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中南海

西(xi)苑(yuan)即今天中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海(hai)。位于北京市西(xi)長安(an)街(jie)北側，北海(hai)之南(nan)。中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海(hai)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)和南(nan)海(hai)的統稱。明(ming)朝以前曾稱為(wei)太液池、西(xi)海(hai)子和西(xi)苑(yuan)。中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海(hai)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)于遼代(dai)，金(jin)、元、明(ming)、清各代(dai)均不斷擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)，數百年來一直是(shi)皇(huang)家(jia)園林，建(jian)(jian)筑絕大部分為(wei)清代(dai)建(jian)(jian)構。中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海(hai)總面積1,500畝，其中(zhong)(zhong)水域面積約(yue)700余畝。南(nan)海(hai)與中(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)是(shi)以蜈蚣橋為(wei)界，中(zhong)(zhong)海(hai)與北海(hai)以金(jin)鰲玉棟橋為(wei)界。

南海主(zhu)要(yao)建筑有寶月(yue)樓、瀛(ying)臺、懷仁堂、海晏(yan)堂等。寶月(yue)樓現為(wei)中南海南門(men)(men)，重樓重檐，面(mian)闊(kuo)七(qi)間(jian)，為(wei)乾隆年間(jian)所(suo)建，現稱新(xin)華門(men)(men)。瀛(ying)臺為(wei)半島，三(san)面(mian)臨水，居南海之中，其建筑群雕梁畫棟，布局(ju)緊湊合理(li)，如海上蓬萊，故(gu)名(ming)為(wei)瀛(ying)臺。這里為(wei)帝王處理(li)朝(chao)政(zheng)的場所(suo)，也曾是在戊戌(xu)變法失敗后，囚(qiu)禁光緒皇(huang)帝的地方。主(zhu)要(yao)建筑有勤政(zheng)殿，翔鸞(luan)閣、涵元殿，蓬萊閣，豐澤園等。

居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海、南(nan)海之(zhi)(zhi)間陸(lu)地(di)建(jian)筑，有(you)紫(zi)光閣(ge)、蕉(jiao)園(yuan)、萬善(shan)(shan)殿，水云榭等(deng)。紫(zi)光閣(ge)居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海西北岸，為清王朝追念先杰之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)，也是(shi)設功臣宴之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。蕉(jiao)園(yuan)居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海東北岸，內有(you)萬善(shan)(shan)殿，水云榭等(deng)建(jian)筑，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水云榭建(jian)于碧水之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，內有(you)乾隆所(suo)書“太液秋風”御碑，是(shi)著名的燕京八景之(zhi)(zhi)一。

北海(hai)、中(zhong)海(hai)、南海(hai)碧水相(xiang)連(lian)，均為京城中(zhong)著名的皇家(jia)園林，并延續經營多(duo)代(dai)，是前(qian)人留下的珍(zhen)貴文化遺產。

北京西苑

在《北京地(di)名典》，對于(yu)西苑(yuan)是這樣說的：

1、明清時(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海為西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。 2、康熙時(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)暢(chang)春(chun)園(yuan)為西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。查慎行(xing)曾多次在(zai)(zai)(zai)此供職，有《赴西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)馬(ma)上》《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)值(zhi)廬》《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)送(song)春(chun)》等(deng)詩詞。 3、暢(chang)春(chun)園(yuan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)側(ce)村鎮也稱(cheng)(cheng)為西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，即我們現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)所(suo)謂的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（東起中(zhong)(zhong)直路西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至頤和(he)(he)園(yuan)東門，北始(shi)頤和(he)(he)園(yuan)路北，南(nan)至中(zhong)(zhong)直機(ji)關北墻）。民國(guo)八年(nian)（1919年(nian)）的(de)文件《西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)俘虜收容所(suo)收容德奧俘虜情況(kuang)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)指此地了。 現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北京(jing)人已經沒人把中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海和(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)聯系(xi)起來了，畢竟對于苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，大家都有郊區的(de)印(yin)象(xiang)，中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)海是(shi)(shi)至高無上的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心，怎么是(shi)(shi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)呢？ 后來北京(jing)有個很有名(ming)(ming)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)飯店，它在(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)外大街北京(jing)動物園(yuan)的(de)旁邊。明代(dai)這里(li)是(shi)(shi)皇家莊(zhuang)園(yuan)，清代(dai)稱(cheng)(cheng)萬牲園(yuan)，解放初辟為西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)郊公(gong)園(yuan)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)飯店是(shi)(shi)1954年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)，所(suo)以(yi)起名(ming)(ming)“西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”也是(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)情理的(de)。而(er)且現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)他后面(mian)那(nei)條街就(jiu)叫西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)街。 而(er)我們現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)所(suo)謂的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，泛稱(cheng)(cheng)海淀圓(yuan)(yuan)明園(yuan)、頤和(he)(he)園(yuan)、玉泉山(shan)等(deng)皇家園(yuan)林一帶，如(ru)果(guo)你坐公(gong)交(jiao)車(che)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)站(zhan)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)頤和(he)(he)園(yuan)和(he)(he)圓(yuan)(yuan)明園(yuan)之間那(nei)條路上。1993年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北京(jing)的(de)總體(ti)規劃中(zhong)(zhong)，10個邊緣(yuan)集(ji)團也明確了西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)范(fan)圍。

