一.產品介紹
槜(zui)李又名醉李,距今2500多年(nian),春(chun)秋時期(qi)列為(wei)吳宮貢品(pin)。果(guo)色琥珀(po)鮮艷,果(guo)頂(ding)常有(you)似指(zhi)甲刻(ke)裂痕一條,傳稱“西施指(zhi)痕”。槜(zui)李一詞始見于《春(chun)秋》,魯(lu)定公(gong)十(shi)四年(nian)“五月(yue),于越(yue)敗吳于槜(zui)李”。《春(chun)秋》杜預注曰:“吳郡嘉興縣西南(nan)有(you)槜(zui)李城(cheng),其地(di)產佳李,故名。”古(gu)槜(zui)李城(cheng)的桃(tao)園(yuan)頭即為(wei)桐鄉市桃(tao)園(yuan)村(cun)一帶。 1952年(nian)獲全國土特(te)產交流會(hui)優質果(guo)品(pin)。1958年(nian)將4株槜(zui)李苗空(kong)運(yun)至北京給朱(zhu)德委員長(chang)試種。產品(pin)地(di)域(yu)保(bao)護范圍:桐鄉市。槜(zui)李單果(guo)重50克,果(guo)皮易剝離,有(you)暗紫紅彩色,密(mi)布(bu)大小不(bu)等之(zhi)黃褐色果(guo)點,披白(bai)色果(guo)粉(fen)(fen)。果(guo)肉淡(dan)橙色,肉質致密(mi),鮮甜(tian)清香,熟后化漿(jiang),漿(jiang)液盈溢,蜜甜(tian)酒香,風味獨(du)特(te),為(wei)群李之(zhi)冠。槜(zui)李有(you)自花不(bu)孕(yun)和(he)早期(qi)落果(guo)特(te)性,常采用配置授粉(fen)(fen)樹和(he)人工輔助授粉(fen)(fen),6月(yue)下旬成熟,避雨栽培和(he)鋪設反光膜提高品(pin)質,采后氣調(diao)冷藏保(bao)鮮。
二.自然生態(tai)環境和人文歷史因(yin)素
桐鄉槜李產地地處杭(hang)嘉湖平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)腹地,屬亞熱(re)帶季(ji)風氣(qi)候,溫暖濕(shi)潤,四(si)季(ji)分明,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫16℃,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)無霜(shuang)期為(wei)243天,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降雨(yu)量為(wei)1233.9毫(hao)米(mi),年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日照1842.3小時。 桐鄉地勢平(ping)(ping)坦,無一山丘(qiu),大致東南高(gao),西(xi)北(bei)低(di),略(lve)向太湖傾(qing)斜,全(quan)(quan)市(shi)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)高(gao)程為(wei)5.3米(mi),京杭(hang)大運(yun)河從西(xi)南向東北(bei)橫貫(guan)全(quan)(quan)市(shi),境內(nei)大部(bu)河道均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)與運(yun)河直接相(xiang)交,縱橫交叉呈格子狀(zhuang),并脈(mo)絡相(xiang)通。土壤(rang)母質為(wei)長江下游沖積物,土壤(rang)類(lei)型屬水稻土和潮土兩類(lei),酸堿適宜,PH值為(wei)5.6-6.7,保肥性好,土地肥沃,土壤(rang)有機(ji)質含(han)量為(wei)7.7-46.6g/kg,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量為(wei)28.51g/kg,全(quan)(quan)氮含(han)量0.34-2.8g/kg,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量1.48g/kg,速效磷含(han)量為(wei)2.6-56.35mg/kg,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量為(wei)17.05mg/kg, 速效鉀(jia)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)含(han)量為(wei)109.36mg/kg, 適應桐鄉槜李生長。
三.地域范圍
桐(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)槜李又名醉李,為(wei)境內傳(chuan)統名果。據史料記載,原(yuan)產地在浙(zhe)江省桐(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)市(shi)梧桐(tong)(tong)(tong)街(jie)道桃園村一(yi)帶,相(xiang)傳(chuan)在“春秋(qiu)”時期已有種植,距今已有2500多年的(de)(de)栽培歷(li)史,是我國(guo)李屬(shu)品(pin)種的(de)(de)珍(zhen)稀品(pin)種。桐(tong)(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)槜李主要分布在梧桐(tong)(tong)(tong)、屠(tu)甸、龍翔等街(jie)道(鎮(zhen)),主要集中(zhong)在梧桐(tong)(tong)(tong)街(jie)道桃園村核心(xin)基地及其周邊各村。地理(li)坐標為(wei)東經120°17′40″~120°39′45″,北緯30°28′18″~30°47′48″。
四.產品品質(zhi)特性特征
桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李果(guo)(guo)形(xing)扁圓(yuan),成熟后果(guo)(guo)面(mian)為紫紅色,密綴果(guo)(guo)點,外披果(guo)(guo)粉,果(guo)(guo)頂部常有一條指甲(jia)刻狀(zhuang)裂痕;桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李果(guo)(guo)肉呈蜜黃色,汁液豐富,味(wei)甘甜,成熟后將(jiang)果(guo)(guo)放在手心輕(qing)輕(qing)揉搓(cuo),果(guo)(guo)肉即可化漿,可以剝一小(xiao)口吸食或(huo)用吸管吸食汁液,豐味(wei)濃蜜,有酒香味(wei),品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)極佳。 桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李的(de)產地(di)(di)環境(jing)(jing)符(fu)合NY 5113-2002 《無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害食品(pin)(pin)(pin) 桃(tao)產地(di)(di)環境(jing)(jing)條件》,生產技術(shu)按NY 5114-2002 《無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害食品(pin)(pin)(pin) 桃(tao)生產技術(shu)規程》和(he)桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)市地(di)(di)方農(nong)業標準(zhun)DB330483/T 005-2009 《無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害食品(pin)(pin)(pin) 桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李》,桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜李產品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量符(fu)合符(fu)合NY 5112-2002 《無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害食品(pin)(pin)(pin) 桃(tao)》相關強制性技術(shu)規范要求。
五.特定生產方式
(1)育苗桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)(li)(li)用毛桃(tao)或野生(sheng)李(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)砧木,以(yi)優(you)(you)質母本樹(shu)(shu)(shu)上(shang)的(de)(de)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)穗,采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)方式(shi),嫁接(jie)(jie)(jie)繁育槜(zui)李(li)(li)(li)優(you)(you)質壯苗。 (2)栽(zai)培(pei)技(ji)術: (2.1)定(ding)植(zhi):定(ding)植(zhi)前(qian)(qian)要(yao)先開(kai)(kai)寬為(wei)0.5米(mi)(mi),深為(wei)0.4米(mi)(mi)種植(zhi)溝,畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟羊糞等(deng)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)5000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),鈣(gai)鎂磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),回填后(hou)(hou)(hou)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)應高出畦面(mian)(mian)25~30厘米(mi)(mi)。