漳州木版年畫(hua)始于(yu)宋代,當時福建的(de)刻書(shu)業(ye)開始興(xing)盛,迅速(su)帶動了(le)民(min)間版畫(hua)刻印技(ji)術的(de)發展,漳州木版年畫(hua)也隨福建雕版的(de)發展而發展。
明(ming)代,漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫開(kai)始(shi)走向(xiang)興(xing)盛,當(dang)時漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)已經(jing)(jing)有“曲文齋(zhai)(zhai)”“多文齋(zhai)(zhai)”等(deng)多家(jia)(jia)書坊(fang)(fang)兼(jian)營年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫。近代學者(zhe)葉德(de)輝(hui)在《書林清(qing)話》中稱“宋刻書之盛,首推閩中”。發展(zhan)到清(qing)代,更(geng)有“胡慶堂”“俊記”“錦源堂”等(deng)12家(jia)(jia)書坊(fang)(fang)參與年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫制作(zuo)經(jing)(jing)營。從(cong)而漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫藝術日趨(qu)成(cheng)熟。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫的(de)題(ti)材和(he)構圖形式(shi)漸趨(qu)穩定,繪(hui)畫技巧(qiao)和(he)雕(diao)版、印制技術不(bu)斷提高。期間漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)對外貿(mao)易(yi)(yi)港口“月港”的(de)興(xing)起,繁榮的(de)海上貿(mao)易(yi)(yi),也給木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫的(de)外銷帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)有利條件,增進(jin)了(le)木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫大(da)量向(xiang)海外輸出,產品(pin)遠銷到臺灣、香港、東南亞及日本(ben)等(deng)地(di)。而當(dang)地(di)最大(da)的(de)木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫作(zuo)坊(fang)(fang),以(yi)顏(yan)氏家(jia)(jia)族的(de)顏(yan)錦華老(lao)店為首。從(cong)早期開(kai)設的(de)“錦華堂”書畫作(zuo)坊(fang)(fang),經(jing)(jing)過幾代傳承(cheng)人的(de)努力,至清(qing)末民(min)國初(chu)時,基本(ben)形成(cheng)了(le)顏(yan)氏一家(jia)(jia)獨大(da)的(de)格(ge)局,抗戰前后,顏(yan)錦華老(lao)店成(cheng)為漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫的(de)集大(da)成(cheng)者(zhe)。流傳下來(lai)的(de)眾多漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)木(mu)版年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)畫精(jing)品(pin),基本(ben)都是(shi)顏(yan)錦華老(lao)店的(de)珍藏版。
20世紀(ji)初,漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)聯(lian)子街、香港路、臺灣路一(yi)帶集(ji)中了(le)大(da)批年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)店,漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“聯(lian)子街”因而得名。而后由于先進的(de)(de)(de)(de)西方印(yin)刷術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳入,在(zai)社會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)急劇動蕩中,年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)業開始走向(xiang)衰落。抗日(ri)戰爭時期,中國(guo)經濟衰退,又(you)因與臺灣和東南亞失(shi)去(qu)了(le)貿易聯(lian)系(xi),生意則(ze)比較蕭條,漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)術(shu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)作(zuo)坊(fang)紛紛倒閉(bi)。直至50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代尚(shang)有八九家(jia)(jia)存在(zai)。此后,漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)地區鄉間(jian)(jian)逢(feng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)過節張貼木(mu)(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)漸漸消(xiao)失(shi),木(mu)(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)市場衰弱,年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)作(zuo)坊(fang)大(da)多(duo)停業,境況已大(da)不如前。文(wen)革期間(jian)(jian),閩(min)南的(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)受到(dao)(dao)巨大(da)沖擊(ji),泉(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)雕版(ban)(ban)被付之一(yi)炬,幾(ji)乎蕩然無存。而在(zai)漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou),顏(yan)家(jia)(jia)將300多(duo)塊年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)雕版(ban)(ban)藏到(dao)(dao)鄉下,才得以保(bao)留 。