主要建筑
正陽門城樓
門(men)城樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)坐落在(zai)(zai)磚砌(qi)城臺上(shang)(shang),城臺上(shang)(shang)窄下(xia)寬(kuan)(kuan),有明顯的收分,寬(kuan)(kuan)95米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),厚(hou)31.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)14.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),城臺南北上(shang)(shang)沿各有1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高(gao)(gao)的宇墻,占地3047平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),城臺上(shang)(shang)以城磚海墁。城樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)灰筒(tong)瓦綠琉璃剪邊重檐歇(xie)山三滴水樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)閣式建筑,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)脊飾龍頭(tou)獸吻,每(mei)面(mian)(mian)有檐柱(zhu)、老(lao)(lao)檐柱(zhu)和金柱(zhu)三層(ceng)柱(zhu)子,朱紅(hong)(hong)梁柱(zhu),金花彩(cai)繪,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)下(xia)四面(mian)(mian)均設(she)門(men),面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)七間,進深(shen)三間,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)設(she)回廊,上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)前(qian)后裝菱花格隔扇門(men)窗,下(xia)層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)朱紅(hong)(hong)磚墻,明間及兩側(ce)正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)各有實榻大(da)門(men)一座。城樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)兩端沿城墻內側(ce)設(she)斜坡(po)馬(ma)道(dao)以通上(shang)(shang)下(xia)。通面(mian)(mian)寬(kuan)(kuan)41米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),通進深(shen)21米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)身(shen)寬(kuan)(kuan)36.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深(shen)16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)27.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),整個(ge)城樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)通高(gao)(gao)43.65米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)老(lao)(lao)北京所有城門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)中最高(gao)(gao)者。城樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)外(wai)側(ce)重檐以上(shang)(shang)懸掛木質大(da)門(men)匾。城門(men)洞(dong)為(wei)(wei)拱券式,開在(zai)(zai)城臺正(zheng)中,五伏五券,內券高(gao)(gao)9.49米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)7.08米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),外(wai)券高(gao)(gao)6.29米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。
箭樓
正陽(yang)門(men)的箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)是最能體現古代軍事防御(yu)(yu)思(si)想和技術水平的建筑,為(wei)(wei)一磚砌堡壘(lei)式(shi)建筑,雄踞于磚砌城(cheng)(cheng)臺之(zhi)上(shang)。城(cheng)(cheng)臺高(gao)(gao)約(yue)12米(mi),上(shang)窄(zhai)下(xia)寬(kuan),亦有明顯(xian)收分(fen)。城(cheng)(cheng)臺正中辟(pi)券門(men),與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)相對(dui),五(wu)伏五(wu)券,門(men)洞(dong)內設"千斤閘",南側(ce)寬(kuan)10米(mi),北(bei)側(ce)寬(kuan)12.4米(mi),占地面積2147平方米(mi)。箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)下(xia)四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)頂為(wei)(wei)灰筒(tong)綠琉璃(li)剪邊重檐歇山(shan)式(shi),飾綠琉璃(li)脊(ji)獸。南、東、西三(san)面辟(pi)箭(jian)窗,以作(zuo)對(dui)外防御(yu)(yu)(射(she)擊)之(zhi)用(yong),南面四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng),每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)13孔(kong),東、西各四(si)(si)層(ceng)(ceng),每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)4孔(kong),連抱(bao)廈2孔(kong),共(gong)辟(pi)86孔(kong)。箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)的結構為(wei)(wei)前樓(lou)(lou)(lou)后廈,面闊七間(jian),寬(kuan)62米(mi),進深(shen)(shen)20米(mi);北(bei)出抱(bao)廈廡(wu)座(zuo),面闊五(wu)間(jian),寬(kuan)42米(mi),進深(shen)(shen)12米(mi),整座(zuo)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)通高(gao)(gao)35.37米(mi)。在明清北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)的箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)中,唯正陽(yang)門(men)箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)辟(pi)門(men),亦最為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)大雄偉。形式(shi)比較(jiao)獨特,一直被看成(cheng)是老北(bei)京的象(xiang)征。
甕城
