一、燃料電池客車的關鍵技術有哪些
燃料電池客車屬于電動客車,其關鍵技(ji)術也與普(pu)通電(dian)動(dong)客車的關鍵技(ji)術相同,主(zhu)要是電(dian)池(chi)技(ji)術、電(dian)機技(ji)術、控制器技(ji)術三方面:
1、電池技術
電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)汽車(che)(che)的(de)動力源泉,也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)制約燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)汽車(che)(che)發展的(de)關鍵因素。燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)直(zhi)接將(jiang)燃(ran)(ran)料的(de)化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)轉變為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng),能(neng)(neng)量轉變效(xiao)率高(gao),比能(neng)(neng)量和比功率都高(gao),并(bing)且可(ke)以控制反應過程,能(neng)(neng)量轉化(hua)過程可(ke)以連續進行(xing),因此是(shi)理(li)想的(de)汽車(che)(che)用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)還處于研制階(jie)段,一(yi)(yi)些(xie)關鍵技(ji)術還有待突(tu)破。
2、電機技術
電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)所(suo)有電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)必不(bu)可少的(de)關鍵部件,使用較(jiao)多的(de)有直流有刷、永(yong)磁(ci)無刷、交流感應和開關磁(ci)阻4種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。4種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)各有優(you)缺(que)點(dian),但是(shi)(shi)對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)而言,由于電(dian)(dian)能是(shi)(shi)由各類電(dian)(dian)池提供的(de),價格昂貴而彌足珍貴,所(suo)以使用相(xiang)對(dui)效率最(zui)高的(de)永(yong)磁(ci)無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)為合理的(de),它(ta)已被廣泛應用于功率小于100kW 的(de)現代電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)上。
3、控制器技術
控制(zhi)器技術的(de)(de)變速(su)和(he)方向(xiang)變換是(shi)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)調速(su)控制(zhi)裝置來完(wan)成的(de)(de),其(qi)原理是(shi)通過控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流來實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)驅動(dong)轉矩(ju)和(he)旋轉方向(xiang)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)。燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池客(ke)車應用較(jiao)廣泛的(de)(de)是(shi)晶閘管(guan)斬波(bo)調速(su),通過均勻改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流,來實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)無級調速(su)。
二、燃料電池客車技術要求
燃料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)客車是以燃料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)系統(tong)作為(wei)(wei)單一動力(li)源或燃料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)系統(tong)與(yu)可充(chong)電儲能系統(tong)作為(wei)(wei)混(hun)合動力(li)源或主(zhu)動力(li)源的客車,根據《燃料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)客車技術規范(fan)》(JT/T 1342-2020),燃料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)客車主(zhu)要有以下(xia)技術要求:
1、一般要求
一般(ban)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)部分主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)從環境適應(ying)、功能等方面規定(ding)(ding)燃料(liao)(liao)電池客(ke)車(che)的(de)基本要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。定(ding)(ding)義了(le)燃料(liao)(liao)電池客(ke)車(che)可適用的(de)常(chang)規環境區(qu)域的(de)溫(wen)度、濕度、氣壓和海拔(ba)等指標;同時針對寒冷地區(qu),特別強調(diao)了(le)車(che)輛需要(yao)(yao)(yao)做特殊防護措施,以(yi)確保燃料(liao)(liao)電池動(dong)力系(xi)(xi)統可以(yi)在(zai)正常(chang)狀態(tai)下運行。同時也強調(diao)了(le)安裝(zhuang)車(che)載終(zhong)端(duan)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),并明確應(ying)符合GB/T 32960系(xi)(xi)列標準(zhun)的(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。
2、性能要求
在性(xing)能要求部分,主要從動(dong)(dong)力性(xing)能,舒適(shi)性(xing)、續(xu)駛里程(cheng)、EMC四(si)個(ge)方面對燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)客車的性(xing)能提出要求。燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)客車應達(da)到的加速(su)性(xing)能(從0-50km/h的加速(su)時(shi)(shi)間(jian))應≤30s;爬坡性(xing)能根據車型不(bu)(bu)(bu)同有所不(bu)(bu)(bu)同,最大爬坡度分別應≥12%、15%;在40km/h等速(su)工況時(shi)(shi),應有大于(yu)300 km的續(xu)駛里程(cheng);另(ling)外,還規定了燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)系統(tong)的總額(e)定功率(lv)與驅動(dong)(dong)電機的總額(e)定功率(lv)比值(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)低于(yu)50%,且燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)系統(tong)額(e)定功率(lv)不(bu)(bu)(bu)小于(yu)30kW;舒適(shi)性(xing)方面,主要考慮燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)(chi)系統(tong)在運行時(shi)(shi)空(kong)氣(qi)壓縮機和尾排(pai)系統(tong)的噪(zao)音(yin)對車內噪(zao)音(yin)的影響。
3、安全要求
在整車安全要求部分,主要規定了燃料電池客車高壓警示標志要求、整車功能安全要求;另外,燃料電池系統部件在整車上安裝位置、結構防護要求及防護等級應不低IP67;燃料電池客車上應有預(yu)防氫燃料泄露技術要(yao)求及報(bao)警(jing)措施;并對氫氣加(jia)注安全做了(le)明確的(de)規定。
4、燃料電池系統要求
主(zhu)要(yao)是對燃料電(dian)池系統(tong)的基本(ben)要(yao)求(qiu)、燃料電(dian)池系統(tong)在整車上安裝使(shi)用的安全要(yao)求(qiu)兩個方面,包括外(wai)形尺寸(cun)、結(jie)構安全、運行要(yao)求(qiu)、機(ji)械物理特(te)性(xing)、安全要(yao)求(qiu)、電(dian)氣特(te)性(xing)、故障防護等(deng)。
5、車載氫系統要求
燃料電(dian)池客車高壓儲氫(qing)(qing)(qing)系(xi)統(tong)的儲氫(qing)(qing)(qing)容(rong)器(qi)、儲氫(qing)(qing)(qing)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)安裝(zhuang)結(jie)構及位置(zhi)(zhi)、氫(qing)(qing)(qing)燃料泄露防護和氫(qing)(qing)(qing)管(guan)路布置(zhi)(zhi)均有相關要求。