玄(xuan)妙觀(guan)在江蘇省蘇州市,始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)西晉(jin)咸(xian)寧二年(nian)(nian),唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)稱開元宮,北宋(song)稱天慶觀(guan),元代(dai)(dai)改(gai)今名,曾多(duo)(duo)次(ci)毀壞,多(duo)(duo)次(ci)修葺(qi)。三清殿(dian)是(shi)玄(xuan)妙觀(guan)的(de)正(zheng)殿(dian),重建(jian)(jian)于(yu)南(nan)宋(song)淳熙六年(nian)(nian)(1179),是(shi)中國長江以(yi)南(nan)大(da)的(de)木構古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。它既是(shi)宋(song)代(dai)(dai)官式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao),也表(biao)現出地(di)方性建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)特點(dian),是(shi)研究宋(song)代(dai)(dai)南(nan)北建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)差異(yi)的(de)重要(yao)例(li)證。1982年(nian)(nian)定為(wei)全(quan)國重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。
三清殿為(wei)重檐歇山頂建筑(見大木作),殿身面闊七間(jian)(jian),進深(shen)(shen)四間(jian)(jian),四周加一(yi)圈深(shen)(shen)一(yi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)副階,構成下檐。殿前有寬五間(jian)(jian)的(de)月臺。
殿(dian)的木構部(bu)分屬殿(dian)堂型構架(jia)(jia)(jia),近似《營造法式》所載殿(dian)身七間(jian)(jian)(jian)副階(jie)周(zhou)匝身內(nei)(nei)(nei)金箱斗(dou)底槽構架(jia)(jia)(jia)。構架(jia)(jia)(jia)由上(shang)(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)三(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)重疊(die)而成(cheng)。下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)柱(zhu)(zhu)網,沿周(zhou)邊(bian)立兩(liang)(liang)圈(quan)柱(zhu)(zhu)子,外(wai)圈(quan)22柱(zhu)(zhu),內(nei)(nei)(nei)圈(quan)14柱(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)頂架(jia)(jia)(jia)闌額(e),連(lian)成(cheng)兩(liang)(liang)個相套的同高矩形框,形成(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽。又沿進(jin)深方(fang)向在(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)槽前后四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)四(si)道順(shun)串(即清式的隨梁枋),使柱(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫向都連(lian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一起。在(zai)(zai)(zai)四(si)道順(shun)串的中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu),下(xia)面(mian)又立四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu),形成(cheng)現狀的滿堂柱(zhu)(zhu)網。中(zhong)(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)是鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)層(ceng)(ceng),在(zai)(zai)(zai)闌額(e)和順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)(shang)加普拍枋,枋上(shang)(shang)(shang)放(fang)斗(dou),柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)用(yong)兩(liang)(liang)朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo),前后內(nei)(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)三(san)(san)朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)。殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)各(ge)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)平枋,裝設平,形成(cheng)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)空間(jian)(jian)(jian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)屋頂構架(jia)(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)。除兩(liang)(liang)山外(wai),沿各(ge)間(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)深在(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽柱(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)及中(zhong)(zhong)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串中(zhong)(zhong)點之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(即脊下(xia))立柱(zhu)(zhu),壓在(zai)(zai)(zai)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭枋上(shang)(shang)(shang),柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)梁,形成(cheng)深12架(jia)(jia)(jia)前后用(yong)5柱(zhu)(zhu)的6道穿斗(dou)式草架(jia)(jia)(jia)。草架(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)檁(lin),構成(cheng)屋頂。
殿(dian)四(si)周副階(jie)在下檐(yan)(yan)柱上(shang)用四(si)鋪(pu)作斗,上(shang)承副階(jie)梁(liang)架,副階(jie)梁(liang)尾均(jun)插入殿(dian)身檐(yan)(yan)柱。
三(san)清(qing)殿(dian)木構部分有幾點值得(de)注意:①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)和(he)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)一(yi)(yi)側在第二跳華(hua)以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用了向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)斜舉的(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂,前(qian)后內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)朵補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)均兩面出上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂,是(shi)現(xian)存早用于大木作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中的(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂實例。②《營造法式(shi)》殿(dian)堂(tang)型構架的(de)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)層柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)(dou)承(cheng)托明(ming),明(ming)同(tong)下面的(de)順串(chuan)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)無補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)前(qian)后柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以順串(chuan)為(wei)梁,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)置(zhi)三(san)朵補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面不加明(ming),直(zhi)(zhi)接用斗(dou)(dou)的(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋(fang)承(cheng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層屋頂構架,與《營造法式(shi)》做(zuo)法不同(tong),似為(wei)明(ming)官(guan)式(shi)做(zuo)法之濫觴。③《營造法式(shi)》殿(dian)堂(tang)型構架內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)只沿周邊(bian)一(yi)(yi)圈有斗(dou)(dou),整個內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個橫長(chang)的(de)、頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)呈頂形的(de)敞(chang)廳(ting)。此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)在內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也加斗(dou)(dou),把平截成五(wu)段,形成五(wu)個并列的(de)縱長(chang)形頂小(xiao)廳(ting)。外槽(cao)(cao)平劃分也和(he)“金箱斗(dou)(dou)底槽(cao)(cao)”小(xiao)異。④唐(tang)、宋殿(dian)堂(tang)型構架柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子止于鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之下。此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)雖(sui)絕大部分如此(ci)(ci),但(dan)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)后側中間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)穿(chuan)(chuan)過(guo)平上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)伸,后檐(yan)中間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)六柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也直(zhi)(zhi)抵檐(yan)檁下。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)明(ming)、次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)四道順串(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),在中間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)(yi)朵補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)處各立(li)一(yi)(yi)根(gen)(gen)蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在這14根(gen)(gen)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),斗(dou)(dou)都插在柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身(shen)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),顯(xian)示出南方流(liu)行(xing)的(de)穿(chuan)(chuan)斗(dou)(dou)式(shi)構架特點。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述四點中,后三(san)點都反映(ying)了官(guan)式(shi)做(zuo)法和(he)地方做(zuo)法的(de)差異,兩者出現(xian)在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)建筑(zhu)中,反映(ying)了它們的(de)交流(liu)融(rong)合(he)過(guo)程(cheng)。
此殿現狀為沿(yan)副階柱(zhu)(zhu)開門(men)窗(chuang)砌墻。其門(men)窗(chuang)、墻壁、翼角、瓦(wa)件等(deng)屢經(jing)(jing)重修,已不能反映宋代(dai)風貌。殿內(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)、天花、草架也多經(jing)(jing)抽換(huan)更易。另在內(nei)槽(cao)明(ming)、次間(jian)四道(dao)順串中(zhong)點(dian)下(xia)有(you)四根柱(zhu)(zhu),矮(ai)于其他內(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu),它是(shi)原有(you)的(de)還是(shi)后加(jia)的(de),還有(you)不同看(kan)法(fa)。殿內(nei)槽(cao)有(you)磚砌須彌座,上(shang)塑三清像,雖經(jing)(jing)改裝,基本上(shang)仍是(shi)宋代(dai)遺物(wu)。