種植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間為(wei)12月(yue)至(zhi)次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)底,以(yi)12月(yue)栽(zai)植(zhi)為(wei)好;株行距為(wei)4×4米(mi)(mi),配(pei)以(yi)20%授(shou)粉樹(shu)(shu)(shu);栽(zai)植(zhi)前(qian)(qian)對(dui)根(gen)(gen)適當(dang)進(jin)行修(xiu)剪(jian),同時(shi)(shi)用石硫(liu)合劑進(jin)行消毒,栽(zai)種時(shi)(shi),使(shi)根(gen)(gen)系與(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)緊密接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸,嫁接(jie)(jie)(jie)口(kou)(kou)一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)高出土(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian),栽(zai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)及時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)定(ding)植(zhi)水(shui)(shui)。 (2.2)整(zheng)形(xing)修(xiu)剪(jian):根(gen)(gen)據(ju)桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)心干(gan)不(bu)(bu)明顯和生(sheng)長(chang)特(te)性,一(yi)般采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用自然(ran)開(kai)(kai)心形(xing)整(zheng)形(xing),離地面(mian)(mian)40~50厘米(mi)(mi)高度(du)定(ding)干(gan)。 幼(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)修(xiu)剪(jian)(1~3年(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)): 以(yi)培(pei)養(yang)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠為(wei)主(zhu),通過(guo)拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)方式(shi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)三大主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),四(si)至(zhi)五(wu)個副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)心形(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)。 初果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian)(4~5年(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)):繼續(xu)做(zuo)(zuo)好副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang),并做(zuo)(zuo)好結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang),為(wei)全面(mian)(mian)進(jin)入(ru)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)做(zuo)(zuo)準備(bei)。 盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian):對(dui)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適當(dang)回縮(suo)、短截;結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用長(chang)放(fang)修(xiu)剪(jian),適當(dang)疏(shu)刪,保(bao)(bao)持樹(shu)(shu)(shu)體(ti)營養(yang)生(sheng)長(chang)與(yu)生(sheng)殖生(sheng)長(chang)相對(dui)平衡。 衰(shuai)老期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)剪(jian):重點(dian)對(dui)副(fu)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輪換回縮(suo)更新,以(yi)恢(hui)復(fu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)勢,延(yan)長(chang)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)壽命。 (2.3)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)放(fang)蜂和人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)粉 在(zai)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取放(fang)蜂和人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)粉等(deng)技(ji)術提(ti)(ti)高座果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率。 花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)放(fang)蜂:花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)在(zai)園內放(fang)蜂,每(mei)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)擺四(si)箱為(wei)宜。 人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)粉:在(zai)盛(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)上(shang)午(wu)8~10時(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用點(dian)授(shou)或噴霧進(jin)行人工(gong)(gong)授(shou)粉。 (2.4)疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo): 在(zai)5月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬根(gen)(gen)據(ju)葉(xie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)比16~20∶1留果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),先疏(shu)小果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸(ji)形(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、病(bing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、傷果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),再疏(shu)過(guo)密果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 (2.5)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)管理(li): 施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei): 每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)至(zhi)11月(yue)施(shi)(shi)(shi)基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)羊糞等(deng)腐熟有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)2000公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),鈣(gai)鎂磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),施(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)后(hou)(hou)(hou)覆土(tu)(tu)。