地理位置
位于南(nan)池子大(da)街東(dong)(dong)側,普渡(du)寺前(qian)巷35號。其址(zhi)原為(wei)明(ming)代東(dong)(dong)苑(又稱南(nan)城(cheng)、小南(nan)城(cheng))中(zhong)之重華宮,南(nan)界(jie)在今緞庫胡同(tong)。
歷史文化
明末被毀,清順治(zhi)初年(nian)(nian)改(gai)(gai)建(jian)為攝政王(wang)多(duo)(duo)爾袞之(zhi)睿親王(wang)府。順治(zhi)七年(nian)(nian)(1650年(nian)(nian))多(duo)(duo)爾袞死(si)于喀噶城。二(er)月(yue)后追奪王(wang)爵,王(wang)府上繳(jiao)。康熙三十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1694年(nian)(nian)),縮小規模,將南部改(gai)(gai)建(jian)為緞匹庫,北部改(gai)(gai)建(jian)為瑪哈(ha)噶喇廟,供奉(feng)護法神大(da)黑天。乾隆四十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1755年(nian)(nian))賜名“普度寺”,正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)名“慈濟殿(dian)(dian)”,在正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)、山門(men)兩側保留(liu)或興建(jian)了行(xing)宮(gong)院、方丈院、小佛殿(dian)(dian)及僧寮(liao)等。據民(min)國時張江裁著(zhu)《燕京訪古錄》載,寺“為元代所(suo)建(jian),正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)供奉(feng)歡喜佛”,但(dan)此(ci)說明,清文獻不(bu)載,恐不(bu)確(que)切。
普度寺在清末(mo)至(zhi)民(min)國年間已為軍隊或(huo)其他(ta)機構使(shi)用,只(zhi)有山(shan)門、正殿、方丈(zhang)院等保存較好,其余部分(fen)或(huo)拆(chai)或(huo)改,失(shi)去(qu)原(yuan)狀。建國后(hou),中(zhong)間部分(fen)為小(xiao)學使(shi)用,周邊進入居民(min),新建了大量平房。2002-2003年,政府(fu)投(tou)資(zi)遷出小(xiao)學和住在寺界以(yi)內的(de)168戶居民(min),全面修復了臺基、正殿、山(shan)門和方丈(zhang)院北房,其余房屋基址在取得(de)考(kao)古資(zi)料(liao)后(hou)回填保護(hu),進行綠化,成為居住小(xiao)區內的(de)公共(gong)活動場所。現為北京市文物保護(hu)單位。
藝術場館
北京稅務博物館
2007年(nian)5月(yue)16日,北京稅務博(bo)(bo)物館(guan)在(zai)此開放,稅務博(bo)(bo)物館(guan)之后再一(yi)次遷出普度(du)寺。
北京三品美術館
2011年(nian)5月(yue)8日(ri),北京(jing)三(san)(san)品(pin)美術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)在普度寺開館(guan)。三(san)(san)品(pin)美術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)是一家充(chong)滿獨(du)特魅力的(de)(de)民間(jian)非(fei)營利性(xing)美術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)。由(you)深圳市千(qian)金(jin)方文(wen)(wen)化發(fa)展有限公(gong)司投資(zi)興(xing)建,依托(tuo)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)書畫博(bo)覽的(de)(de)權威傳媒資(zi)質(zhi)和雄厚報道資(zi)源,以獨(du)到(dao)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)視野、寬廣的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化胸懷、精(jing)深的(de)(de)的(de)(de)學術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向(xiang)度、深切關注當代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)發(fa)展,努(nu)力呈(cheng)現中(zhong)(zhong)華民族的(de)(de)優(you)秀文(wen)(wen)化精(jing)神(shen)和時代特征,積極致力于為當代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)書畫藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)展提供廣闊的(de)(de)展示空(kong)間(jian)與實踐可(ke)能,開展與國(guo)(guo)際間(jian)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)交(jiao)流,以經典藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、大家格調(diao)、主(zhu)流聲(sheng)音為宗(zong)旨(zhi),通過展覽、出版(ban)、學術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究、創作(zuo)(zuo)交(jiao)流、收藏(zang)書畫作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)、開展公(gong)眾藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)教育等多種形式,不遺(yi)余力地推(tui)進海內外藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家、藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)機構(gou)、藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)活動的(de)(de)良性(xing)互動,以期在全球(qiu)化語境中(zhong)(zhong)謀求中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)書畫藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)展的(de)(de)最大可(ke)能性(xing),讓更多的(de)(de)人以最佳的(de)(de)狀態接近藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)和精(jing)神(shen)產(chan)品(pin)。三(san)(san)品(pin)美術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)館(guan)主(zhu)要承擔中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)書法美術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)品(pin)的(de)(de)展覽、收藏(zang),開展學術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研(yan)究、教育推(tui)廣和公(gong)共文(wen)(wen)化服務。為藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)家提供創作(zuo)(zuo)、展示、交(jiao)流平臺。