1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)顏(yan)家(jia)(jia)傳人顏(yan)家(jia)(jia)鏡(jing)印(yin)制(zhi)了(le)一(yi)套(tao)漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),被國(guo)家(jia)(jia)定為(wei)民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)藝術(shu)品赴蘇聯(lian)東歐(ou)各國(guo)展(zhan)覽;1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)顏(yan)文(wen)華又(you)印(yin)制(zhi)了(le)一(yi)套(tao)古(gu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),參加福建民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)美展(zhan)晉京(jing)展(zhan);1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)全國(guo)民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)美術(shu)工作(zuo)大(da)會(hui)(hui)上得到(dao)(dao)與會(hui)(hui)專家(jia)(jia)們(men)高度贊賞;1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)載(zai)入《中國(guo)民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)藝術(shu)大(da)辭典》。 2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)市藝術(shu)館館長林育(yu)培所撰《漳(zhang)州(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)木(mu)(mu)(mu)版(ban)(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)初探(tan)》一(yi)文(wen)榮獲第十一(yi)屆“群星(xing)獎(jiang)”(群眾文(wen)化(hua)科(ke)研成(cheng)果(guo)評獎(jiang))金獎(jiang)。
2006年(nian)5月,漳(zhang)州(zhou)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫列入第(di)一批國家(jia)級非物質文化遺產名錄。同(tong)年(nian),漳(zhang)州(zhou)顏氏木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫第(di)五、六代傳(chuan)人——顏文華和顏仕國父子共同(tong)創(chuang)辦了漳(zhang)州(zhou)顏錦華木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫館(guan),并用家(jia)藏老版(ban)(ban)(ban)、傳(chuan)統技(ji)法繼續(xu)印制和銷(xiao)售木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫。2009年(nian)1月18日(ri),《漳(zhang)州(zhou)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫》特種郵票首(shou)發式暨中(zhong)國2009世界郵展60城(cheng)市巡(xun)郵到漳(zhang)州(zhou)。直接以(yi)地域命名的《漳(zhang)州(zhou)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫》郵票是繼1990年(nian)《水仙(xian)花》之后,漳(zhang)州(zhou)市第(di)二次登上“國家(jia)名片” 。
漳州(zhou)木版年畫(hua)(hua)的品種(zhong)很多,從形(xing)式上(shang)看(kan),有不同類別(bie)的各種(zhong)門(men)畫(hua)(hua)、門(men)頂畫(hua)(hua)、中堂畫(hua)(hua),有欣賞用的獨幅(fu)畫(hua)(hua)、連環(huan)畫(hua)(hua)等。
門畫(hua)如:《天官賜福》《加冠進祿》《簪花晉爵》《神荼郁壘》《秦瓊敬德(de)》《添丁進財(cai)》等等;門頂畫(hua)如:《八卦(gua)》《獅街劍》《五虎抱錢(qian)》;中堂畫(hua)如:《福祿壽喜春》《和(he)合仙(xian)》《三仙(xian)姑》《招財(cai)王石宗(zong)》《春招財(cai)子》《連招貴子》《百子千孫》等;布置(zhi)居室的獨(du)幅畫(hua)、連環畫(hua)如《郭子儀拜壽》《孟姜女前(qian)后(hou)本》等。
而(er)門畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)又有粗幼(you)神、文(wen)武神之(zhi)別。“粗神”指(zhi)的(de)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)紅(hong)或(huo)朱紅(hong)紙(zhi)為(wei)底加以(yi)(yi)印(yin)制(zhi)的(de)門畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua);“幼(you)神”是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)接以(yi)(yi)本色紙(zhi)印(yin)制(zhi),其人物(wu)背景的(de)淡紅(hong)色,亦是(shi)(shi)木版年畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藝人自己調(diao)制(zhi)套印(yin)而(er)成(cheng),無須預先送(song)染紙(zhi)房染過。而(er)不論是(shi)(shi)粗神或(huo)幼(you)神,只(zhi)要門畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)上的(de)人物(wu)沒有騎馬或(huo)插旗(qi)的(de),則又稱其為(wei)“文(wen)神”;反之(zhi)即(ji)“武神”。如《秦瓊敬德》《騎馬天仙送(song)子(zi)》《連招財子(zi)》等,其文(wen)、武類別各異。此(ci)外(wai),各種年畫(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)又有開本大(da)(da)小(xiao)之(zhi)分(fen),如大(da)(da)割(ge)、二割(ge)、三割(ge)、四割(ge)、六割(ge)等數種不同規格。