幼(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)按“薄肥(fei)(fei)(fei)勤施(shi)(shi)(shi)、少量多次(ci)”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則使(shi)用追肥(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu),適當(dang)加(jia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸鉀型復(fu)合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)10公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);幼(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)膨大期(qi)(qi)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用20公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)硫(liu)酸鉀,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實膨大期(qi)(qi)重施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei),畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)腐熟的(de)(de)餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)和硫(liu)酸鉀20公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),以(yi)促進(jin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實膨大、花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng);采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)10公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)尿素,以(yi)恢(hui)復(fu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)勢。 水(shui)(shui)分(fen)管理(li)應做(zuo)(zuo)到早期(qi)(qi)灌水(shui)(shui),成(cheng)(cheng)熟前(qian)(qian)適當(dang)控水(shui)(shui);夏季(ji)(6月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)旬開(kai)(kai)始)用銀(yin)光膜或稻草等(deng)對(dui)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)盤進(jin)行覆蓋,保(bao)(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)濕(shi)潤。 (3)主(zhu)要(yao)病(bing)蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi):在(zai)病(bing)蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)貫徹以(yi)“預防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)、綜合防(fang)治(zhi)”的(de)(de)方針,以(yi)農業(ye)防(fang)治(zhi)為(wei)基(ji)礎,結合物(wu)理(li)防(fang)治(zhi)和生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi),適當(dang)進(jin)行化學防(fang)治(zhi)。 (4)鳥害防(fang)治(zhi):在(zai)6月(yue)10日左右用防(fang)鳥網對(dui)槜(zui)李(li)(li)(li)園進(jin)行覆蓋保(bao)(bao)護,保(bao)(bao)證桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收成(cheng)(cheng)熟度(du),降低損耗,提(ti)(ti)高品質,同時(shi)(shi)也促進(jin)人鳥的(de)(de)和諧共處。 (5)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收及采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)包裝: (5.1)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收:桐鄉槜(zui)李(li)(li)(li)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收成(cheng)(cheng)熟度(du)必須達到八成(cheng)(cheng)熟以(yi)上(shang),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人員采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前(qian)(qian)剪(jian)平指甲,采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收時(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)可強行拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實宜輕采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)輕放(fang),存(cun)放(fang)容器(qi)宜墊軟物(wu),鋪(pu)一(yi)層(ceng)為(wei)宜。 (5.2)分(fen)級(ji):外(wai)觀要(yao)求果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)形(xing)端正、無病(bing)斑、無日灼、無機械傷、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)(mian)紫紅色、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)(mian)光潔、布(bu)滿果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)點(dian)、外(wai)披白粉;口(kou)(kou)感要(yao)求甜酸適口(kou)(kou),香味濃郁,柔(rou)軟多汁,纖維少,無硬塊;可溶性固形(xing)物(wu)含量≥14%。按果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實單(dan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重量分(fen)為(wei)四(si)個等(deng)級(ji),特(te)級(ji)大于50克,一(yi)級(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)40克至(zhi)50克,二級(ji)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)35克至(zhi)40克,35克以(yi)下為(wei)等(deng)外(wai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。??
六.包裝標(biao)識相關規定
桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)市果(guo)樹科學(xue)(xue)技(ji)術協會(hui)是桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)登記證(zheng)書的(de)(de)唯(wei)一持有(you)人,凡(fan)是在桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)地域范(fan)圍內從事桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)單位和(he)個人,在產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)或包裝上(shang)使用(yong)桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi),必須向桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)市果(guo)樹科學(xue)(xue)技(ji)術協會(hui)提出申請,并按(an)照相(xiang)關要求規范(fan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)和(he)使用(yong)標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi),統(tong)一采用(yong)桐(tong)(tong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)槜(zui)(zui)李(li)(li)名稱和(he)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)公共標(biao)識相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)標(biao)識標(biao)注方法。