廣(guang)東(dong)省清遠(yuan)(yuan)市(shi)清新縣特產(chan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e),其肉質鮮美(mei),體(ti)質結實,體(ti)形適中,骨骼(ge)小(xiao),肉嫩而(er)多汁。清遠(yuan)(yuan)特產(chan)的(de)(de)純(chun)種烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)被列為廣(guang)東(dong)省四大名(ming)優鵝(e)種之(zhi)一(yi)。清遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)又稱黑鬃(zong)鵝(e),屬小(xiao)型鵝(e)種,因(yin)其頸至背鬃(zong)毛有(you)一(yi)明顯黑色羽(yu)毛帶,故稱清遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e);是珠三角及(ji)港澳地區烹飪燒鵝(e)的(de)(de)上乘原料,故深受歡迎并久負盛名(ming)。早在20世紀50年代前,清遠(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)鬃(zong)鵝(e)就享(xiang)譽海內(nei)外(wai),是出口港澳和東(dong)南亞的(de)(de)主要鵝(e)種。
生長環境
清遠河流(liu)眾(zhong)多,水資(zi)源豐富,水草(cao)繁茂,土地(di)肥沃,適宜養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)業,故當地(di)農民(min)有養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)的習慣(guan)。據《清遠縣志》記載,自宋代(dai)起烏鬃鵝(e)就為當地(di)群眾(zhong)飼養(yang)(yang),鵝(e)在清遠人(ren)生活中(zhong)占有極其重要的位(wei)置,特別是逢年(nian)過節,喜慶筵席必備鵝(e),使養(yang)(yang)鵝(e)、吃鵝(e)的傳統得以代(dai)代(dai)相傳。
清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)氣(qi)候(hou)溫和,日照長而強烈。由于氣(qi)候(hou)的炎熱,使得清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)多在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)活動(dong),多吃(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)草(cao),長肉緩慢,體(ti)型偏小(xiao)。宜在地(di)勢高(gao)(gao)燥(zao)、背風向(xiang)陽的平坦或緩坡地(di)帶飼(si)(si)養(yang)。土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)則以透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性好的沙壤為(wei)宜。在清(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣,當(dang)地(di)群眾采(cai)用(yong)放(fang)養(yang)及投(tou)喂以當(dang)地(di)苦麥菜為(wei)主的青粗(cu)料(liao)飼(si)(si)養(yang)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)的習慣,同時(shi),烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)喜歡吃(chi)當(dang)地(di)河(he)堤遍(bian)布的連根草(cao),造就清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)耐粗(cu)飼(si)(si),具(ju)有(you)(you)充分利用(yong)草(cao)中(zhong)營養(yang)物質(zhi)(zhi)的能力(li),在不用(yong)精飼(si)(si)料(liao)情況(kuang)下,鵝(e)也(ye)可以在100天內達到(dao)上市(shi)體(ti)重。清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)在飼(si)(si)養(yang)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)離(li)不開(kai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),清(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣內河(he)涌、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)塘密(mi)布,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)澈,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)草(cao)肥嫩,自(zi)然(ran)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)生長的最優(you)環境。有(you)(you)數據顯示,北江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)新(xin)縣河(he)段水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)優(you)于國家一級水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)標準。烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)對自(zi)然(ran)環境要求較(jiao)高(gao)(gao),清(qing)(qing)(qing)遠(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)烏(wu)(wu)鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝(e)的形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),首(shou)先(xian)得益于上述優(you)越的自(zi)然(ran)條件(jian)。反(fan)過(guo)來(lai)也(ye)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)(qi)對生長的環境要求比較(jiao)高(gao)(gao),要在沒有(you)(you)污染(ran)而且有(you)(you)青草(cao)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源干凈的地(di)方才(cai)能健康成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長。否則其(qi)(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率較(jiao)低,飼(si)(si)養(yang)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本偏高(gao)(gao),且也(ye)難保持原(yuan)有(you)(you)的肉質(zhi)(zhi)風味。
產地范圍