位于海淀區中(zhong)部。東(dong)起(qi)中(zhong)直路，西(xi)至頤和(he)園東(dong)門，北始頤和(he)園路北，南至中(zhong)直機關北墻。因此地水草豐美、林木繁茂(mao)，適養禽(qin)獸，而(er)稱“苑”，又(you)因在京城之西(xi)而(er)得名(ming)。

古(gu)代(dai)謂之(zhi)“囿”，漢(han)代(dai)叫做(zuo)“苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。《漢(han)書》：“苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，謂馬(ma)牧也。”北京有東(dong)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、南(nan)(nan)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、北苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，合稱“四苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”。南(nan)(nan)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)明清(qing)(qing)稱南(nan)(nan)海子(zi)，北苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)來(lai)廣營(ying)，東(dong)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)東(dong)安門內之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則說法頗多(duo)，一(yi)、明清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)稱中南(nan)(nan)海為西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，同(tong)字不同(tong)地。二、康熙時(shi)稱暢春園為西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。查慎行(xing)(xing)曾多(duo)次在(zai)此供(gong)職，曾有《赴西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)馬(ma)上》、《西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)值廬》、《西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)送春》等詩詞(ci)。三、暢春園西(xi)(xi)(xi)側(ce)村鎮(zhen)也稱西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。即此地。民國八年（1919）一(yi)份公(gong)文標(biao)題是《西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)俘(fu)(fu)虜收(shou)容(rong)所(suo)收(shou)容(rong)德奧俘(fu)(fu)虜情況》，“前門車站一(yi)車至清(qing)(qing)華園下，分駕汽車。其后，兵等列(lie)隊步(bu)行(xing)(xing)到西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)收(shou)容(rong)所(suo)”。民國二十(shi)四年（1935）四月(yue)六日在(zai)海淀西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)豎立“西(xi)(xi)(xi)苑(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)駐(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)公(gong)墓碑”，萬(wan)福麟撰(zhuan)，張伯英正(zheng)書，李月(yue)庭刻。1937年被侵華日軍(jun)(jun)占據，并建(jian)兵營(ying)。

轄(xia)域(yu)有(you)一道(dao)街(jie)，二道(dao)街(jie)，三道(dao)街(jie)，和平街(jie)，宣化(hua)街(jie)，同慶街(jie)。街(jie)中(zhong)鋪面、餐館(guan)鱗次櫛比。

西(xi)苑(yuan)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)頤和(he)園(yuan)東(dong)側，廣義上說，泛稱海淀一帶的(de)皇(huang)家園(yuan)林(lin)。清代從康(kang)熙皇(huang)帝修建暢(chang)春園(yuan)開始，就有園(yuan)居的(de)習慣，以后(hou)又在西(xi)郊營(ying)建了清漪園(yuan)、圓(yuan)明園(yuan)等多處皇(huang)家御苑(yuan)，皆因位(wei)于(yu)(yu)北京城的(de)西(xi)北部而(er)稱西(xi)苑(yuan)。狹義上講，是指頤和(he)園(yuan)東(dong)宮門外的(de)街區及村落，1915年(nian)至1928年(nian)設有西(xi)苑(yuan)兵營(ying)。此后(hou)因此地北靠圓(yuan)明園(yuan)，西(xi)鄰(lin)頤和(he)園(yuan)，逐(zhu)漸形(xing)成(cheng)商業(ye)區，泛稱西(xi)苑(yuan)。

現今由于瀕臨圓明園(yuan)、頤和(he)園(yuan)和(he)北(bei)大、清華等著(zhu)名學府(fu)，又(you)是上(shang)地(di)中關村等地(di)中心位(wei)置，處于交通(tong)樞紐(niu)位(wei)置，現以(yi)建有西苑交通(tong)樞紐(niu)，北(bei)京地(di)鐵4號線、多路(lu)(lu)公交線路(lu)(lu)經過此地(di)。