漳州木版(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)藝術技法和(he)工藝過程獨具一(yi)格,其(qi)雕版(ban)線條粗(cu)細迥(jiong)異、剛柔相(xiang)濟,以挺健黑線為(wei)(wei)主。用色追求簡(jian)明對比,印(yin)制采用分(fen)版(ban)分(fen)色手工套(tao)印(yin),稱為(wei)(wei)“飾(shi)版(ban)”。所用顏料分(fen)水(shui)質(zhi)和(he)粉(fen)質(zhi)兩種,有大紅、淡紅、黑以及本色紙諸種。漳州年(nian)畫(hua)構(gou)圖(tu)大方,造型夸(kua)張,特別是(shi)用黑紙印(yin)制的年(nian)畫(hua),為(wei)(wei)其(qi)他地(di)區(qu)罕(han)見。
漳州(zhou)木版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)年畫的(de)雕(diao)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)分陽(yang)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和陰(yin)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)兩種,印(yin)制(zhi)“幼神”人物背景(jing)色(紅)的(de)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)為(wei)陰(yin)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),這(zhe)種陰(yin)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)刻法和用(yong)法為(wei)中國所獨(du)有。雕(diao)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上所有線條(tiao)和色塊的(de)邊(bian)緣(yuan)都是向外傾斜的(de),這(zhe)便(bian)于印(yin)制(zhi)時調節(jie)水分。印(yin)制(zhi)時采用(yong)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)套印(yin),先色版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)后黑線條(tiao)版(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。
隨著(zhu)社會變革的(de)(de)深入,傳統(tong)意識逐漸消除,民間(jian)民俗活動因之而發生(sheng)變化(hua),依托于(yu)地方民俗的(de)(de)漳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)木板(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)觀賞性增強,而趨吉避(bi)邪(xie)的(de)(de)實用(yong)性減弱,由此造成年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)市場的(de)(de)蕭條。隨著(zhu)原來(lai)民間(jian)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)市場的(de)(de)萎縮,從事漳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)木板(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)人員大大減少。面對木版(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)境況,漳州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)市文(wen)化(hua)部門也多次呼吁,希(xi)望有(you)關(guan)部門劃(hua)撥(bo)場地搶救木版(ban)(ban)年(nian)畫(hua)(hua),收藏雕版(ban)(ban)。
顏氏家族木(mu)(mu)版年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)傳承(cheng)人顏仕(shi)國認為,雖然現代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)印刷(shua)技術(shu)日臻完善(shan),但(dan)手工印刷(shua)那種(zhong)古樸、粗獷的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)風格(ge)卻是(shi)難以替代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)祈(qi)求,一(yi)種(zhong)裝飾(shi),更是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)俗(su)(su)。如今(jin)隨著時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)和民(min)間風俗(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)變,木(mu)(mu)版年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)作為一(yi)種(zhong)藝(yi)術(shu)裝飾(shi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)無可替代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。只要重(zhong)新(xin)挖掘它的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi),并賦予新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)(dai)內涵,木(mu)(mu)版年(nian)(nian)畫(hua)仍然能夠(gou)受到社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)新(xin)認同。
漳州民間(jian)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)年畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)學術(shu)價值(zhi)在于它的(de)出現使學術(shu)界(jie)弄(nong)清了臺灣(wan)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)年畫(hua)(hua)(hua)與(yu)漳州木(mu)版(ban)(ban)年畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)淵源關系(xi),它在中(zhong)國的(de)民間(jian)藝術(shu)中(zhong),是(shi)南方民間(jian)木(mu)版(ban)(ban)年畫(hua)(hua)(hua)里具有粗獷和秀(xiu)麗兼(jian)長的(de)獨特品種(zhong)。