清遠(yuan)(yuan)烏鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝屬小型品種。因頸背部有(you)一條由大漸小的深褐(he)色鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)狀(zhuang)羽毛(mao)而得名,也稱(cheng)墨鬃(zong)(zong)(zong)鵝。原產于廣東省清遠(yuan)(yuan)市。主(zhu)產于廣東省北江大河兩岸和縣(xian)城附近。此外,廣州、番禺(yu)、佛山、南海(hai)、順(shun)德、三水、從化、花縣(xian)、高鶴、四會、佛岡、高要、斗門、肇(zhao)慶(qing)、英德等地(di)也有(you)分布。廣東省清遠(yuan)(yuan)縣(xian)建有(you)保種場。
生物特性
該品種鵝體(ti)緊湊寬短,頭(tou)小,頸(jing)細,腿矮。公鵝體(ti)型較大,呈欖核形,母(mu)鵝呈楔形。羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)大部分(fen)呈烏(wu)棕(zong)色(se)(se)(se)(se),從頭(tou)頂部到最(zui)后頸(jing)椎(zhui)有一條(tiao)鬃狀黑(hei)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶(dai)。頸(jing)部兩側的(de)(de)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)為(wei)(wei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se),翼羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、肩(jian)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、背羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)和尾羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se),羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)末端有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)棕(zong)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)鑲(xiang)邊。胸羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)灰白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰色(se)(se)(se)(se),腹羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)灰白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。在(zai)背部兩邊有一條(tiao)起自肩(jian)部直至尾根的(de)(de)2厘米寬的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)帶(dai),在(zai)尾翼間未被覆蓋部分(fen)呈現白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)(se)(se)圈帶(dai)。青年(nian)鵝的(de)(de)各(ge)部位羽(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)比成年(nian)鵝較深。虹彩棕(zong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。喙、肉瘤、脛(jing)、蹼均為(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。
清遠烏鬃鵝(e)(e)平(ping)均(jun)初生重95克; 90日(ri)齡(ling) 3170克;成(cheng)(cheng)年公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)3420克,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)2860克。成(cheng)(cheng)年公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)平(ping)均(jun)半(ban)凈膛屠宰率87.4%,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)87.5%;成(cheng)(cheng)年公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)平(ping)均(jun)全(quan)凈膛屠宰率77.4%,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)78.1%。母(mu)鵝(e)(e)平(ping)均(jun)開產日(ri)齡(ling)130天(tian)。平(ping)均(jun)年產蛋(dan)29枚,平(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)重147克。平(ping)均(jun)蛋(dan)形指數(shu)1.48。蛋(dan)殼白色。公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)在(zai)80~90天(tian)有性行(xing)為,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)就巢性很強(qiang),每(mei)產完一窩(wo)蛋(dan)后就巢1次,年就巢4次。
飼養管理
飼養期為90~120天(tian)。出殼后的雛鵝(e),頭5天(tian)喂(wei)小鵝(e)料(liao)拌(ban)米飯,6~15天(tian)喂(wei)小鵝(e)料(liao)拌(ban)開(kai)(kai)口(kou)谷(gu),15~35天(tian)喂(wei)大鵝(e)料(liao)拌(ban)谷(gu),36天(tian)后至出欄(lan)(lan)前(qian)喂(wei)稻谷(gu)。烏鬃鵝(e)的育雛期天(tian)熱時為7天(tian),天(tian)冷時為10~20天(tian),從雛鵝(e)離開(kai)(kai)育雛室開(kai)(kai)始放牧(mu)至圈養育肥前(qian),實行天(tian)天(tian)放牧(mu),約60天(tian)。鵝(e)苗(miao)(miao)出殼后至開(kai)(kai)口(kou)前(qian)要(yao)注(zhu)射小鵝(e)瘟疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao),10~15天(tian)要(yao)注(zhu)射禽流(liu)感(gan)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)(miao);每隔20天(tian)用清(qing)熱解毒的中草藥水(shui)浸谷(gu)喂(wei)鵝(e)一次,欄(lan)(lan)舍每天(tian)應(ying)清(qing)洗一次,每月消毒一次。
每(mei)年4月要對留(liu)養的(de)種鵝(e)(e)實行拔毛(mao)育肥(fei),目的(de)是促(cu)其在7月開(kai)始產蛋(dan)。平(ping)時對種鵝(e)(e)每(mei)日喂谷(gu)兩套,下蛋(dan)時喂谷(gu)拌種鵝(e)(e)料(liao),并加喂青飼料(liao)。不產蛋(dan)時全(quan)日放牧(mu),產蛋(dan)期實行早(zao)晚放牧(mu),育肥(fei)期不放牧(mu)。拔毛(mao)后的(de)種鵝(e)(e)30天(tian)內注射(she)小鵝(e)(e)瘟、大(da)鵝(e)(e)瘟、禽流感(gan)疫苗(miao),半年后注射(she)蛋(dan)子瘟、禽流感(gan)疫苗(miao),每(mei)隔10天(tian)用(yong)清熱解(jie)毒的(de)中草(cao)藥(yao)水浸谷(gu)喂鵝(e)(e)一(yi)次(ci),欄舍每(mei)天(tian)清潔一(yi)次(ci),每(mei)月消毒一(yi)次(ci)。