漢中(zhong)中(zhong)藥(yao)材“漢八(ba)味”指的是(shi)天麻(ma)、西洋參(can)、杜仲、元胡、銀杏、附子、豬苓、山茱萸。
天(tian)麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.),蘭科天(tian)麻屬多年生草本植物;植株(zhu)較高大,根狀莖(jing)長(chang)呈(cheng)橢圓形(xing)(xing)或(huo)倒圓錐形(xing)(xing),節密鱗(lin)片(pian)狀鞘(qiao)多;肉(rou)質莖(jing)黃色;無綠色葉(xie)片(pian);花(hua)為橙黃或(huo)淡(dan)黃色,萼(e)片(pian)和花(hua)瓣合(he)生;蒴果(guo)長(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),具短(duan)梗;種子多而(er)細小,呈(cheng)粉塵狀;花(hua)果(guo)期為5、6、7月(yue)。[6]古人認為天(tian)麻生長(chang)神(shen)奇,若上(shang)天(tian)賜(si)予(yu),其狀類古時麻為之鞋,故稱天(tian)麻。
西洋參(Panax quinquefolius L.),是(shi)五(wu)加科(ke)人參屬的多(duo)年生(sheng)草本植物。西洋參的根為(wei)圓(yuan)柱形或(huo)紡錘(chui)形;葉(xie)片(pian)廣卵(luan)形或(huo)倒卵(luan)形,邊緣有(you)粗鋸齒;花(hua)序是(shi)傘形,尊綠色,鐘(zhong)狀;花(hua)瓣綠白色,花(hua)藥卵(luan)形或(huo)矩圓(yuan)形;漿果扁球形,熟時為(wei)鮮(xian)紅色,花(hua)期在7-8月,果期9月。
陜西南部的略陽縣是(shi)杜(du)仲的原產地(di)、適生區。通常認為杜(du)仲起源于陜、甘(gan)、川三(san)省交界的秦嶺山(shan)(shan)脈。由于地(di)處秦巴山(shan)(shan)區,地(di)理(li)交通欠發達,保護(hu)了許(xu)多物種的種質資源,杜(du)仲就(jiu)是(shi)其(qi)一。略陽杜(du)仲成(cheng)品呈(cheng)平板狀(zhuang),斷面銀白色(se)膠絲致密(mi),內皮(pi)色(se)澤鮮(xian)亮,有(you)效藥物成(cheng)分(fen)含量高。
一般指延胡索,中(zhong)藥(yao)名(ming)。為罌(ying)粟科植物延胡索的干燥(zao)塊莖。夏初莖葉(xie)枯萎時采挖,除去須根,洗凈,置沸水中(zhong)煮至(zhi)恰無白(bai)心時,取(qu)出,曬干。生于山地林(lin)下,或(huo)為栽培。分(fen)布河北、山東、江蘇、浙江等地。具有活血,行氣,止痛的功效。用于胸脅、脘(wan)腹(fu)疼(teng)痛,胸痹心痛,經閉痛經,產后瘀阻,跌撲腫痛。
銀(yin)杏(xing)為中(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)代孑遺的(de)稀有(you)樹種,系中(zhong)(zhong)國特產(chan),生(sheng)(sheng)于海拔500-1000米(mi)、酸(suan)性(pH值5-5.5)黃(huang)壤(rang)、排水良好(hao)地(di)帶(dai)的(de)天(tian)然林中(zhong)(zhong),常與柳杉(shan)、榧樹、藍(lan)果樹等針(zhen)闊葉樹種混生(sheng)(sheng),生(sheng)(sheng)長旺盛。朝鮮、日本及(ji)歐美各國庭園(yuan)均有(you)栽培。種子(zi)供食(shi)用(yong)(多食(shi)易中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du))及(ji)藥用(yong)。葉可作(zuo)藥用(yong)和制殺蟲劑,亦可作(zuo)肥料。種子(zi)的(de)肉質(zhi)外種皮含白(bai)果酸(suan)、白(bai)果醇及(ji)白(bai)果酚,有(you)毒(du)。
烏頭(學名:Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux)是毛(mao)茛科、烏頭屬草本植物。6月下旬至8月上(shang)旬采挖,除去(qu)母根、須根及(ji)泥沙,習稱“泥附子”。
豬苓多(duo)(duo)孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(學名:Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.)是多(duo)(duo)孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)科(ke)、多(duo)(duo)孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬多(duo)(duo)年生真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。埋(mai)生于(yu)地下,呈現不規則塊(kuai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)表(biao)面有白(bai)色(se)、灰色(se)和(he)黑色(se),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)分為表(biao)皮和(he)髓(sui)質(zhi),髓(sui)質(zhi)由菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)黏連交織(zhi)而(er)成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)表(biao)皮細胞(bao)趨于(yu)木質(zhi)化,子(zi)實體(ti)由生殖菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)、骨架菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)和(he)聯(lian)絡菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)(si)組成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)蓋白(bai)色(se)圓形,中部(bu)臍狀(zhuang)(zhuang),有淡黃色(se)的纖維層鱗片狀(zhuang)(zhuang),呈放射狀(zhuang)(zhuang),觸摸有軟毛絨感覺(jue)。