寺院概貌
全寺建(jian)于磚砌高(gao)臺(tai)上,平均高(gao)約(yue)3米,周(zhou)圍(wei)建(jian)宇墻,此(ci)臺(tai)即(ji)是(shi)明(ming)重(zhong)華宮(gong)寢宮(gong)部分的基座。磚臺(tai)正(zheng)(zheng)中有臺(tai)階,正(zheng)(zheng)對(dui)山(shan)門。山(shan)門面(mian)闊三間,進深(shen)七檁(lin),大式(shi)硬山(shan)頂,綠琉璃瓦,調(diao)大脊,安吻獸,墻體刷(shua)紅。正(zheng)(zheng)面(mian)明(ming)間辟白(bai)石(shi)(shi)拱(gong)門,兩次間為裝(zhuang)飾性白(bai)石(shi)(shi)拱(gong)窗(chuang),石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)仿木菱花扇;背(bei)面(mian)出廊,金步明(ming)間裝(zhuang)板門,兩次間白(bai)石(shi)(shi)券窗(chuang)同正(zheng)(zheng)面(mian)。室內彩畫(hua)保存良好,為金龍和璽式(shi),等級甚高(gao),應是(shi)睿親王(wang)府(fu)時(shi)期遺(yi)物。但(dan)建(jian)筑形(xing)制為佛寺山(shan)門,屋頂琉璃等級高(gao)于正(zheng)(zheng)殿,可能是(shi)王(wang)府(fu)改為佛寺后,對(dui)外觀(guan)進行(xing)了改動。
正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(慈濟殿(dian)(dian))建于(yu)石(shi)(shi)須彌座(zuo)上,但(dan)殿(dian)(dian)身并未占滿(man)全(quan)(quan)座(zuo),座(zuo)之比例及雕刻均有(you)明代特(te)征,可證(zheng)此(ci)座(zuo)仍是(shi)(shi)明重華(hua)宮(gong)寢殿(dian)(dian)原(yuan)有(you)臺(tai)基,后建大(da)殿(dian)(dian)縮小(xiao)了規模(mo)。殿(dian)(dian)身面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊七間(jian)(jian),進(jin)深三(san)間(jian)(jian),前(qian)出(chu)抱(bao)廈(sha)面(mian)(mian)(mian)闊三(san)間(jian)(jian),進(jin)深一間(jian)(jian),全(quan)(quan)殿(dian)(dian)外(wai)加周圍廊(lang)(lang)。主殿(dian)(dian)單(dan)檐(yan)歇山(shan)頂(ding),調大(da)脊,安(an)吻獸,削割(ge)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)綠琉璃(li)剪(jian)邊;抱(bao)廈(sha)卷棚歇山(shan)頂(ding),綠琉璃(li)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)黃剪(jian)邊。全(quan)(quan)殿(dian)(dian)廊(lang)(lang)內(nei)砌(qi)磚墻(qiang),正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、山(shan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)開(kai)大(da)支窗,下(xia)肩(jian)飾(shi)六方綠琉璃(li)磚。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)東(dong)部隔出(chu)二(er)間(jian)(jian)內(nei)室(shi)。外(wai)檐(yan)出(chu)檐(yan)為三(san)層椽,無斗栱,在(zai)柱頭(tou)裝飾(shi)獸面(mian)(mian)(mian)木雕,雀(que)替(ti)形式特(te)殊,室(shi)內(nei)彩畫還有(you)不少博古題(ti)材,整個建筑(zhu)具有(you)明顯的(de)關外(wai)滿(man)族宮(gong)室(shi)特(te)征,可斷定此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)順治初年新(xin)建的(de)王府(fu)大(da)殿(dian)(dian),抱(bao)廈(sha)用瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)等級高于(yu)主殿(dian)(dian),可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)乾隆時(shi)新(xin)加。抱(bao)廈(sha)內(nei)東(dong)南角有(you)一石(shi)(shi)砌(qi)圓坑(keng),直徑4.8米,深1.5米左(zuo)右,北面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)石(shi)(shi)階可下(xia)至坑(keng)底(di)。坑(keng)口周邊有(you)八組石(shi)(shi)雕圖案,雕刻水(shui)波神仙怪獸,其用途(tu)及雕刻題(ti)材尚待考證(zheng)。但(dan)如果抱(bao)廈(sha)為后建,則(ze)此(ci)石(shi)(shi)坑(keng)原(yuan)在(zai)室(shi)外(wai),其用途(tu)可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)滿(man)族薩滿(man)祭祀的(de)設(she)施。大(da)殿(dian)(dian)之西(xi)尚存方丈院北房五間(jian)(jian),七檁(lin)前(qian)出(chu)廊(lang)(lang),硬山(shan)筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)過壟脊。