一.產品介紹
官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)是(shi)襄(xiang)汾縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的農業三大(da)品牌(官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)、太平米醋、連村粉條)之一,因其原產地在襄(xiang)汾縣(xian)(xian)(xian)官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)村而得名,官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)的栽(zai)培距今已(yi)有800年(nian)的歷史,據道光五年(nian)太平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志記載:“棗(zao)(zao),有晉(jin)棗(zao)(zao)之名,多食(shi)易(yi)齒黃(huang),舊志,太平宜棗(zao)(zao),其樹(shu)盈野,居人有半年(nian)糧之謠”。官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)果(guo)實(shi)中大(da),長柱圓形,平均單果(guo)重11克;果(guo)皮深紅(hong)色,肉厚、肉粘、油(you)性大(da),耐貯藏。1997年(nian),山(shan)西省首(shou)屆干果(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)林產品評獎展(zhan)銷會上(shang),被認定為“山(shan)西省十(shi)大(da)名棗(zao)(zao)”;2001年(nian),臨汾市啟動平川(chuan)“121”工程后,襄(xiang)汾縣(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政府抓住有利時機,掀起大(da)種棗(zao)(zao)的熱潮,截止2008年(nian),全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)適(shi)宜官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)生(sheng)長的鄉(xiang)村,保(bao)有棗(zao)(zao)樹(shu)達15萬株(zhu),年(nian)產量達到1500噸。
二(er).自然生態環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1、自然(ran)生態環境:官(guan)灘棗(zao)產地(di)自然(ran)條件優(you)越,土壤主要為(wei)沙壤土,土層深(shen)厚、肥沃,排(pai)水(shui)透氣(qi)性良好,pH值(zhi)6.8-7.5,表層有機質含量7.12g/㎏,全氮平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)0.85g/㎏,有效磷平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)11.82㎎/㎏,速效鉀平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)175.5㎎/㎏,地(di)形為(wei)中間(jian)低向東西(xi)兩側呈(cheng)階梯(ti)狀排(pai)列。氣(qi)候(hou)屬暖溫帶大陸型氣(qi)候(hou),年(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫12.4℃,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降雨量550mm,年(nian)無(wu)霜期205天,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時數2397小時以上,十(shi)分(fen)適宜官(guan)灘棗(zao)的(de)生長發育。
2、人(ren)文歷(li)史:官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)是(shi)襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)農業三大(da)品(pin)牌(官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)米(mi)醋(cu)、連(lian)村(cun)(cun)粉(fen)條)之(zhi)一,因其原產(chan)(chan)地(di)在(zai)襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)村(cun)(cun)而得名,該村(cun)(cun)位于汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河下(xia)游東岸,古為鎮守汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河官(guan)(guan)員居住地(di)之(zhi)一,故有(you)此村(cun)(cun)名;歷(li)代鎮守官(guan)(guan)兵為應災年所需(xu),連(lian)年栽植棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)樹,形成了棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)林(lin);官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)栽培(pei)距今已有(you)800年的(de)歷(li)史,據道光(guang)五年太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)(襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)由汾(fen)(fen)(fen)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)〈歷(li)史上為太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)〉與襄(xiang)陵縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)并(bing)而成)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志記載:“棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),有(you)晉棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)之(zhi)名,多(duo)食(shi)易齒黃,舊志,太(tai)(tai)(tai)平(ping)宜棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),其樹盈野,居人(ren)有(you)半年糧之(zhi)謠(yao)”。棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),民間(jian)稱其為鐵桿莊稼。官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)鮮棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)果(guo)實中大(da),長柱圓形,平(ping)均單果(guo)重11克;果(guo)皮深(shen)紅色(se),肉(rou)厚、果(guo)核小,味甜、汁少;制干(gan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)果(guo)肉(rou)呈紅糖色(se),油性大(da),肉(rou)粘、拉(la)開可見糖絲多(duo),耐貯藏。 