箭(jian)樓與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓之間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)方形,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長(chang)108米,東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬88.65米,東(dong)北(bei)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)兩(liang)內(nei)角為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)直角,東(dong)南(nan)(nan)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)兩(liang)外角為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)抹角,甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓、箭(jian)樓和兩(liang)座(zuo)閘(zha)樓連接起來。甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻高(gao)度相同(tong)(高(gao)約11.36米),略(lve)窄些,內(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土墻心外甃大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚。上頂甬(yong)道海墁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚,外側筑雉堞(die),內(nei)側筑女(nv)兒墻,內(nei)有空(kong)場。甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四面各開(kai)辟拱(gong)券(quan)式門(men)洞一(yi)座(zuo),東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)、南(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吊落式閘(zha)門(men)。北(bei)門(men)在(zai)(zai)宏(hong)偉的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓之下(xia),南(nan)(nan)門(men)在(zai)(zai)高(gao)大(da)的箭(jian)樓之下(xia),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)則在(zai)(zai)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)正中的閘(zha)樓之下(xia)。
甕城(cheng)內(nei)(nei),城(cheng)樓南側靠北門兩(liang)側,建有關(guan)(guan)帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)各一座(zuo)(zuo),關(guan)(guan)帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)居(ju)西(xi),觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)居(ju)東,均為南向,一層殿(dian)宇(yu)、兩(liang)側廡(wu)廊,規模較小。但兩(liang)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)香火很旺(wang)。明清(qing)時,北京內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)的(de)(de)九座(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)門甕城(cheng)內(nei)(nei),全(quan)部依例建有廟(miao)(miao)宇(yu),除德勝門和(he)(he)安定(ding)門供(gong)奉真武大帝(di)外,余(yu)均供(gong)奉關(guan)(guan)帝(di),以(yi)祈護(hu)國佑民。然而九門之(zhi)中,以(yi)正陽門關(guan)(guan)帝(di)廟(miao)(miao)規模最大,傳(chuan)說其中關(guan)(guan)羽的(de)(de)塑像(xiang)原系明朝內(nei)(nei)廷所供(gong)奉,因此香火一直興盛(sheng)。明清(qing)時期正陽門關(guan)(guan)帝(di)、觀(guan)音兩(liang)廟(miao)(miao),曾留下了(le)許多奉祀、紀(ji)事的(de)(de)碑刻(ke)、詩文(wen),是(shi)研究北京城(cheng)垣建設史和(he)(he)社(she)會文(wen)化史珍(zhen)貴的(de)(de)石(shi)刻(ke)文(wen)獻。
甕(weng)城東西兩(liang)側建有閘樓,閘樓面闊三間,灰筒瓦綠琉璃瓦剪邊,歇山小式(shi)屋(wu)頂,外(wai)側辟(pi)箭窗兩(liang)排共12孔(kong),下(xia)設閘門以通(tong)行人。
雉堞和女兒墻
雉堞和(he)女(nv)兒墻(qiang)是(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上頂(ding)(ding)(ding)內外修筑(zhu)的矮垣(yuan)墻(qiang)。雉堞位于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)外側(ce),筑(zhu)為(wei)齒狀(zhuang),起(qi)盾牌作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong),以保護(hu)守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者免遭敵人攻擊。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)亦(yi)稱女(nv)墻(qiang),為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)內側(ce)修筑(zhu)的矮垣(yuan)墻(qiang),作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)攔擋守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者,免于摔下(xia)。老北京內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雉堞高(gao)為(wei)1.9米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬為(wei)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚為(wei)0.75米(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)在(zai)0.5~0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)之間(jian)(jian)。外墻(qiang)雉堞高(gao)1.3米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬約1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚為(wei)0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,其(qi)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)在(zai)0.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,內外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有雉堞20772個。雉堞都是(shi)用(yong)(yong)白灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚砌(qi)成。平頂(ding)(ding)(ding),四側(ce)四棱見角,非常牢固。女(nv)兒墻(qiang)高(gao)約1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚約0.75米(mi)(mi)(mi),以白灰漿(jiang)、大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)形制(zhi)砌(qi)成,上頂(ding)(ding)(ding)一般砌(qi)成饅(man)頭(tou)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)或是(shi)泥鰍背頂(ding)(ding)(ding)。正陽門(men)與內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)它八門(men)一樣,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺外側(ce)建雉堞,內側(ce)建女(nv)墻(qiang),規制(zhi)亦(yi)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)相同。
馬道
馬(ma)道是供守城部(bu)隊上(shang)(shang)下城用的專用斜道,它附貼在城墻(qiang)內側墻(qiang)體上(shang)(shang),坡(po)度約十(shi)五度到三十(shi)度之間,馬(ma)道寬約四、五米,斜道外側砌筑一道矮(ai)墻(qiang)。