山(shan)茱(zhu)萸(yu)(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)是(shi)山(shan)茱(zhu)萸(yu)科山(shan)茱(zhu)萸(yu)屬落葉喬木或(huo)灌(guan)木。其樹皮(pi)灰褐(he)(he)色(se);小枝(zhi)細圓柱(zhu)形(xing),無毛或(huo)稀被貼生(sheng)短柔毛冬芽頂生(sheng)及腋(ye)生(sheng),卵形(xing)至披針形(xing),被黃褐(he)(he)色(se)短柔毛;葉對(dui)生(sheng),紙(zhi)質(zhi),卵狀披針形(xing)或(huo)卵狀橢圓形(xing),葉柄細圓柱(zhu)形(xing);傘形(xing)花(hua)序生(sheng)于枝(zhi)側,卵形(xing),厚紙(zhi)質(zhi)至革質(zhi),總花(hua)梗粗壯,花(hua)小,兩性,先葉開放,花(hua)梗纖細;核(he)果長橢圓形(xing),紅(hong)色(se)至紫紅(hong)色(se),核(he)骨質(zhi),狹橢圓形(xing);花(hua)期3-4月;果期9-10月。
陜(shan)西秦巴山區生物(wu)資(zi)源豐富,所在區縣均(jun)是(shi)陜(shan)西道地名(ming)(ming)優藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)的(de)(de)重要產區。所產道地藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)質量上乘,在全(quan)國(guo)(guo)市場占(zhan)據一定的(de)(de)位置(zhi)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)市域內(nei)共有(you)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源1600余種(zhong)(zhong),藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)動物(wu)資(zi)源250種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)省總資(zi)源的(de)(de)77% ,名(ming)(ming)列全(quan)省第一,國(guo)(guo)家(jia)公布的(de)(de)364種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)名(ming)(ming)錄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)280種(zhong)(zhong),也占(zhan)全(quan)部藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)類的(de)(de)77% 。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》收集的(de)(de)580個重要中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)漢(han)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就有(you)316種(zhong)(zhong)。
據了解,漢(han)中(zhong)中(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)規模和(he)標準(zhun)化工(gong)程建(jian)設(she)居全省領先,山(shan)茱(zhu)萸、黃(huang)精、天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)、豬苓(ling)等規范化種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技術全國(guo)領先,略陽天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)、略陽杜仲(zhong)、略陽豬苓(ling)、漢(han)中(zhong)附子、寧強華細(xi)辛等多(duo)個(ge)中(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)產品獲國(guo)家地(di)理(li)標志(zhi)保(bao)護產品認證。中(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積已逾173萬畝,常(chang)(chang)年穩(wen)定(ding)在130多(duo)萬畝,規范化種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積20萬畝以上,道地(di)藥材(cai)(cai)180余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),常(chang)(chang)見家種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)65個(ge),優(you)勢藥材(cai)(cai)48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。天(tian)(tian)麻(ma)、元胡、附子產量分別占全國(guo)總產量的50%以上。中(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)產量名列陜西第(di)一,位(wei)居全國(guo)地(di)市前列。