、乾清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)西(xi)側,始(shi)(shi)建(jian)于明朝(chao)(chao)嘉靖年(nian)間。起初(chu),它并不是皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)的寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。清(qing)(qing)(qing)康(kang)熙(xi)時期,內務(wu)府在此(ci)(ci)設置專為皇(huang)(huang)室造辦(ban)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廷(ting)活計(ji)的諸多作(zuo)坊,稱“養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)造辦(ban)處”。康(kang)熙(xi)六十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(1722年(nian)),康(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)去(qu)世后(hou)(hou),即位(wei)的雍(yong)正皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)并沒有搬(ban)到(dao)乃父的寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乾清(qing)(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)去(qu)住,而是將西(xi)側遵義門內暫(zan)時用作(zuo)為父守孝之“苫(shan)次”的養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)辟為皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)寢(qin)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。從此(ci)(ci),養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)(shi)成為皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)居(ju)住和(he)(he)清(qing)(qing)(qing)朝(chao)(chao)朝(chao)(chao)政的主要處理地(di)點(dian),此(ci)(ci)后(hou)(hou)軍(jun)機處設立(li)之后(hou)(hou)辦(ban)公地(di)點(dian)也在養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)附近。乾隆(long)帝(di)(di)即位(wei)之后(hou)(hou),對養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)區進行了大(da)規(gui)模(mo)的擴建(jian)和(he)(he)改(gai)建(jian),逐(zhu)漸形成了一(yi)定的規(gui)制。從雍(yong)正帝(di)(di)之后(hou)(hou),乾隆(long)、嘉慶、道光、咸豐、同治、光緒、宣統八位(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)都在此(ci)(ci)居(ju)住。一(yi)直到(dao)宣統帝(di)(di)被趕出紫禁(jin)(jin)城(cheng)。
咸(xian)豐帝在(zai)位時(shi)期,也(ye)曾(ceng)把(ba)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)前(qian)面的(de)啟祥宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(即(ji)現在(zai)的(de)太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian))打通(tong),連為(wei)一(yi)體,咸(xian)豐去世(shi)后(hou)(hou),慈(ci)(ci)禧也(ye)曾(ceng)在(zai)這里居住,一(yi)人獨(du)享(xiang)兩宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)到了晚(wan)清的(de)時(shi)候,慈(ci)(ci)禧開始改造某些宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此,西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)有四個宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都留下了慈(ci)(ci)禧的(de)足跡。 咸(xian)豐帝死后(hou)(hou),慈(ci)(ci)安(an)(an)和(he)慈(ci)(ci)禧早期垂簾(lian)聽(ting)政時(shi),都曾(ceng)居住在(zai)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),同治十年(1871年),慈(ci)(ci)安(an)(an)從(cong)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)搬(ban)回(hui)鐘(zhong)粹宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)居住,長(chang)春(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)便成為(wei)慈(ci)(ci)禧太(tai)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)人獨(du)享(xiang)的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)院(yuan)。太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)原(yuan)來(lai)也(ye)只是二進院(yuan)落,咸(xian)豐改修長(chang)春(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),將太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)辟為(wei)穿(chuan)堂殿(dian)(dian)(dian),使太(tai)極(ji)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)連接(jie)成相互貫通(tong)的(de)四進院(yuan)。
