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主要建筑

正陽門城樓

門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)坐落在磚砌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)窄下寬(kuan)，有明顯的收分，寬(kuan)95米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚31.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高14.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺南北上(shang)(shang)沿各有1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高的宇墻(qiang)，占地3047平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)以(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚海墁。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)為(wei)(wei)灰筒(tong)瓦(wa)綠(lv)琉(liu)璃剪(jian)邊重檐歇山三滴水樓(lou)(lou)(lou)閣式(shi)建筑，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)脊飾(shi)龍(long)頭獸吻，每面(mian)有檐柱、老檐柱和金柱三層(ceng)柱子，朱紅梁柱，金花(hua)彩繪，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)下四面(mian)均設(she)門(men)，面(mian)闊七間，進深(shen)三間，上(shang)(shang)下設(she)回廊，上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)前后(hou)裝(zhuang)菱花(hua)格隔扇(shan)門(men)窗，下層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)朱紅磚墻(qiang)，明間及兩(liang)側(ce)正(zheng)面(mian)各有實榻大(da)門(men)一座。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)兩(liang)端沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)內側(ce)設(she)斜坡馬道以(yi)通(tong)上(shang)(shang)下。通(tong)面(mian)寬(kuan)41米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，通(tong)進深(shen)21米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)身寬(kuan)36.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，深(shen)16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，高27.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，整(zheng)個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)通(tong)高43.65米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，為(wei)(wei)老北京所有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)中最高者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)外側(ce)重檐以(yi)上(shang)(shang)懸掛木質大(da)門(men)匾。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)洞(dong)為(wei)(wei)拱(gong)券式(shi)，開在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺正(zheng)中，五伏(fu)五券，內券高9.49米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)7.08米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，外券高6.29米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。

箭樓

正陽(yang)門的(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)是(shi)最能體現古代軍事防(fang)御(yu)思想和技術水平的(de)(de)建(jian)筑，為(wei)(wei)一磚(zhuan)砌堡壘(lei)式(shi)建(jian)筑，雄踞于(yu)磚(zhuan)砌城(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)。城(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)高(gao)(gao)約12米(mi)，上(shang)(shang)窄下寬，亦(yi)有明顯收分。城(cheng)(cheng)臺(tai)正中(zhong)辟(pi)(pi)券(quan)門，與城(cheng)(cheng)門相對，五(wu)伏五(wu)券(quan)，門洞內設"千斤閘",南側(ce)寬10米(mi)，北側(ce)寬12.4米(mi)，占地面(mian)積2147平方米(mi)。箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)上(shang)(shang)下四(si)(si)層(ceng)，樓(lou)頂為(wei)(wei)灰筒綠(lv)琉(liu)璃(li)剪邊(bian)重檐歇山式(shi)，飾綠(lv)琉(liu)璃(li)脊獸。南、東、西(xi)三面(mian)辟(pi)(pi)箭(jian)(jian)窗，以作對外防(fang)御(yu)（射擊）之(zhi)用(yong)，南面(mian)四(si)(si)層(ceng)，每層(ceng)13孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，東、西(xi)各四(si)(si)層(ceng)，每層(ceng)4孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，連抱廈(sha)2孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，共(gong)辟(pi)(pi)86孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)的(de)(de)結構(gou)為(wei)(wei)前樓(lou)后廈(sha)，面(mian)闊(kuo)七間(jian)，寬62米(mi)，進(jin)(jin)深(shen)20米(mi)；北出抱廈(sha)廡座，面(mian)闊(kuo)五(wu)間(jian)，寬42米(mi)，進(jin)(jin)深(shen)12米(mi)，整座樓(lou)通高(gao)(gao)35.37米(mi)。在明清北京城(cheng)(cheng)垣的(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)中(zhong)，唯(wei)正陽(yang)門箭(jian)(jian)樓(lou)辟(pi)(pi)門，亦(yi)最為(wei)(wei)高(gao)(gao)大雄偉。形式(shi)比(bi)較獨特，一直被看成是(shi)老(lao)北京的(de)(de)象征。

甕城

箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之(zhi)間(jian)為(wei)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)長方(fang)形，南北長108米，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬88.65米，東(dong)北、西(xi)(xi)(xi)北兩內角為(wei)直角，東(dong)南、西(xi)(xi)(xi)南兩外角為(wei)抹角，甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)、箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)和兩座閘樓(lou)(lou)(lou)連接起來。甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高度(du)相(xiang)同（高約11.36米），略窄些(xie)，內為(wei)土墻(qiang)心外甃大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)。上頂甬(yong)道(dao)海墁(man)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，外側(ce)筑雉堞，內側(ce)筑女兒墻(qiang)，內有空場。甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四面各(ge)開辟拱(gong)券(quan)式門(men)洞一座，東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)、南為(wei)吊落式閘門(men)。北門(men)在宏(hong)偉的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，南門(men)在高大的箭(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)門(men)則在甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)正中(zhong)的閘樓(lou)(lou)(lou)之(zhi)下(xia)。

