一、智能交通系統是什么

智能交通系統簡稱ITS，又稱智(zhi)(zhi)能運(yun)(yun)輸系(xi)(xi)統，其前身是智(zhi)(zhi)能車輛(liang)道(dao)路系(xi)(xi)統。智(zhi)(zhi)能交通(tong)系(xi)(xi)統將先進的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息技(ji)(ji)術、數據通(tong)信(xin)技(ji)(ji)術、傳(chuan)感器技(ji)(ji)術、電(dian)子控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)術以(yi)及計算(suan)機技(ji)(ji)術等有(you)效地綜(zong)合運(yun)(yun)用于整個交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸管(guan)理體系(xi)(xi)，從而建(jian)立起一種大范圍內、全方位發揮(hui)作用的(de)(de)(de)，實(shi)時、準確、高(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合運(yun)(yun)輸和管(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統。

智能交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（ITS）作為一種大范圍、全(quan)方位覆蓋的(de)運輸(shu)和管理系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，依托于(yu)近(jin)年來物聯網(wang)的(de)迅猛(meng)發(fa)(fa)展，將(jiang)先(xian)進的(de)控制(zhi)、傳感、通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訊、信息技術與計算機技術高效(xiao)結合，綜合應(ying)(ying)用于(yu)整個交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理體(ti)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。由于(yu)其極大地緩(huan)解了(le)(le)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)擁堵，有(you)(you)效(xiao)減少了(le)(le)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)事(shi)故的(de)發(fa)(fa)生，提高了(le)(le)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)安全(quan)性，減少了(le)(le)環境污(wu)染，因此成(cheng)(cheng)為物聯網(wang)領(ling)域中最具代表性的(de)應(ying)(ying)用。ITS囊括眾多分支系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，主要包括出行(xing)者(zhe)信息系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)管理系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、公共運輸(shu)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、車輛(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)和安全(quan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、不停車收費系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、應(ying)(ying)急管理系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，以及商用車輛(liang)(liang)運營(ying)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等。各系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之間各司其職、相(xiang)輔(fu)相(xiang)成(cheng)(cheng)，有(you)(you)效(xiao)改善交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。

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二、智能交通系統的組成

智能交通系統由(you)以下幾個部分組成：

1、先(xian)進的交通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)息系統。它實時(shi)向交通(tong)(tong)(tong)參(can)與者提(ti)供道路交通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)息、公共交通(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)息、交通(tong)(tong)(tong)氣(qi)象信(xin)(xin)息以及與出(chu)行相關的其他信(xin)(xin)息；可通(tong)(tong)(tong)過自動定位(wei)和導航(hang)系統，自動選擇優化出(chu)行路線。

2、先進的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通管(guan)理(li)系(xi)統。它將(jiang)對道(dao)路系(xi)統中的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通通行狀(zhuang)況(kuang)和環境進行實時的(de)(de)監視，依靠(kao)先進的(de)(de)車(che)輛(liang)檢測技術和計算機信(xin)息(xi)處理(li)技術，獲得(de)有關交(jiao)(jiao)通狀(zhuang)況(kuang)的(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)，可對交(jiao)(jiao)通進行控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，如信(xin)號燈、道(dao)路管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)、事故處理(li)與救援等。

3、先進的公共交(jiao)(jiao)通系(xi)統(tong)。其主要(yao)目的是采用各種智能技術促(cu)進公共運(yun)輸業的發展，使公交(jiao)(jiao)系(xi)統(tong)實現安(an)全便捷、運(yun)量大的目標。

4、先(xian)進的車輛(liang)控制系(xi)統。它(ta)的目的是開發幫助駕(jia)駛員實行本車輛(liang)控制的各種技術，如(ru)對駕(jia)駛員的警告和幫助，障礙(ai)物避免(mian)等自動駕(jia)駛技術，從而(er)使車輛(liang)行駛安全、高效。

5、貨(huo)運管理系(xi)統(tong)。綜合利用衛星定位、地(di)理信(xin)息系(xi)統(tong)、物(wu)流信(xin)息及(ji)網絡技(ji)術(shu)有效組織貨(huo)物(wu)運輸，提高(gao)貨(huo)運效率。

6、電(dian)子收費系統(tong)ETC。通過安(an)裝在車(che)輛上(shang)的(de)(de)車(che)載器(qi)與(yu)在收費站(zhan)(zhan)ETC車(che)道上(shang)的(de)(de)微波天線之間(jian)的(de)(de)專用短程通訊，利用計算機(ji)聯網技術與(yu)銀行進行后(hou)臺自動(dong)結算處理，從(cong)而(er)達到(dao)車(che)輛通過路橋收費站(zhan)(zhan)不需(xu)停車(che)而(er)能(neng)交納路橋費的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

7、緊(jin)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)援(yuan)系統。通(tong)過先(xian)進的交通(tong)信息系統和先(xian)進的交通(tong)管理系統將交通(tong)監控中心與(yu)交通(tong)救(jiu)(jiu)援(yuan)機構聯合，為道路使用者提供車輛(liang)故(gu)(gu)障現場(chang)緊(jin)急(ji)(ji)處置、拖車、現場(chang)救(jiu)(jiu)護、排除(chu)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)車輛(liang)等(deng)服(fu)務。

8、無(wu)(wu)人駕(jia)駛汽車(che)(che)。它(ta)主(zhu)要依靠車(che)(che)內的(de)以計(ji)算(suan)機系統(tong)(tong)為主(zhu)的(de)智(zhi)能駕(jia)駛儀來實現無(wu)(wu)人駕(jia)駛。無(wu)(wu)人駕(jia)駛汽車(che)(che)是通過(guo)車(che)(che)載傳感系統(tong)(tong)感知道路(lu)環(huan)境，自(zi)動規劃行車(che)(che)路(lu)線(xian)并控(kong)制車(che)(che)輛到達預定目標(biao)的(de)智(zhi)能汽車(che)(che)。它(ta)集自(zi)動控(kong)制、體系結構、人工智(zhi)能、視(shi)覺(jue)計(ji)算(suan)等眾多技術于(yu)一體，是計(ji)算(suan)機科(ke)學、模式(shi)識別(bie)和智(zhi)能控(kong)制技術高度(du)發展的(de)產物(wu)。