宣統三年(1911年)辛亥革命后(hou),紫(zi)禁(jin)城宮(gong)(gong)殿本應全部收歸國(guo)有,但按照那時擬定的(de)《清室優待條件》,遜帝愛新覺羅·溥(pu)儀被允(yun)許(xu)“暫居宮(gong)(gong)禁(jin)”,即“后(hou)寢”部分(fen)。侍衛人(ren)等(deng)照常留用;王(wang)公世爵仍(reng)(reng)(reng)其舊(jiu)”等(deng)條款(kuan)。所以(yi)依據《清室優待條件》部份條款(kuan),加之(zhi)袁世凱感念舊(jiu)主恩德,積極扶(fu)持,溥(pu)儀退(tui)位后(hou),帝制雖然被廢除,但皇(huang)帝溥(pu)儀以(yi)及原來的(de)皇(huang)室大臣等(deng)卻仍(reng)(reng)(reng)然安然無恙地居住在皇(huang)宮(gong)(gong)里。在皇(huang)宮(gong)(gong)紫(zi)禁(jin)城內(nei)生活(huo)期間,溥(pu)儀仍(reng)(reng)(reng)舊(jiu)發布“上諭”,仍(reng)(reng)(reng)用宣統年號紀年,遺老遺少(shao)仍(reng)(reng)(reng)行跪拜大禮(li)。宮(gong)(gong)內(nei)依然還保(bao)有內(nei)務(wu)府、宗(zong)人(ren)府和(he)慎刑司等(deng)機構,故臣贈(zeng)謚,不改衣冠(guan),觸犯王(wang)法者由慎刑司處治。遂使(shi)當時的(de)紫(zi)禁(jin)城儼然成為(wei)“國(guo)中之(zhi)國(guo)”。
1917年(nian)7月1日,徐州軍閥張勛(xun)擁立清遜(xun)帝溥儀復辟。為了讓張勛(xun)投降,段祺瑞發動(dong)了一切(qie)可以發動(dong)的(de)(de)力量,其中(zhong)包括(kuo)命令北京(jing)南苑航空(kong)學校(xiao)的(de)(de)師生加入戰斗,用飛機轟炸紫禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。在紫禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內投下三枚(mei)小炸彈,以示(shi)警告。飛機距紫禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)高度只有300米,超低空(kong)飛行。 炸到(dao)了紫禁(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)六(liu)宮(gong)當(dang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)延禧宮(gong),使當(dang)時的(de)(de)建筑輕度損壞。這被認為是東(dong)亞第一次空(kong)襲轟炸。
1924年(nian),馮玉祥發(fa)動(dong)“北京政變”,將(jiang)溥儀逐出宮(gong)(gong)禁(jin),同(tong)時(shi)成(cheng)立(li)“清(qing)室善后委員會”,接(jie)管了故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)。于1925年(nian)10月10日宣布故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)院正(zheng)式成(cheng)立(li),對外開放。1925年(nian)以(yi)后紫禁(jin)城(cheng)才被稱為“故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)”。隨著清(qing)王朝(chao)的沒落,特別是1949年(nian)前的38年(nian)中(zhong),故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)建筑日漸破敗,有多處宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)群倒(dao)塌,垃(la)圾成(cheng)山。
抗日戰(zhan)爭全面爆發(fa)前夕,1933年(nian),故(gu)宮博物(wu)院為保護其文(wen)(wen)物(wu)安全,不至(zhi)遭戰(zhan)火毀滅(mie)或被日本帝國(guo)主(zhu)義掠奪,決定采(cai)取文(wen)(wen)物(wu)避敵南(nan)(nan)遷之策,并在(zai)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)建立文(wen)(wen)物(wu)庫(ku)房,成立故(gu)宮博物(wu)院南(nan)(nan)京(jing)分(fen)院。從1933年(nian)2月至(zhi)5月,先后(hou)檢選出文(wen)(wen)物(wu)、圖(tu)書、檔案13427箱又(you)64包,分(fen)五批(pi)先運抵上海,后(hou)又(you)運至(zhi)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)。
1949年中華人民共和國成立以后,對(dui)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)建筑進行了大規模的修(xiu)繕,同時整理(li)出大量的文(wen)物(wu)。1961年國務院頒布故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)全國重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博物(wu)院現存文(wen)物(wu)150萬(wan)件(jian)(套)。 1987年故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)被聯合(he)國教(jiao)科文(wen)組織(zhi)列為(wei)“世界(jie)文(wen)化遺產”,辟為(wei)“故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博物(wu)院”。
21世紀以來,故宮博物(wu)院平(ping)均每年接待中外(wai)觀眾600—800萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)次。隨著旅游事業的發(fa)展(zhan),觀眾的人(ren)(ren)數有增無減,可見人(ren)(ren)們對紫禁城(cheng)的興(xing)趣長盛不衰(shuai)。
2013年(nian)8月15日,壽(shou)康(kang)宮在進行原(yuan)狀(zhuang)陳列后,也正(zheng)式展(zhan)出。而位于慈寧宮的(de)雕塑館(guan)在2015年(nian)5月31日開(kai)館(guan)。而按照2015年(nian)規模,到(dao)2020年(nian)故宮的(de)開(kai)放面(mian)積將達76%。紫禁(jin)城正(zheng)在進行文物古(gu)跡修(xiu)繕、環(huan)境整治(zhi)、擴大陳列展(zhan)覽的(de)開(kai)放區(qu)域。
2014年11月23日,北京(jing)故(gu)宮(gong)吉祥物首度對外亮相,該吉祥物源自中國傳統的(de)吉祥龍鳳(feng)形象,分(fen)別為龍“壯(zhuang)壯(zhuang)”和鳳(feng)“美美”。2015年10月11日,故(gu)宮(gong)博物院正式(shi)對觀眾開放慈寧宮(gong)區(qu)域、午門雁翅樓區(qu)域、東華門等新的(de)區(qu)域,使故(gu)宮(gong)的(de)開放面積由目前的(de)52%增加(jia)至65%。
2016年2月25日下(xia)午,在(zai)人民大會(hui)堂由故宮(gong)博物(wu)(wu)院主辦(ban)“太璞如琢(zhuo)——崔如琢(zhuo)藝術故宮(gong)大展”。2016年4月12日,故宮(gong)博物(wu)(wu)院院長單霽翔介紹,故宮(gong)的(de)開放面積再增11%,達76%,并(bing)開放多種形(xing)式(shi)的(de)新展覽。同時,“洛陽(yang)牡丹(dan)與故宮(gong)博物(wu)(wu)院牡丹(dan)題(ti)材文(wen)物(wu)(wu)聯展”在(zai)故宮(gong)開幕。有(you)1.2萬(wan)盆從洛陽(yang)抵京的(de)牡丹(dan)被(bei)分散布置于(yu)慈寧宮(gong)花園(yuan)、乾(qian)清門(men)廣場、慈寧宮(gong)、壽康宮(gong)、永康左門(men)—右門(men)、隆宗門(men)外等區域,重現了清代(dai)紫禁城牡丹(dan)花開盛況。
