一、產地環境
(1)地貌和(he)土壤情況
神池縣(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)區,山(shan)(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)起伏、溝壑縱橫,平(ping)均(jun)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)在1500米(海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)范圍1200—2500米),洪濤山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)自(zi)西北向東南延伸,關涔山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)縱立(li)南沿,兩(liang)大山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)形成中部(bu)(bu)小塊(kuai)緩(huan)坡(po)平(ping)地(di)(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)總(zong)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)貌特(te)點(dian)是(shi)平(ping)川(chuan)少(shao),山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)多(duo)(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)88%),地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌復雜(za)。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)可耕地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)84.69萬畝(mu),人均(jun)耕地(di)(di)(di)近10畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)類(lei)(lei)型分為(wei)四(si)個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)(棕壤(rang)(rang)(rang)、栗褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)為(wei)栗褐(he)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)98.08%,分布于海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)1600—2000米的(de)中低山(shan)(shan)(shan)和丘(qiu)(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)(di)區;棕壤(rang)(rang)(rang)占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.3%,主要(yao)分布在海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)2300米以上的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)上部(bu)(bu),風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)1.23%,主要(yao)分布在西部(bu)(bu)平(ping)川(chuan)局部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區,潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.39%,主要(yao)分布在縣(xian)(xian)川(chuan)河源頭和海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)1500米左(zuo)右的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)澗交接洼地(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)(quan)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)普查,神池土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)總(zong)的(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)“缺磷少(shao)氮(dan)鉀有余”,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)耕地(di)(di)(di)養份狀況(kuang)是(shi)有機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)0.4-0.5g/kg、有效磷3-5mg/kg、速(su)效鉀100mg/kg以上,屬三級以上耕地(di)(di)(di),非(fei)常(chang)適宜(yi)莜麥生長(chang)。
(2)水文情況
全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)有四條大的季(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)流(liu),朱(zhu)家川河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長60.6公(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)本縣(xian)(xian)西部(bu)賀職鄉(xiang)出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)(jing)五(wu)寨(zhai)、保德入黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)784平方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li);縣(xian)(xian)川河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長35.5公(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)本縣(xian)(xian)西北長畛鄉(xiang)出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)(jing)偏(pian)關、保德入黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)528平方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li);野豬(zhu)口河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)(quan)長25公(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)本鄉(xiang)石湖(hu)村出境(jing)(jing)入平魯縣(xian)(xian),流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)89平方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li);澗口河(he)(he)(he)在(zai)境(jing)(jing)內東部(bu),全(quan)(quan)長5公(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)龍泉鎮(zhen)大溝(gou)兒澗出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)(jing)寧武(wu)縣(xian)(xian)入恢河(he)(he)(he),最(zui)后流(liu)入桑干河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)域(yu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)71平方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)。四條季(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)流(liu),徑流(liu)多(duo)集中在(zai)雨季(ji)(ji),7、8、9三個月(yue)的洪(hong)水流(liu)量占到全(quan)(quan)年徑流(liu)量的70%,各河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)總洪(hong)水量大1.15米3/秒,因為是季(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)性河(he)(he)(he)流(liu),所以夏季(ji)(ji)出現洪(hong)水高峰,河(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)洪(hong)水濤濤,當地(di)農民形象地(di)概括為“有雨山洪(hong)發,雨過河(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)干”。神池縣(xian)(xian)水資源(yuan)十(shi)分貧乏,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)地(di)下(xia)水靜儲量為6.16億噸(dun),動儲量為5.9萬(wan)噸(dun)/晝夜,含水層埋(mai)深在(zai)2.5-144.92米左右(you),且分布不均,多(duo)集中于朱(zhu)家川河(he)(he)(he)和(he)縣(xian)(xian)川河(he)(he)(he)兩(liang)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)域(yu),適合莜麥生(sheng)長。
