一.產品介紹
中寧(ning)縣硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種植自上(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)五十年(nian)代開始在鳴(ming)沙鎮二道溝(gou)興起,至(zhi)2015年(nian)底全縣硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)種植面(mian)積發展(zhan)到(dao)32.5萬畝,分布在白(bai)馬鄉(xiang)、鳴(ming)沙鎮、徐套鄉(xiang)、喊(han)叫(jiao)水(shui)(shui)鄉(xiang)。硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)是(shi)壓砂(sha)(sha)地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)生產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、甜(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua),所謂(wei)壓砂(sha)(sha)地(di)(di)是(shi)指在干旱(han)山坡地(di)(di)表面(mian),覆蓋一層厚(hou)15厘米左右的(de)(de)(de)砂(sha)(sha)礫,通過砂(sha)(sha)礫層的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)、保墑、增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溫等作用(yong),提(ti)高(gao)西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、甜(tian)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi),同時(shi)隨著砂(sha)(sha)礫石的(de)(de)(de)逐步風(feng)化(hua),釋放出礦物(wu)元(yuan)素,隨雨水(shui)(shui)沖刷入土,被植物(wu)根系(xi)吸收,生產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)甘甜(tian)爽口(kou),富(fu)含(han)硒、鐵、鋅(xin)等對(dui)人體健(jian)康(kang)(kang)有(you)益的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)量(liang)元(yuan)素,故名為“硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)”。獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候打造(zao)了中寧(ning)硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)的(de)(de)(de)優質(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi),中寧(ning)縣全年(nian)日照時(shi)數2845小時(shi),日照百分率在60%以上(shang)(shang),無霜(shuang)期153天,有(you)效積溫3349℃,5-8月份(fen)晝夜溫差一般在15.5℃-12.6℃之間,得天獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)光熱資源,砂(sha)(sha)礫鋪壓的(de)(de)(de)節水(shui)(shui)、增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)溫、保墑效果,為增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)同化(hua)作用(yong),減少(shao)異化(hua)作用(yong)對(dui)養分的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)耗,積聚(ju)大(da)量(liang)糖(tang)份(fen)、維生素、氨基(ji)酸和多種微(wei)量(liang)元(yuan)素提(ti)供(gong)了獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)條件。“早穿皮襖午(wu)披(pi)紗,晚上(shang)(shang)圍(wei)著火(huo)爐(lu)吃西(xi)(xi)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)”是(shi)該地(di)(di)區氣(qi)候特點的(de)(de)(de)真實寫照,據農業(ye)部有(you)關部門檢測,中寧(ning)硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)不(bu)僅含(han)有(you)鋅(xin)、鈣、鉀、硒等微(wei)量(liang)元(yuan)素,還(huan)含(han)有(you)維生素、胡蘿卜素和18種氨基(ji)酸,十分有(you)利于人們身體健(jian)康(kang)(kang),尤其硒元(yuan)素可使人延緩衰(shuai)老,增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)免疫力(li),延年(nian)益壽(shou)。硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)耐貯藏(zang),放置在家里(li)、辦公(gong)室(shi)等自然(ran)條件下5個(ge)月不(bu)腐(fu)爛;耐運輸(shu),長途拉運數千公(gong)里(li),完好(hao)無損,是(shi)目前國內(nei)市場(chang)最易儲藏(zang)販(fan)運的(de)(de)(de)綠色食品(pin)。
二.自然(ran)生(sheng)態環境和人文歷史因素
1、土壤地貌:中(zhong)寧(ning)縣北部(bu)為(wei)衛寧(ning)北山及丘(qiu)陵,中(zhong)部(bu)為(wei)黃河(he)沖(chong)積平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan),東部(bu)和(he)東南部(bu)為(wei)山地(牛首山、煙筒山)與丘(qiu)陵,西南部(bu)為(wei)清水河(he)河(he)谷平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)和(he)米(mi)缽(bo)山山地。土壤營養充足切處于平(ping)衡狀態,:pH值8.28、汞0.03mg/kg、鉛13.4 mg/kg、鎘0.16 mg/kg、砷11.9 mg/kg、鉻60.5 mg/kg、銅19.5 mg/kg。
