漢中(zhong)中(zhong)藥材“漢八味(wei)”指的是(shi)天麻(ma)、西洋(yang)參、杜仲、元(yuan)胡、銀杏、附子、豬苓、山茱萸。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)(Gastrodia elata Bl.),蘭科(ke)天(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)屬多年生(sheng)草本(ben)植物;植株較高大,根狀(zhuang)(zhuang)莖(jing)(jing)長(chang)呈橢圓形或倒圓錐形,節密(mi)鱗片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鞘多;肉質莖(jing)(jing)黃色(se);無(wu)綠色(se)葉片;花為(wei)(wei)橙黃或淡黃色(se),萼(e)片和(he)花瓣合生(sheng);蒴果長(chang)圓形,具短梗;種(zhong)子多而細小(xiao),呈粉塵(chen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang);花果期為(wei)(wei)5、6、7月。[6]古人認為(wei)(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)生(sheng)長(chang)神奇,若上(shang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)賜予,其狀(zhuang)(zhuang)類(lei)古時麻(ma)為(wei)(wei)之鞋,故稱天(tian)(tian)(tian)麻(ma)。
西洋參(can)(Panax quinquefolius L.),是(shi)五加科人參(can)屬的(de)多年生草本植物(wu)。西洋參(can)的(de)根(gen)為(wei)圓柱形(xing)或(huo)紡(fang)錘(chui)形(xing);葉片廣卵(luan)形(xing)或(huo)倒卵(luan)形(xing),邊緣有粗鋸齒;花(hua)(hua)序是(shi)傘(san)形(xing),尊綠色,鐘狀;花(hua)(hua)瓣綠白色,花(hua)(hua)藥卵(luan)形(xing)或(huo)矩圓形(xing);漿果扁球形(xing),熟時為(wei)鮮紅色,花(hua)(hua)期(qi)在7-8月,果期(qi)9月。
陜(shan)西南部(bu)的(de)略陽(yang)縣是杜仲的(de)原(yuan)產地、適生(sheng)區。通(tong)常(chang)認為杜仲起源(yuan)于陜(shan)、甘、川三省交(jiao)界的(de)秦嶺山脈。由(you)于地處(chu)秦巴山區,地理交(jiao)通(tong)欠發達(da),保護了許(xu)多物種的(de)種質資源(yuan),杜仲就(jiu)是其一。略陽(yang)杜仲成品呈(cheng)平(ping)板狀,斷面銀白色(se)膠絲致密,內皮色(se)澤鮮亮,有效藥物成分含量高。
一般指延(yan)胡索(suo),中(zhong)藥名。為(wei)罌粟(su)科植物延(yan)胡索(suo)的干燥塊(kuai)莖。夏(xia)初莖葉枯萎時采挖,除去須根,洗(xi)凈,置(zhi)沸水中(zhong)煮至恰(qia)無白心時,取(qu)出,曬干。生于(yu)山地(di)林下,或為(wei)栽培。分布河北、山東、江(jiang)蘇(su)、浙(zhe)江(jiang)等地(di)。具有活血,行氣,止痛(tong)(tong)的功效。用(yong)于(yu)胸(xiong)脅、脘腹疼痛(tong)(tong),胸(xiong)痹心痛(tong)(tong),經(jing)閉痛(tong)(tong)經(jing),產后瘀阻,跌撲腫痛(tong)(tong)。
銀杏(xing)為中生(sheng)代孑遺的稀有(you)樹(shu)種(zhong),系(xi)中國(guo)特產,生(sheng)于海拔500-1000米(mi)、酸性(pH值5-5.5)黃壤、排水(shui)良好地帶的天然林中,常與柳杉、榧(fei)樹(shu)、藍果(guo)樹(shu)等(deng)針闊葉樹(shu)種(zhong)混生(sheng),生(sheng)長旺盛。朝鮮、日本及(ji)(ji)歐美各國(guo)庭園均有(you)栽培。種(zhong)子(zi)供食(shi)用(多食(shi)易中毒)及(ji)(ji)藥用。葉可作藥用和(he)制殺蟲劑(ji),亦(yi)可作肥料(liao)。種(zhong)子(zi)的肉質外(wai)種(zhong)皮含(han)白(bai)果(guo)酸、白(bai)果(guo)醇及(ji)(ji)白(bai)果(guo)酚,有(you)毒。
烏頭(tou)(學(xue)名(ming):Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux)是毛茛科、烏頭(tou)屬草本(ben)植(zhi)物。6月(yue)(yue)下旬至8月(yue)(yue)上旬采挖,除(chu)去(qu)母根(gen)、須(xu)根(gen)及泥(ni)(ni)沙,習稱“泥(ni)(ni)附子”。
豬苓多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(學名:Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.)是多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)科、多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬多(duo)年生(sheng)真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。