(3)氣候情況
神池(chi)縣屬大(da)(da)陸(lu)季風氣候(hou),干旱(han)、高寒、溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da)、無(wu)霜期(qi)短,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)4.7℃,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)無(wu)霜期(qi)114天,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)量487.7毫米,主(zhu)要集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)7—9月份(fen)(fen),年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)蒸發(fa)量1921.1毫米,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)光照時數為(wei)2816.7小時,年(nian)(nian)(nian)太陽總輻射量144.03千卡/厘米,≥10℃的總積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)2300-2600℃,氣候(hou)以風大(da)(da)、低溫(wen)(wen)、降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)變率大(da)(da),春(chun)旱(han)年(nian)(nian)(nian)份(fen)(fen)多,無(wu)霜期(qi)短為(wei)主(zhu)要特(te)點,總之(zhi)氣候(hou)涼爽(shuang)、降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)集(ji)中(zhong)、西(xi)北風長年(nian)(nian)(nian)不(bu)斷、光照充(chong)足、晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)大(da)(da)這(zhe)樣的氣候(hou)條件正好符合莜麥的生產(chan)發(fa)育。
二、歷史沿革
“哥哥在山(shan)坡上(shang)嘶嘍!嘶嘍!割(ge)莜(you)麥(mai),小妹(mei)妹(mei)在溝洼里圪嘣!圪嘣!掏(tao)山(shan)藥(呀么)親親”這是(shi)神池民歌《割(ge)莜(you)麥(mai)》中短短的(de)兩句唱詞,至今給人們留下很(hen)深的(de)印象,不僅(jin)突出了地(di)方(fang)語言特色,而且生動地(di)再現了勞動時的(de)情景。
在我國浩(hao)瀚的(de)史籍中,經常可以看(kan)到關于莜麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)的(de)記(ji)載,《穆天子傳》稱之為(wei)“焚麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,《皇帝內經》稱之為(wei)“珈師”,《史記(ji)、司馬相如列傳》稱為(wei)“斯(si)”《稗(bai)海(hai)博志(zhi)》上(shang)稱為(wei)“燕麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,《廣志(zhi)》稱為(wei)“折(zhe)草(cao)”,唐代《本草(cao)》上(shang)稱為(wei)“穱麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,《群芳普(pu)》稱為(wei)“牛(niu)星草(cao)”,“杜志(zhi)草(cao)”,《庶物異名》稱為(wei)“錯麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,《甘肅通志(zhi)》稱為(wei)“苜(mu)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”。而(er)(er)《瑟榭叢談》又記(ji)作(zuo)“油麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,“形似小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)而(er)(er)弱(ruo),味(wei)墻微(wei)苦(ku),核之本草(cao),當即燕麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,等等。到了近代,多數地方才(cai)統一叫成“莜麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”。至今仍有很多種叫法,東北地區(qu)叫“鈴鐺麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,西北地區(qu)叫“玉麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)”,維吾爾族稱為(wei)“阿(a)富漢”或“蘇(su)魯”,彝族稱為(wei)“堵”。
歷史上,神池的(de)莜麥(mai)種植(zhi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)和(he)區(qu)域要比現在大的(de)很多。據《山(shan)西省(sheng)(sheng)統計(ji)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)編》記載:民國二十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1935),神池莜麥(mai)種植(zhi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)36.2萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占到(dao)(dao)糧(liang)食(shi)作物(wu)總(zong)播(bo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)63.56萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)的(de)56.9%,總(zong)產(chan)130.32萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)。建國后的(de)統計(ji)數據顯示(shi),1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),神池縣(xian)(xian)的(de)莜麥(mai)播(bo)種面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)一直穩定在25萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)左右,最(zui)高(gao)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達(da)到(dao)(dao)27.53萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中,播(bo)種面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)盡管有所(suo)減(jian)少,但達(da)到(dao)(dao)15萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)以上的(de)就有15個年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度,最(zui)低年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)13.72萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由于新興高(gao)產(chan)作物(wu)的(de)倡導和(he)價值(zhi)規律的(de)引導,使其(qi)種植(zhi)區(qu)域和(he)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)繼續縮小(xiao),2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)到(dao)(dao)35100畝(mu)。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)省(sheng)(sheng)政府(fu)為了進一步推進農(nong)業結(jie)構戰略(lve)性(xing)調整,優化(hua)農(nong)業區(qu)域布局,建設優質小(xiao)雜(za)糧(liang)產(chan)區(qu),把神池縣(xian)(xian)列為重點縣(xian)(xian)開始,全縣(xian)(xian)莜麥(mai)播(bo)種面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)又逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)回升,到(dao)(dao)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全縣(xian)(xian)莜麥(mai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)達(da)到(dao)(dao)11.3萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。