2、水文情況:黃河流(liu)(liu)經68千米,年均流(liu)(liu)量(liang)325億立(li)方米。清水河流(liu)(liu)量(liang)1.24億立(li)方米。境(jing)內七(qi)星(xing)渠(qu)、躍(yue)進渠(qu)、固海渠(qu)、北灘(tan)渠(qu)4條主(zhu)干渠(qu)為主(zhu)要灌(guan)溉(gai)渠(qu)道。湖泊總(zong)面(mian)積445公頃。硒砂瓜種植基地(di)屬靠天然降水的旱作農業(ye)區(qu)(qu),主(zhu)要為山坡(po)地(di)和(he)丘陵地(di),遠離城區(qu)(qu)和(he)工(gong)礦(kuang)業(ye)區(qu)(qu),產地(di)內無(wu)污(wu)染(ran)企業(ye)和(he)其它污(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)。
3、氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)情況; 中寧縣屬(shu)大陸性氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),冬長夏短(duan),溫差較大,干(gan)旱少雨,蒸發(fa)強烈,光照充足(zu),熱量(liang)(liang)豐富。年(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫9.1℃。該(gai)地區生長季(ji)節日照時(shi)數(shu)1080小時(shi),日照百分率在65%,無霜期165天,有效積溫2529.3℃,5-8月(yue)份(fen)晝夜溫差一般在15.5℃-12.6℃之(zhi)間,年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)221.6毫米,多集(ji)中在7、8、9月(yue)。年(nian)(nian)蒸發(fa)量(liang)(liang)2055.3毫米,為降(jiang)水量(liang)(liang)的9.3倍。年(nian)(nian)均相對濕度為52%。年(nian)(nian)太陽(yang)輻射總量(liang)(liang)5924兆焦耳/㎡。春季(ji)多風(feng)(feng),年(nian)(nian)均風(feng)(feng)速為2.9米/秒(miao),最大風(feng)(feng)力為12級。“早(zao)穿皮襖午披紗,晚上圍著火(huo)爐吃(chi)西瓜”是該(gai)地區氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點的真實寫照。
4、人(ren)(ren)文歷史(shi)情(qing)況:壓(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)積(ji)聚了(le)我(wo)縣幾代勞動人(ren)(ren)民勤(qin)勞智慧的(de)結晶(jing),我(wo)縣從(cong)上(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)四十年(nian)(nian)代開始種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)中寧(ning)硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua),已有(you)70多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)歷史(shi)。過去(qu)苦(ku)于缺乏資(zi)金、交(jiao)(jiao)通不(bu)(bu)便(bian)、沒有(you)政策、受生(sheng)(sheng)活所迫,群(qun)眾自發地(di)(di)零星種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),只是(shi)把硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)作為一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)副業(ye)(ye)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua),首(shou)先要在(zai)荒地(di)(di)鋪上(shang)(shang)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫,由于過去(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)不(bu)(bu)便(bian),造成種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)壓(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)投資(zi)時間長,產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)效益時間更長,加(jia)上(shang)(shang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)很多(duo)年(nian)(nian)后要倒茬,所以在(zai)上(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)70年(nian)(nian)代當(dang)地(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)們(men)對壓(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)有(you)一(yi)句順口溜“苦(ku)死(si)老(lao)子(zi)、富死(si)兒子(zi)、愁死(si)孫(sun)子(zi)”。但隨(sui)著種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)不(bu)(bu)斷提(ti)(ti)高(gao),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)的(de)逐(zhu)步(bu)擴大(da),和(he)(he)水(shui)源(yuan)的(de)進一(yi)步(bu)解決(jue),機械化(hua)裝備水(shui)平(ping)的(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao),勞動程度明顯(xian)降低(di),上(shang)(shang)世紀(ji)90年(nian)(nian)代壓(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)進入快速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)階段。硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)被當(dang)地(di)(di)百姓稱為“石頭里長出的(de)西瓜(gua)(gua)”,是(shi)當(dang)地(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)民充分利用(yong)山地(di)(di)資(zi)源(yuan)優勢發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)起來的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特色種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓜(gua)(gua)模式,在(zai)世界上(shang)(shang)也可以說是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨創,不(bu)(bu)僅(jin)實現了(le)可觀的(de)經(jing)濟效益,同時也產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)明顯(xian)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態效益和(he)(he)社會(hui)效益,減少了(le)土(tu)地(di)(di)荒漠化(hua)面積(ji),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)了(le)土(tu)地(di)(di)利用(yong)率,帶動了(le)二、三產(chan)業(ye)(ye)的(de)快速(su)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),到2008年(nian)(nian)我(wo)縣喊(han)叫(jiao)水(shui)鄉、鳴沙鎮、白馬鄉等鎮鄉硒砂(sha)(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)(gua)面積(ji)累計達到2.3萬公傾(qing),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓜(gua)(gua)農戶達到6000戶,成為寧(ning)夏(xia)中部干旱帶農民“拔窮根”的(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)。
三.地域范圍
中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)縣(xian)地處(chu)寧(ning)夏中(zhong)(zhong)部,衛(wei)寧(ning)灌區(qu)的東段(duan)。東經105°26′-106°07′,北緯37°9′-73°50′之間,海拔1184米。東臨(lin)利(li)通區(qu)、青銅峽,西依中(zhong)(zhong)衛(wei)城(cheng)區(qu),南接同心縣(xian),北靠內蒙古阿拉(la)善左旗,縣(xian)境東西寬約50千米,南北長約60千米,全縣(xian)面(mian)積(ji)4198平(ping)方公里。中(zhong)(zhong)寧(ning)硒砂(sha)瓜種植區(qu)域主要(yao)分布在白馬鄉(xiang)、鳴沙鎮、恩和鎮、舟塔鄉(xiang)、喊叫水鄉(xiang),種植面(mian)積(ji)達2.3萬(wan)公傾,總(zong)產(chan)量52萬(wan)噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性特征
1、外在(zai)感觀特征(zheng):中(zhong)寧硒砂瓜(gua)個大皮后,果實為橢圓形,果皮濃綠(lv)色條帶。2、內在(zai)的(de)品(pin)(pin)質指標:獨(du)特的(de)種植方式和(he)自(zi)然條件,生產的(de)西瓜(gua)個大、瓤紅、汁多(duo)、果肉鮮嫩、甘(gan)甜(tian)如蜜,糖分高達13.8%。生產出(chu)的(de)瓜(gua)營養(yang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)含(han)量(liang)(liang)全面合理。其(qi)中(zhong):人體必(bi)需(xu)的(de)氨基酸(suan)18種,維生素(su)(su)3種,微量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su)5種,其(qi)中(zhong)含(han)鈣(gai)56mg/kg、鉀1090mg/kg,特別含(han)有人體保健必(bi)需(xu)的(de)硒和(he)鋅等(deng)微量(liang)(liang)元(yuan)素(su)(su),有延(yan)年益壽、抗(kang)衰老、抗(kang)癌作用,獨(du)具保健價值,因之(zhi)得(de)名“硒砂瓜(gua)”,是真(zhen)正(zheng)無污染(ran)的(de)綠(lv)色食品(pin)(pin)。
3、安全(quan)要(yao)求:中寧硒砂瓜嚴格按照(NY5109-2005)標(biao)準執行。
五.特定生產方(fang)式
1、產地(di)(di)選擇(ze):在干旱地(di)(di)選擇(ze)地(di)(di)勢平坦或(huo)坡度小、土層深厚、肥力中上(shang)、向陽的歇(xie)茬山地(di)(di)或(huo)麥地(di)(di)、豆茬地(di)(di)作為壓砂的田塊。
2、品種(zhong)(zhong)選擇:選用抗(kang)病、抗(kang)旱、優質、豐(feng)產、耐貯運(yun)、商品性好的(de)品種(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)子質量應符合(he)瓜菜作物種(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)要求。可選用黑美(mei)人、新金(jin)蘭(lan)、金(jin)城5號、西農8號、高抗(kang)冠(guan)龍等品種(zhong)(zhong)。
3、生(sheng)產過程(cheng)管理:在硒(xi)砂瓜生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中,山(shan)地壓(ya)砂、種(zhong)子處理、病(bing)蟲害(hai)防(fang)治(zhi)是(shi)生(sheng)產的關鍵環節。
①砂(sha)(sha)(sha)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)鋪(pu)設 選擇地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢平坦或坡(po)度(du)(du)小、土(tu)層深厚、肥力中(zhong)上、向陽的(de)歇茬山地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)或麥地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、豆茬地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)田塊。