1997年,山西省(sheng)首屆干(gan)果(guo)經濟林(lin)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)評獎展銷(xiao)會上,被認(ren)定為“山西省(sheng)十大(da)名棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)”;2001年,臨(lin)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)市啟(qi)動(dong)平(ping)川“121”工程后(hou),襄(xiang)汾(fen)(fen)(fen)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政府抓(zhua)住有(you)利時(shi)機,掀起(qi)大(da)種(zhong)官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)的(de)熱潮,截止2008年,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)適宜官(guan)(guan)灘(tan)(tan)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)生長的(de)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun),保有(you)棗(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)樹達(da)15萬株,年產(chan)(chan)量達(da)到1500噸。
三.地域范圍
官(guan)灘棗產地(di)位于于山西省襄(xiang)汾縣東(dong)南(nan)角的汾河下游(you)兩岸,介于東(dong)經111°21′-115°55′,北緯35°56′-37°18′之間,海(hai)拔(ba)420-550米。地(di)域保護涉及襄(xiang)汾縣2個鄉鎮(zhen)18個行政村(cun)(cun),具體是(shi)新城鎮(zhen):官(guan)灘村(cun)(cun)、柴(chai)莊村(cun)(cun)、蒙亨村(cun)(cun)、伯玉村(cun)(cun)、伯社村(cun)(cun)、曲(qu)里(li)村(cun)(cun)、丁村(cun)(cun)、敬村(cun)(cun)、柴(chai)寺村(cun)(cun)、陳郭村(cun)(cun),南(nan)賈(jia)鎮(zhen):萬(wan)王村(cun)(cun)、裴村(cun)(cun)、蒼(cang)頭村(cun)(cun)、下魯村(cun)(cun)、上魯村(cun)(cun)、東(dong)劉村(cun)(cun)、下尉村(cun)(cun)、大(da)柴(chai)村(cun)(cun)。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
1、外在感官:果面(mian)潔凈(jing),無(wu)機(ji)械損(sun)傷、病蟲果和霉(mei)爛,無(wu)不(bu)正常(chang)異味,平均(jun)果重11克。鮮棗長柱(zhu)圓形,干棗深紅色,有亮(liang)光,果肉拉開可見糖絲。
2、內在品質:鮮棗(zao),果肉厚,綠白色,肉質致密,味甜(tian)、汁(zhi)少(shao);干棗(zao)含糖(tang)65.%以上,肉質金黃,拉開可(ke)見糖(tang)絲、絲長不易斷,有糖(tang)香味者(zhe),品質上等(deng)。
3、安(an)全要求:棗(zao)產品(pin)符合中華(hua)人民共(gong)和國農業(ye)行(xing)業(ye)標準《無(wu)公害食品(pin) 棗(zao)》的(de)安(an)全指標,在包(bao)裝,標識上須(xu)符合農業(ye)部(bu)《農產品(pin)包(bao)裝和標識管(guan)理辦法》,進入市場的(de)必須(xu)遵(zun)守《農產品(pin)質量安(an)全法》及其它法律法規(gui)(gui)的(de)有關規(gui)(gui)定。
五.特定生產方式
1、產(chan)(chan)地(di)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze):棗樹園地(di)宜選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)生態環境(jing)良好(hao),遠離(li)污染源,土(tu)壤(rang)土(tu)層(ceng)深厚、肥沃、排水透(tou)氣性良好(hao),pH值(zhi)6.8-7.5的(de)沙壤(rang)土(tu)或壤(rang)土(tu),平地(di)或坡(po)(po)度小于10°的(de)陽坡(po)(po),生態環境(jing)符(fu)合NY/5013-2006《無公害食(shi)品 林果類產(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)地(di)環境(jing)條件(jian)》。
2、品種選擇:官(guan)灘棗適應(ying)性(xing)廣(guang),抗逆性(xing)好,較耐干旱,適宜栽植在灘涂地(di)和(he)沿河(he)流域階地(di)。
3、生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)管理:生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)要采(cai)取多項技術,如園地選擇(ze)、栽(zai)植(zhi)、栽(zai)培管理、科(ke)學施(shi)肥、合理間作(zuo)(以棗-麥間作(zuo)為(wei)主)、適度(du)密植(zhi)(成片棗園采(cai)用)、整形(xing)修剪、花期化(hua)控、病蟲(chong)害(hai)綜合防治(zhi)、果(guo)實采(cai)收(shou)、人工烘干、貯藏等。
(1)生(sheng)(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)選擇要(yao)(yao)求:要(yao)(yao)有良好的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境,生(sheng)(sheng)產基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)必須遠離污染源,該地(di)(di)(di)域的(de)(de)大(da)氣、土壤(rang)、灌溉(gai)(gai)水等(deng)應該經檢測符合國家標準(zhun),土壤(rang)質地(di)(di)(di)適合棗樹生(sheng)(sheng)長,有灌溉(gai)(gai)條(tiao)件(jian),有機肥料來源充足,農民群(qun)眾栽培(pei)管理(li)技術比(bi)較(jiao)先進,生(sheng)(sheng)產積極性高(gao)。
(2)有(you)懂技術的管理人(ren)員(yuan):棗樹豐(feng)(feng)產(chan)生產(chan)是一項技術性(xing)較強的工作,管理人(ren)員(yuan)要具有(you)一定(ding)文化(hua)水(shui)平(ping),特別是基(ji)地負責(ze)人(ren)和(he)技術人(ren)員(yuan)要鉆研(yan)業務,有(you)豐(feng)(feng)富的生產(chan)實(shi)踐經驗。
(3)生(sheng)產管理(li)(li):首先是(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)管理(li)(li),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)秋季棗(zao)果(guo)采收后至土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)封(feng)凍前(qian),棗(zao)園行(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)樹(shu)盤要進(jin)行(xing)耕(geng)翻,深(shen)度為(wei)20厘(li)(li)米(mi)左右,目的是(shi)使(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)疏(shu)松(song)和(he)(he)(he)(he)熟化(hua),改(gai)善土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)理(li)(li)化(hua)性狀,提高(gao)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)吸水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)保水(shui)(shui)(shui)能力(li),有(you)(you)利(li)于冬季積雪,減(jian)少(shao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)消滅部分(fen)(fen)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的越(yue)冬害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)。