特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)地理(li)環(huan)境孕育了特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)物。神(shen)池(chi)出(chu)(chu)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)就認神(shen)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水,出(chu)(chu)了神(shen)池(chi),哪里的(de)(de)(de)(de)水都不行。神(shen)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水和(he)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)韌韌的(de)(de)(de)(de),別處的(de)(de)(de)(de)水和(he)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)懶懶的(de)(de)(de)(de);神(shen)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水蒸(zheng)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)筋筋的(de)(de)(de)(de),別處的(de)(de)(de)(de)水蒸(zheng)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)垮垮的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
過(guo)去,神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)的(de)農民(min)求(qiu)師學(xue)藝,要(yao)先學(xue)做莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)技術,新媳婦在(zai)(zai)婆家第一(yi)次上鍋(guo),要(yao)在(zai)(zai)做莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)飯上露一(yi)手;新女婿(xu)春(chun)節(jie)后(hou)登門,要(yao)吃(chi)有十(shi)種花樣的(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)飯。神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)人能(neng)把莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)在(zai)(zai)石板上推成薄如(ru)(ru)紙的(de)“刨花兒”;能(neng)一(yi)次搓(cuo)出(chu)五根纖細的(de)而(er)數(shu)尺不(bu)斷(duan)的(de)“圪(ge)爵兒”;能(neng)如(ru)(ru)飛般捏出(chu)滿籠“山(shan)藥絲餃子”;能(neng)在(zai)(zai)幾分(fen)鐘內做熟(shu)“餽壘”,攪好“拿糕”。莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)飯,或澆胡油,蔥花兒,酸菜湯(tang);或加(jia)辣椒,羊(yang)肉(rou)湯(tang),都是神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)農民(min)絕(jue)佳的(de)美餐。莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)耐(nai)饑(ji)耐(nai)寒,干(gan)體力和出(chu)遠門的(de)人,要(yao)吃(chi)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)飯,俗話說:“四十(shi)里(li)的(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)三十(shi)里(li)的(de)糕,二十(shi)里(li)的(de)玉(yu)米窩(wo)窩(wo)餓斷(duan)腰”。但(dan)是絕(jue)不(bu)能(neng)吃(chi)的(de)過(guo)飽(bao),以防后(hou)脹(zhang)。常說“莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)吃(chi)個半飽(bao)飽(bao),喝(he)點母水正好好”。
神池縣盡管建(jian)縣不(bu)足300年,但因莜麥而久負(fu)盛名。建(jian)國后(hou)的莜麥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)又有過輝煌,1977年11月曾(ceng)在神池召開過華(hua)北地區莜麥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)協作會議。
神池(chi)當(dang)地(di)的傳統農(nong)家(jia) 莜麥“三(san)分(fen)三(san)”品(pin)種(zhong)至今聞名中外,自成體系,莖桿粗壯,根系發達(da),分(fen)糵力強,穗型長大,粒大飽滿,磨出(chu)(chu)的面白,做出(chu)(chu)的飯味美、耐饑(ji),一直是(shi)當(dang)地(di)的當(dang)家(jia)品(pin)種(zhong)。1987年,經(jing)山西省農(nong)作(zuo)物品(pin)種(zhong)審(shen)定委員會認可,在全(quan)省推廣種(zhong)植,。該品(pin)種(zhong)曾被好幾家(jia)科研單位作(zuo)為(wei)原(yuan)始材料,雜交選(xuan)育出(chu)(chu)不少優(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)。僅我省就有(you)晉燕3號(hao)、晉燕4號(hao)、晉燕6號(hao),雁紅10號(hao),雁紅14號(hao)等優(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)都是(shi)以“三(san)分(fen)三(san)”作(zuo)母本或父本,雜交選(xuan)育而成的。
三、品質特點
(1)外在感(gan)觀特征:
神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)呈紡錘型,有腹溝,長(chang)0.8—1.3cm,寬(kuan)(kuan)0.2—0.4cm,干(gan)(gan)粒(li)(li)重31—33.5g,比異地(di)(di)種植(zhi)的同品質籽(zi)(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)長(chang)0.2—0.4cm,寬(kuan)(kuan)0.1—0.15cm,干(gan)(gan)粒(li)(li)重高(gao)3—4g;神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)白黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色,與異地(di)(di)同品種比較,神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)度較深;神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)(zi)(zi)粒(li)(li)整齊且飽滿,出(chu)粉(fen)率(lv)高(gao)達97%,而異地(di)(di)莜(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)出(chu)粉(fen)率(lv)最高(gao)95%。神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)加工的面粉(fen)白黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色,黃(huang)(huang)(huang)度大于異地(di)(di),筋度高(gao),粘性(xing)差(cha),口感好,吃水(shui)多,耐(nai)寒(han)耐(nai)饑。
(2)內在品質(zhi)特征(zheng):
神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜麥(mai)(mai)營養(yang)豐(feng)富,在(zai)同類作物中(zhong)蛋(dan)白質(zhi)含(han)(han)量(liang)最(zui)高(gao)(gao),蛋(dan)白質(zhi)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)14.9%,神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜麥(mai)(mai)籽粒整齊且飽滿,出(chu)粉(fen)率達96%以(yi)(yi)上(shang),而異地莜麥(mai)(mai)出(chu)粉(fen)率達94%以(yi)(yi)上(shang),神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜麥(mai)(mai)含(han)(han)水分低于(yu)5.02%以(yi)(yi)下,脂肪約6.8%,含(han)(han)淀粉(fen)約41.1%,總膳食纖維(wei)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)13.98。同時含(han)(han)有人體必需的8種(zhong)氨基酸,其組成也較(jiao)平衡,賴氨酸含(han)(han)量(liang)最(zui)高(gao)(gao),神(shen)(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜面吃(chi)水量(liang)大,0.5公斤莜面可做1公斤成品。