甕城(cheng)(cheng)內，城(cheng)(cheng)樓南(nan)側(ce)靠北門(men)(men)兩側(ce)，建(jian)有關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)各一座(zuo)，關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)居(ju)西，觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)居(ju)東，均(jun)為(wei)南(nan)向，一層殿宇、兩側(ce)廡廊(lang)，規模較小。但兩廟(miao)(miao)的(de)香火(huo)很旺。明(ming)清時，北京內城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)九座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)甕城(cheng)(cheng)內，全部依例建(jian)有廟(miao)(miao)宇，除(chu)德勝門(men)(men)和安定(ding)門(men)(men)供(gong)奉真武大帝外，余均(jun)供(gong)奉關(guan)帝，以(yi)祈護國佑民。然而(er)九門(men)(men)之中，以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)規模最(zui)大，傳(chuan)說其中關(guan)羽的(de)塑像原系明(ming)朝(chao)內廷所供(gong)奉，因此香火(huo)一直興(xing)盛。明(ming)清時期(qi)正(zheng)(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)關(guan)帝、觀(guan)音兩廟(miao)(miao)，曾留下了許多奉祀、紀事(shi)的(de)碑刻(ke)、詩文，是(shi)研究北京城(cheng)(cheng)垣建(jian)設史(shi)和社會文化史(shi)珍貴的(de)石(shi)刻(ke)文獻。

甕城東西(xi)兩側(ce)(ce)建有閘樓，閘樓面(mian)闊三間(jian)，灰筒(tong)瓦綠琉璃瓦剪邊，歇山小式屋頂(ding)，外側(ce)(ce)辟箭窗兩排共12孔，下(xia)設(she)閘門以通行人。

雉堞和女兒墻

雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)和女(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上頂(ding)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)修(xiu)筑(zhu)的(de)矮(ai)垣(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂(ding)外(wai)側(ce)，筑(zhu)為(wei)(wei)齒狀，起盾牌(pai)作用(yong)，以(yi)(yi)保護(hu)守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)者免遭敵人(ren)攻擊。女(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)亦稱(cheng)女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂(ding)內(nei)(nei)(nei)側(ce)修(xiu)筑(zhu)的(de)矮(ai)垣(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，作用(yong)是(shi)攔擋(dang)守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)者，免于(yu)摔下。老(lao)北京內(nei)(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)高(gao)為(wei)(wei)1.9米(mi)，寬(kuan)為(wei)(wei)1.5米(mi)，厚(hou)為(wei)(wei)0.75米(mi)，其(qi)(qi)間(jian)距在0.5～0.8米(mi)之間(jian)。外(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)高(gao)1.3米(mi)，寬(kuan)約(yue)1.2米(mi)，厚(hou)為(wei)(wei)0.5米(mi)左右(you)，其(qi)(qi)間(jian)距在0.5米(mi)左右(you)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)共有雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)20772個。雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)都是(shi)用(yong)白灰漿(jiang)、大城(cheng)(cheng)磚砌成。平頂(ding)，四側(ce)四棱見(jian)角，非常(chang)牢固(gu)。女(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)約(yue)1.2米(mi)，厚(hou)約(yue)0.75米(mi)，以(yi)(yi)白灰漿(jiang)、大城(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)形(xing)制(zhi)砌成，上頂(ding)一(yi)般(ban)砌成饅(man)頭頂(ding)或是(shi)泥(ni)鰍背頂(ding)。正陽門(men)(men)與(yu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)它八門(men)(men)一(yi)樣，城(cheng)(cheng)臺外(wai)側(ce)建(jian)雉(zhi)堞(die)(die)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)側(ce)建(jian)女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，規制(zhi)亦與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)相同。

馬道

馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)是供(gong)守城(cheng)部隊上(shang)下城(cheng)用的專(zhuan)用斜道(dao)，它附(fu)貼在(zai)城(cheng)墻(qiang)內側(ce)墻(qiang)體上(shang)，坡度約(yue)(yue)十(shi)五度到三十(shi)度之間，馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)四(si)、五米，斜道(dao)外側(ce)砌筑一(yi)道(dao)矮(ai)墻(qiang)。