2018年5月(yue)24日,故宮博物院決定自2018年6月(yue)開(kai)始(shi)實行周一(yi)全(quan)天閉館,國家法定節假日除外。
北京故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)藏(zang)(zang)有大(da)量(liang)珍(zhen)貴文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu),據統計總共達1052653件(jian)之多,統稱有文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)100萬件(jian),占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總數的(de)(de)(de)1/6。截至2005年12月(yue)31日,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)系統文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)收藏(zang)(zang)單(dan)位(wei)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)藏(zang)(zang)一級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)總數已(yi)達109197件(jian),現已(yi)全(quan)部在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)局建檔備(bei)案。在(zai)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)保存一級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)1330個收藏(zang)(zang)單(dan)位(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)以8273件(jian)(套)高(gao)居榜首,并收有很(hen)多絕無僅有的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)寶(bao)。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)一些宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)立了綜合性的(de)(de)(de)歷史藝術(shu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、繪畫館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、分類的(de)(de)(de)陶瓷館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、青銅器(qi)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、明清工藝美(mei)術(shu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、銘(ming)刻館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、玩具館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、文(wen)(wen)房四寶(bao)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、玩物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、珍(zhen)寶(bao)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、鐘表館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和清代宮(gong)(gong)(gong)廷典章文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)展(zhan)覽等,收藏(zang)(zang)有大(da)量(liang)古(gu)代藝術(shu)珍(zhen)品,是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)收藏(zang)(zang)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)最豐富的(de)(de)(de)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)在(zai)1949年以后進一步(bu)豐富了館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)藏(zang)(zang),截至到2011年,文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總數達到1807558件(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)珍(zhen)貴文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1684490件(jian)、一般文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)115491件(jian)、標本7577件(jian)。
繪(hui)畫(hua):故(gu)宮博物院藏元(yuan)代及以前(qian)繪(hui)畫(hua)近420件,其中17件入選國(guo)家文物局《第二批禁止出國(guo)(境)展覽文物目錄(書畫(hua)類)》。故(gu)宮藏有諸多中國(guo)繪(hui)畫(hua)史上的孤品、絕品。如東晉顧(gu)愷之《洛神賦圖》、隋展子虔(qian)《游春圖》、唐閻(yan)立本《步輦圖》等。
書法:故宮博物(wu)院藏元代(dai)及以(yi)前書法310件,其中11件入選國(guo)家(jia)文物(wu)局(ju)《第二批禁止出(chu)國(guo)(境)展(zhan)覽(lan)文物(wu)目(mu)錄(書畫類)》。故宮藏有諸多(duo)中國(guo)書法史上的孤品、絕品。如東晉(jin)(jin)王(wang)獻之《中秋帖》、東晉(jin)(jin)王(wang)珣《伯遠帖》卷等(deng)。
瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi):北京故宮(gong)擁有35萬(wan)(wan)件陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi),包括一級(ji)品1100多件,二級(ji)品約5.6萬(wan)(wan)件,另有從全(quan)國(guo)200多個窯(yao)口(kou)所采集的3.6萬(wan)(wan)余片陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)標本。收藏特色尤其體現在三國(guo)至唐五(wu)代(dai)陶(tao)(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)、元瓷(ci)(ci)、清中晚期(qi)御窯(yao)、宮(gong)廷陳設(she)用(yong)瓷(ci)(ci)、紫(zi)砂器(qi)(qi)、多釉彩大型瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)、清御窯(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)資料、歷代(dai)民(min)窯(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)和考古發(fa)掘資料。