內城(cheng)(cheng)共有二十(shi)七對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),每對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)呈(cheng)內八字形或外八字形,從左右(you)兩條馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)都可以(yi)到達城(cheng)(cheng)頂。正(zheng)陽門(men)設有馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)兩條,均在月城(cheng)(cheng)內緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)內壁而筑(zhu),分別通向城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)與(yu)(yu)箭樓(lou)(今已廢)。建筑(zhu)方法是將馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)土(tu)心(xin)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)土(tu)心(xin)夯(hang)為一(yi)整體,另一(yi)側以(yi)白灰漿、大城(cheng)(cheng)磚砌成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)米厚的磚層,成(cheng)(cheng)為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的外包(bao)皮磚層。在這層外包(bao)皮磚上(shang)(shang),與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面平行砌起(qi)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)矮墻,其長(chang)與(yu)(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面同,寬約0.75米、高約1.2米,稱為馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)扶手墻。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)土(tu)心(xin)部分是以(yi)黃土(tu)夯(hang)成(cheng)(cheng),其上(shang)(shang)再(zai)夯(hang)筑(zhu)一(yi)層約50厘米的三合土(tu),再(zai)上(shang)(shang)以(yi)大城(cheng)(cheng)磚立砌一(yi)層,成(cheng)(cheng)"礓碴(cha)"式馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)路面。
鋪舍
鋪(pu)舍是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)駐(zhu)軍值(zhi)班房(fang)(fang),供(gong)守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息或堆(dui)放守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武器等(deng)物之用。明代稱(cheng)為(wei)鋪(pu)舍房(fang)(fang),清(qing)(qing)代稱(cheng)堆(dui)撥(bo)房(fang)(fang)。基本上(shang)(shang)(shang)是(shi)每座"馬面"之后的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)即筑有(you)一(yi)所(suo)(suo),面闊(kuo)三間(jian),進深一(yi)間(jian),為(wei)硬(ying)山式。陳宗藩《燕都叢考》中記述(shu):內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)"旗(qi)炮房(fang)(fang)九所(suo)(suo)",分布在(zai)(zai)九座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)旁,"堆(dui)撥(bo)房(fang)(fang)一(yi)百(bai)三十五(wu)所(suo)(suo),儲火藥房(fang)(fang)九十六所(suo)(suo)";外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)"堆(dui)撥(bo)房(fang)(fang)四十三所(suo)(suo)"。所(suo)(suo)記雖(sui)為(wei)清(qing)(qing)代末年的(de)(de)情況,數字(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也可(ke)能有(you)所(suo)(suo)出入,但(dan)可(ke)表明其(qi)存在(zai)(zai)和作用,因為(wei)清(qing)(qing)代對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)設施是(shi)沿循明制的(de)(de)。②正陽門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其(qi)附屬(shu)建(jian)筑正陽橋(qiao)、雉(zhi)堞、登(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬道、鋪(pu)舍等(deng)這一(yi)組(zu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市防御(yu)工事建(jian)筑群,布局合理,造型(xing)莊嚴,氣(qi)勢(shi)凝(ning)重(zhong),顯示(shi)了(le)中華(hua)民族建(jian)筑藝術的(de)(de)獨(du)特風格。
作用價值
在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)諸(zhu)門中(zhong),正(zheng)陽門規(gui)制最為隆(long)崇,是(shi)中(zhong)國封(feng)(feng)建社(she)(she)會后(hou)期城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)布局、軍事防(fang)御(yu)、禮儀(yi)制度和建筑藝術的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象體現,也(ye)是(shi)老北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)載體。正(zheng)陽門作為北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)僅有的(de)(de)(de)一座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭樓保(bao)存完好的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)建帝都(dou)之門,既是(shi)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存,也(ye)是(shi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)古(gu)都(dou)特色的(de)(de)(de)絕佳載體,人文(wen)(wen)蘊涵深厚(hou)。正(zheng)陽門作為不可再生的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan),以其(qi)無(wu)聲的(de)(de)(de)建筑語言(yan),不僅向世人展示(shi)出(chu)封(feng)(feng)建社(she)(she)會都(dou)邑城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一個局部,而(er)且,在(zai)(zai)古(gu)代建筑、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術、民俗禮儀(yi)、王(wang)朝歷(li)史等(deng)方面,都(dou)有其(qi)獨立的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)意義與研究價值,是(shi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)歷(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成(cheng)部分、老北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)標志性建筑。