埋生(sheng)于(yu)地下,呈(cheng)現不規則塊狀,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)有(you)(you)白色(se)、灰色(se)和黑色(se),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核分為表(biao)(biao)(biao)皮和髓質(zhi)(zhi),髓質(zhi)(zhi)由(you)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲黏連交織而成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核表(biao)(biao)(biao)皮細胞趨于(yu)木質(zhi)(zhi)化(hua),子實體由(you)生(sheng)殖菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲、骨架(jia)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲和聯絡菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲組成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)蓋白色(se)圓形,中部臍狀,有(you)(you)淡黃色(se)的纖維層(ceng)鱗(lin)片狀,呈(cheng)放射狀,觸(chu)摸有(you)(you)軟毛絨(rong)感覺。
山茱萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)是山茱萸科山茱萸屬落葉(xie)喬木或(huo)灌(guan)木。其樹皮灰褐色(se);小(xiao)枝細(xi)圓(yuan)柱形(xing),無毛或(huo)稀被貼(tie)生(sheng)短(duan)柔毛冬芽頂生(sheng)及(ji)腋生(sheng),卵形(xing)至(zhi)(zhi)披針(zhen)形(xing),被黃褐色(se)短(duan)柔毛;葉(xie)對生(sheng),紙質,卵狀披針(zhen)形(xing)或(huo)卵狀橢圓(yuan)形(xing),葉(xie)柄細(xi)圓(yuan)柱形(xing);傘(san)形(xing)花(hua)(hua)序生(sheng)于枝側,卵形(xing),厚紙質至(zhi)(zhi)革(ge)質,總花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)粗壯,花(hua)(hua)小(xiao),兩(liang)性(xing),先(xian)葉(xie)開(kai)放,花(hua)(hua)梗(geng)纖細(xi);核果(guo)長橢圓(yuan)形(xing),紅色(se)至(zhi)(zhi)紫紅色(se),核骨質,狹橢圓(yuan)形(xing);花(hua)(hua)期(qi)3-4月(yue);果(guo)期(qi)9-10月(yue)。
陜(shan)西秦巴山(shan)區生物(wu)資源(yuan)(yuan)豐富,所(suo)在(zai)區縣均是(shi)陜(shan)西道(dao)地(di)名優藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)的重要產區。所(suo)產道(dao)地(di)藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)質量(liang)上乘,在(zai)全(quan)國市場占(zhan)據一定的位置。其中(zhong),漢(han)(han)中(zhong)市域內共有藥(yao)用植物(wu)資源(yuan)(yuan)1600余種(zhong),藥(yao)用動(dong)物(wu)資源(yuan)(yuan)250種(zhong),占(zhan)全(quan)省總資源(yuan)(yuan)的77% ,名列全(quan)省第一,國家公布的364種(zhong)中(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)名錄中(zhong),其中(zhong)漢(han)(han)中(zhong)有280種(zhong),也(ye)占(zhan)全(quan)部藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)類的77% 。《中(zhong)國藥(yao)典》收集的580個(ge)重要中(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)漢(han)(han)中(zhong)就(jiu)有316種(zhong)。
據了解,漢中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植(zhi)規模(mo)和(he)標準化(hua)工程建設居(ju)全(quan)(quan)省領先(xian),山茱(zhu)萸、黃(huang)精、天(tian)麻(ma)、豬(zhu)苓(ling)等規范化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)技術(shu)全(quan)(quan)國領先(xian),略(lve)陽天(tian)麻(ma)、略(lve)陽杜(du)仲、略(lve)陽豬(zhu)苓(ling)、漢中(zhong)(zhong)附子(zi)、寧強華細辛(xin)等多(duo)(duo)個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)產品(pin)(pin)獲國家(jia)地(di)理標志保護產品(pin)(pin)認證(zheng)。中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積已逾173萬畝,常年穩定(ding)在130多(duo)(duo)萬畝,規范化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積20萬畝以(yi)上,道地(di)藥材(cai)(cai)180余(yu)種(zhong),常見家(jia)種(zhong)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)65個(ge),優勢藥材(cai)(cai)48種(zhong)。天(tian)麻(ma)、元(yuan)胡、附子(zi)產量(liang)分別(bie)占全(quan)(quan)國總產量(liang)的50%以(yi)上。中(zhong)(zhong)藥材(cai)(cai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)和(he)產量(liang)名列陜西(xi)第(di)一,位(wei)居(ju)全(quan)(quan)國地(di)市(shi)前列。