銅器:故(gu)宮(gong)藏歷(li)(li)代銅器1.5萬余(yu)件(不包括錢幣(bi)和(he)銅鏡),其中(zhong)(zhong)先秦青銅器約(yue)1萬件,有銘文(wen)的(de)1600余(yu)件這三個數(shu)(shu)量均(jun)占中(zhong)(zhong)外傳世與(yu)出土數(shu)(shu)量總和(he)的(de)十分之(zhi)一(yi)以上,故(gu)宮(gong)是世界上收藏中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)青銅器數(shu)(shu)量最多(duo)的(de)博物館。另有歷(li)(li)代錢幣(bi)1萬余(yu)枚、銅鏡4000面、印押1萬余(yu)件。故(gu)宮(gong)青銅器館設(she)在承(cheng)乾宮(gong)和(he)永和(he)宮(gong)。
玉(yu)器(qi)(qi):故宮(gong)(gong)藏玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)28461件,涵蓋中國主(zhu)要歷史時期(qi),尤以清(qing)代(dai)宮(gong)(gong)廷玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)為收藏特(te)色。故宮(gong)(gong)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)館設在東六宮(gong)(gong)的鐘粹宮(gong)(gong)。
鐘(zhong)表(biao):故宮收藏中外鐘(zhong)表(biao)1500多件,外國鐘(zhong)表(biao)包括英國、法國、瑞(rui)士、美國、日(ri)本所產精(jing)品,體現了18世(shi)紀至20世(shi)紀初世(shi)界鐘(zhong)表(biao)制造業的最(zui)高水平。故宮鐘(zhong)表(biao)館設在奉先殿。
甲骨(gu)文(wen):故宮博(bo)物(wu)院所藏(zang)甲骨(gu)總(zong)數,20世紀60年代(dai)調(diao)查粗估有22463片(pian),占世界現存殷墟甲骨(gu)總(zong)數的18%,僅(jin)次于國家圖(tu)書館(34512片(pian))和臺灣歷史語言研究所(25836片(pian))。
詩(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo):2014年7月,故宮博物院(yuan)在清理文物時,工(gong)作(zuo)人員在庫房里(li)發現了兩(liang)個箱子,上面寫著“乾隆詩(shi)(shi)(shi)稿(gao)”,打開后,竟然是乾隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的2.8萬首(shou)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)的詩(shi)(shi)(shi)稿(gao)。過去庫房里(li)有1.7萬多(duo)首(shou)乾隆的詩(shi)(shi)(shi),加(jia)上這次的發現,有4萬多(duo)首(shou)。史(shi)傳乾隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)喜歡吟(yin)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)賦,一(yi)生寫了4萬多(duo)首(shou)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)。
2015年,故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)與中國(guo)建筑設(she)計研(yan)究(jiu)院建筑歷史(shi)(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)合作編制的(de)(de)《故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)保護總(zong)(zong)體(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》面世并征詢意見(jian)。《規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)》的(de)(de)保護對象(xiang)為故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)及其(qi)產權(quan)歸屬單(dan)位,包(bao)括紫禁城、端(duan)門(men)、大高(gao)玄殿、皇史(shi)(shi)宬(cheng)和稽查內務府御史(shi)(shi)衙(ya)門(men),共5處(chu)明清皇家建筑群,總(zong)(zong)占地面積為106公(gong)頃。規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)范圍與故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)世界(jie)文化(hua)遺產緩沖區(qu),即故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)周邊區(qu)域等同(tong),預計于2025年實現目標。
故宮以1500萬人次的年接待觀(guan)眾數(shu)量,位居世(shi)界所(suo)有博物(wu)館和(he)世(shi)界文化遺產之首。自2015年6月13日(ri)起,故宮試行每日(ri)限(xian)流8萬人與實名(ming)制售票。
2016年8月(yue)22日,故宮在(zai)京宣布養(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)性(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)項目科(ke)研(yan)(yan)課題全面(mian)啟動。養(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)性(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)項目是中國首個可移動文物與不可移動文物的綜合(he)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)性(xing)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)項目,故宮博(bo)物院將以(yi)此(ci)項目為契機(ji),通(tong)過機(ji)制(zhi)創新(xin),建立(li)文化遺產修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的科(ke)學規范,在(zai)國內創立(li)文物修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)與保(bao)護(hu)的典(dian)范。