在(zai)干旱地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)所采用的(de)鋪(pu)壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)石混(hun)合物(wu)(砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、石混(hun)合物(wu)比例3:7或4:6,壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)厚度(du)(du)15-20厘(li)米(mi)),以(yi)蓄水、保墑、壓(ya)(ya)堿(jian)并提高地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)種(zhong)植作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)一(yi)類宜耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)厚度(du)(du)視砂(sha)(sha)(sha)石粗細(xi)程(cheng)度(du)(du)確定(ding),砂(sha)(sha)(sha)粗鋪(pu)設厚些(xie),砂(sha)(sha)(sha)細(xi)鋪(pu)設厚度(du)(du)薄些(xie)。砂(sha)(sha)(sha)石混(hun)合物(wu)比例以(yi)4:6為(wei)宜。一(yi)般畝壓(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)用量(liang)在(zai)100-120立方米(mi)。土(tu)壤(rang)在(zai)鋪(pu)設前應犁地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)曬伐(fa),增加(jia)養分。
②種(zhong)子(zi)處(chu)理(li)措施 種(zhong)子(zi)要購買(mai)優質(zhi)品種(zhong),采用溫燙(tang)湯浸種(zhong)、高猛酸鉀消(xiao)(xiao)毒法、多菌(jun)靈或(huo)福爾馬林消(xiao)(xiao)毒法統一進行(xing)種(zhong)子(zi)消(xiao)(xiao)毒處(chu)理(li)后(hou)播種(zhong)。
③切(qie)實加(jia)強病蟲(chong)害防治(zhi) 采取農業(ye)綜(zong)合措(cuo)施,合理進(jin)行輪(lun)作(zuo)倒(dao)茬,減(jian)輕病害發(fa)生(sheng)。常用的輪(lun)作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)有(you)以下三種:
①錯位稀植倒(dao)茬;
②西瓜-甜瓜-歇茬法;
③瓜-麥輪(lun)作法。 加強病蟲害預(yu)測(ce)預(yu)報,及時掌握蟲口密度,發布(bu)病蟲害預(yu)警情報;在有條(tiao)件的(de)地區開(kai)展統防(fang)統治。按(an)照農藥(yao)安全合(he)(he)(he)作標(biao)準和(he)農藥(yao)合(he)(he)(he)理使用準則的(de)要求進(jin)行,積極推廣生物防(fang)治,合(he)(he)(he)理進(jin)行化學防(fang)治。 藥(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)治應(ying)遵循(xun)的(de)原則:
a嚴格執(zhi)行國家有關規定,禁(jin)止(zhi)使用高毒、高殘留、高生(sheng)物富(fu)集性(xing)、高三致(致毒、致癌、致突變)的農(nong)藥及其混配農(nong)藥,不使用未(wei)核(he)準登記的農(nong)藥。
b使用藥(yao)劑防(fang)治時,要(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)中農藥(yao)合(he)理使用準(zhun)則和規定的施用藥(yao)量、施藥(yao)次數,使用經農藥(yao)殘留檢測合(he)格(ge)的農藥(yao)。
c嚴(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行(xing)農(nong)(nong)藥使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高殘留量,使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)限(xian)次和(he)安全(quan)間隔(ge)期(qi)。 科(ke)(ke)學使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa):認準病蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種類,有(you)針對性地使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥,掌握病蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)規律,在最佳防治(zhi)期(qi)及(ji)時防治(zhi);嚴(yan)格(ge)掌握農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量和(he)方法(fa),科(ke)(ke)學合理(li)地混配農(nong)(nong)藥,注意(yi)不同作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥交替使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),以(yi)延緩或避免(mian)病蟲(chong)產生(sheng)抗藥性;盡量采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)靶位用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥,清(qing)除中(zhong)心(xin)病株,對周圍植(zhi)株噴藥進(jin)行(xing)封鎖控制;使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)霧化(hua)程度良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥械,做到細致均勻噴藥,選(xuan)擇科(ke)(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打藥時間,提高藥效。 ④普及(ji)科(ke)(ke)學施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)技術 在硒砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)生(sheng)產中(zhong),有(you)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應增(zeng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),發展有(you)機復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),防治(zhi)超量偏施(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、嚴(yan)格(ge)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)安全(quan)間隔(ge)期(qi)。禁止使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)未經無害(hai)(hai)(hai)化(hua)處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)其他(ta)有(you)毒肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)。肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)及(ji)管(guan)理(li):使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)商品肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)經技術人員(yuan)認可(ke),或到指(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料(liao)(liao)供(gong)應點購買。使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)必(bi)須符合技術規程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。 施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原則(ze):壓(ya)砂(sha)(sha)瓜(gua)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養分隨種植(zhi)年限(xian)增(zeng)加(jia)逐步減(jian)少,砂(sha)(sha)地也隨種植(zhi)時間延續出現板結,因(yin)此必(bi)須嚴(yan)格(ge)進(jin)行(xing)松(song)砂(sha)(sha)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。 安全(quan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求:根據具(ju)體情況,調整(zheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量,做到經濟合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);嚴(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行(xing)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)安全(quan)間隔(ge)期(qi),以(yi)莖葉為食用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)器(qi)官的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蔬菜,收獲前20天,禁止追施(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);推廣“控氮(dan)(dan)(dan)、穩磷、增(zeng)鉀”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)模式。
4、產品收(shou)獲:區(qu)外銷售7-8成熟時(shi)采摘(zhai)(zhai),區(qu)內銷售的完全成熟后采收(shou),切(qie)忌生(sheng)瓜(gua)上市,采摘(zhai)(zhai)前(qian)15天內嚴禁(jin)噴灑各種防(fang)病防(fang)蟲農藥。
5、生產記錄要求(qiu):要求(qiu)農戶在種植(zhi)過程中,對使(shi)(shi)用的(de)農藥、化(hua)肥(fei)的(de)名稱、劑型(xing)規格、使(shi)(shi)用方法、使(shi)(shi)用時間(jian)、每(mei)次用量、全年使(shi)(shi)用次數(shu)、末(mo)次使(shi)(shi)用時間(jian)有詳細記錄。
六(liu).包裝標識相關規定(ding)
1、包裝:用于包裝的容(rong)器整潔、干燥、牢固、透氣、無(wu)污染、無(wu)異味,內壁無(wu)尖突(tu)物、紙箱無(wu)受潮、了層現象。
2、標(biao)識(shi):標(biao)志使用人應(ying)在其產品或其包裝上統一使用農產品地理(li)標(biao)志(中(zhong)寧硒砂瓜名稱和公共標(biao)識(shi)圖案組合標(biao)注型式)。
3、運(yun)輸(shu)(shu):裝(zhuang)卸(xie)運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)中應快運(yun)、輕裝(zhuang)輕放、運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)途中應防暴雨淋。運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)散裝(zhuang)瓜時(shi),運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)工(gong)具的(de)底(di)部及四周(zhou)與(yu)果(guo)實接觸的(de)地方(fang)應加(jia)鋪(pu)墊物(wu),以防機械損(sun)傷。運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)用的(de)車輛(liang)、工(gong)具、鋪(pu)墊物(wu)、防雨設施等,應清潔、衛生(sheng)、干燥、無污染、不得(de)與(yu)其他(ta)有毒有害(hai)物(wu)品混裝(zhuang)混運(yun)。
4、貯(zhu)(zhu)藏:貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)時(shi)宜(yi)在(zai)通風、陰涼、清(qing)潔(jie)衛生的場所進(jin)行(xing),堆碼整(zheng)齊,防止擠壓損(sun)傷,防日曬(shai)、雨淋(lin)、凍害(hai)(hai)及有(you)毒有(you)害(hai)(hai)物質的污染(ran)。長期貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)時(shi),應存(cun)入低溫(wen)冷庫,貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)時(shi)應按品種、規格分別貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun),存(cun)入前應逐(zhu)步降(jiang)溫(wen)預冷。貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)室有(you)適宜(yi)的溫(wen)度(du)和空氣相對(dui)濕度(du)。在(zai)貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)過程(cheng)中,應經常進(jin)行(xing)檢查,發現病瓜(gua)立即清(qing)除,貯(zhu)(zhu)存(cun)時(shi),嚴禁(jin)其它有(you)毒、有(you)異味、有(you)害(hai)(hai)、發霉散熱及傳播病蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)的物品混合存(cun)放。