內城(cheng)共有(you)二十七(qi)對馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)，每對馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)呈內八字形或外(wai)(wai)八字形，從左右兩(liang)條(tiao)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)都可以(yi)到達城(cheng)頂。正陽門設有(you)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)條(tiao)，均在(zai)月城(cheng)內緊(jin)貼城(cheng)垣內壁(bi)而(er)筑(zhu)，分別(bie)通向城(cheng)樓(lou)與(yu)箭樓(lou)（今已廢）。建筑(zhu)方法是將馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)土(tu)心(xin)與(yu)城(cheng)垣土(tu)心(xin)夯(hang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)整(zheng)體，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)側以(yi)白(bai)灰漿、大(da)城(cheng)磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)米厚的(de)磚(zhuan)層(ceng)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)的(de)外(wai)(wai)包(bao)(bao)皮(pi)磚(zhuan)層(ceng)。在(zai)這層(ceng)外(wai)(wai)包(bao)(bao)皮(pi)磚(zhuan)上，與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜(xie)面平行砌起一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)矮墻(qiang)，其(qi)長與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜(xie)面同，寬約(yue)0.75米、高約(yue)1.2米，稱為(wei)(wei)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)扶(fu)手墻(qiang)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)土(tu)心(xin)部分是以(yi)黃土(tu)夯(hang)成(cheng)(cheng)，其(qi)上再夯(hang)筑(zhu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)約(yue)50厘米的(de)三合土(tu)，再上以(yi)大(da)城(cheng)磚(zhuan)立(li)砌一(yi)(yi)(yi)層(ceng)，成(cheng)(cheng)"礓碴"式馬(ma)(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)路面。

鋪舍

鋪(pu)(pu)舍(she)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂上(shang)駐(zhu)軍值(zhi)班房(fang)，供守(shou)(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息或堆放守(shou)(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武器等物之(zhi)用。明代(dai)稱為(wei)(wei)鋪(pu)(pu)舍(she)房(fang)，清(qing)代(dai)稱堆撥房(fang)。基本上(shang)是(shi)每(mei)座"馬(ma)面"之(zhi)后的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂上(shang)即筑有(you)一所(suo)(suo)，面闊三(san)間，進深一間，為(wei)(wei)硬(ying)山(shan)式。陳宗藩(fan)《燕都叢考》中記(ji)述：內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)有(you)"旗炮(pao)房(fang)九所(suo)(suo)"，分布在(zai)九座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)樓旁，"堆撥房(fang)一百三(san)十(shi)(shi)五所(suo)(suo)，儲(chu)火(huo)藥房(fang)九十(shi)(shi)六所(suo)(suo)"；外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)有(you)"堆撥房(fang)四十(shi)(shi)三(san)所(suo)(suo)"。所(suo)(suo)記(ji)雖為(wei)(wei)清(qing)代(dai)末(mo)年的情況，數字上(shang)也可(ke)能有(you)所(suo)(suo)出入，但可(ke)表明其存在(zai)和作用，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)清(qing)代(dai)對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣設施是(shi)沿循明制的。②正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭(jian)樓、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其附屬建(jian)筑正(zheng)陽(yang)橋、雉堞、登城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)道(dao)、鋪(pu)(pu)舍(she)等這一組城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市防御工事建(jian)筑群(qun)，布局合理，造型莊嚴，氣勢(shi)凝重，顯示了中華(hua)民族(zu)建(jian)筑藝術(shu)的獨特風格。

作用價值

在(zai)北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)諸門中，正(zheng)(zheng)陽門規制最為隆(long)崇，是(shi)中國封建(jian)(jian)(jian)社會(hui)后期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)布局、軍事防御、禮儀(yi)制度和建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑藝(yi)術的形象體現，也是(shi)老北(bei)京歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)的重(zhong)要(yao)載(zai)體。正(zheng)(zheng)陽門作為北(bei)京僅(jin)有的一座城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)保存(cun)完好的封建(jian)(jian)(jian)帝(di)都之門，既是(shi)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)遺存(cun)，也是(shi)北(bei)京古(gu)都特色的絕佳(jia)載(zai)體，人文(wen)蘊涵深厚(hou)。正(zheng)(zheng)陽門作為不可再生的文(wen)物資源，以(yi)其無聲的建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑語言，不僅(jin)向世人展(zhan)示出封建(jian)(jian)(jian)社會(hui)都邑城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)中的一個局部，而且，在(zai)古(gu)代建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑、文(wen)化(hua)藝(yi)術、民(min)俗(su)禮儀(yi)、王朝歷(li)史等方面(mian)，都有其獨立的存(cun)在(zai)意義與研(yan)究價值，是(shi)北(bei)京歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)名城(cheng)(cheng)的重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分、老北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)的標志性(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。