其次(ci)(ci)(ci)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)棗(zao)樹(shu)生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),降(jiang)雨和(he)(he)(he)(he)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)以后,要及時中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)松(song)土(tu)(tu)保墑(di)和(he)(he)(he)(he)清除雜草,一(yi)般全(quan)年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)除草4-5次(ci)(ci)(ci),使(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)經常保持疏(shu)松(song)和(he)(he)(he)(he)無雜草狀態。第三(san)是(shi)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui),根(gen)據(ju)棗(zao)樹(shu)生(sheng)育規律,有(you)(you)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)條件的棗(zao)園一(yi)般年份(fen)(fen)應進(jin)行(xing)四(si)次(ci)(ci)(ci)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui),第一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)芽前(qian)進(jin)行(xing),第二次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)盛花期(qi)進(jin)行(xing),第三(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)實膨大(da)期(qi)進(jin)行(xing),第四(si)次(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)封(feng)凍前(qian)完成(cheng),如7—8月份(fen)(fen)遇到干旱天氣時,可適(shi)當增加(jia)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數;灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)以浸(jin)透根(gen)系分(fen)(fen)布(bu)層40—60厘(li)(li)米(mi)為(wei)準(zhun),達到田(tian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)最大(da)持水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的60%-70%,灌(guan)(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)方法盡量(liang)(liang)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)地下輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管道等節水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)措施(shi),灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的標(biao)準(zhun)一(yi)定(ding)要符合(he)GB5084-92《農田(tian)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)》。第四(si)是(shi)整形修剪,適(shi)宜豐產栽培的樹(shu)形為(wei)小冠疏(shu)層形。第五(wu)是(shi)嚴格執行(xing)無公(gong)害(hai)農產品生(sheng)產規程,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)肥中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),采取以施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)腐熟有(you)(you)機肥為(wei)主,復(fu)合(he)肥為(wei)輔的施(shi)肥原則;在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),采取以人(ren)工防治和(he)(he)(he)(he)物理(li)(li)防治為(wei)基礎,生(sheng)物防治為(wei)核(he)心,科學(xue)合(he)理(li)(li)綜合(he)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)物、物理(li)(li)、化(hua)學(xue)等防治措施(shi),杜(du)絕使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)毒、劇毒、高(gao)殘留(liu)農藥,嚴格規定(ding)化(hua)學(xue)農藥使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量(liang)(liang)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品種(zhong)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數,嚴禁安(an)全(quan)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)期(qi)內用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥;在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),嚴格執行(xing)NY5252-2004《無公(gong)害(hai)食品 棗(zao)生(sheng)產技術規程》。
4、產品采收與保(bao)存:9月(yue)中(zhong)下旬,當果實(shi)已充分(fen)發育(yu)成熟(shu),果皮(pi)呈品種特有(you)深紅色時(shi),采用人工竹竿(gan)震落或手(shou)工采摘方式采收;需要制干的(de),采后(hou)(hou),立(li)即(ji)于陰涼(liang)處攤開,隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)分(fen)批進入(ru)烤房,輕烤20-24小時(shi),再置陰涼(liang)處攤開陰干,可保(bao)存1年以上;需要做酒棗(zao)的(de),手(shou)工采摘后(hou)(hou),剔除(chu)破損、有(you)蟲(chong)及不規格的(de),隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)于酒中(zhong)速蘸1-2分(fen)鐘,取(qu)出置于磁(ci)壇或其它容器中(zhong),密閉保(bao)存,可保(bao)鮮存放至來(lai)年2-3月(yue)份。
5.生(sheng)產記錄(lu)要求:在棗生(sheng)產過程中,嚴格記錄(lu)生(sheng)產的各環節,各項農(nong)事操作,重點記錄(lu)農(nong)業(ye)投入品(pin)如化(hua)肥、農(nong)藥(yao)等的使用(yong)時期(qi)、用(yong)量(liang)、次數(shu),建(jian)立健(jian)全完整的田間(jian)檔案。