一.產品介紹
張高水(shui)杏是指生長(chang)于山東省鄒平縣張高的水(shui)杏,有十(shi)多個水(shui)杏品種(zhong),為地方特產(chan)。
張(zhang)高水(shui)杏是生長在特異(yi)自(zi)然(ran)環境(jing)的(de)(de)地方特產,個大(da)如桃,皮(pi)色鮮艷,脆而酸甜,香(xiang)味濃郁,清爽可口,營養(yang)豐富。鄒平縣張(zhang)高水(shui)杏距今已(yi)有400多年的(de)(de)栽培(pei)歷史,久負盛(sheng)名。水(shui)杏除鮮食(shi)外,還可加工成高級營養(yang)食(shi)品和點(dian)心佐料,杏仁是貴重(zhong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)藥材。
張(zhang)高水杏(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)十幾個品種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)最(zui)好的一俗稱“抽(chou)把(ba)子”,所結杏(xing)(xing)果(guo)個大、皮色鮮艷(yan),如經造孽蘋果(guo),使人觀(guan)之欲食。還有(you)(you)當地人稱為(wei)“關爺臉”的品種(zhong),色彩紅而(er)有(you)(you)洶(xiong)涌,食之甜脆。張(zhang)高水杏(xing)(xing)成熟(shu)早(zao),上市(shi)早(zao),史(shi)有(you)(you)“小滿三(san)日杏(xing)(xing)發黃”之說。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
“張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di)(di),屬于北溫(wen)帶(dai)大(da)陸性季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou),具有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)季(ji)(ji)(ji)節變化和(he)季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)特點,四季(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)明,雨熱同季(ji)(ji)(ji)。冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)多(duo)(duo)偏北風,夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)多(duo)(duo)偏南風,春(chun)秋(qiu)風向多(duo)(duo)變。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)13.1℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-25.1℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)42.8℃。年(nian)(nian)(nian)無(wu)霜期一(yi)般為(wei)193天(tian),≥0℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積溫(wen)4957.4℃,≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積溫(wen)4466.9℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時數為(wei)2619.8h,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)日照率(lv)60%,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)太陽輻射總(zong)(zong)量(liang)5.29×105J/cm3,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)輻射總(zong)(zong)量(liang)2.65×105J/cm3。年(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)633.5mm,年(nian)(nian)(nian)紀(ji)變化較(jiao)(jiao)大(da),有(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)象(xiang)資(zi)料記錄(lu)最(zui)大(da)1053.1㎜,最(zui)小(xiao)366.3㎜,年(nian)(nian)(nian)內降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)布(bu)不均(jun)(jun),夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)最(zui)多(duo)(duo),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)62.1%,春(chun)秋(qiu)兩季(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)別占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)13.7%和(he)20.4%。這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)條件,與張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度、濕度、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期等(deng)要求十分(fen)符合(he)。“張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”種植區域屬魯中(zhong)泰沂(yi)山(shan)區,土(tu)壤屬于褐(he)土(tu),富含(han)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)磷(lin)、鉀(jia)等(deng)各(ge)(ge)種微量(liang)元素(su)(su)。尤(you)其是水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)基地(di)(di)(di)(di)周圍獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態小(xiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)更是為(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優良(liang)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奠定了(le)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎。且(qie)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礦泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),確保了(le)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良(liang)好(hao)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和(he)國農業部 公(gong)布(bu) 張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)以火(huo)山(shan)巖、侵入巖、沉積巖為(wei)主要成土(tu)母巖,全(quan)(quan)(quan)部為(wei)褐(he)土(tu),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)優良(liang),爽(shuang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性好(hao),耕(geng)層較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou),保水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)保肥(fei)能(neng)力強,旱能(neng)澆、澇能(neng)排,土(tu)壤有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)、無(wu)污(wu)染,富含(han)鉀(jia)、鈣、鎂等(deng)微量(liang)元素(su)(su),各(ge)(ge)種營(ying)養元素(su)(su)比例協(xie)調。土(tu)壤PH值6.8~7.2,是適合(he)鄒平(ping)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)佳土(tu)壤,能(neng)使(shi)所產(chan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)富含(han)人體所需(xu)多(duo)(duo)種營(ying)養元素(su)(su),富含(han)鉀(jia)、鈣、鎂、磷(lin)等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種礦物元素(su)(su),維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)C、維生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)(su)B-17含(han)量(liang)尤(you)為(wei)豐(feng)富,β-胡蘿卜素(su)(su)含(han)量(liang)可達(da)到(dao)10mg/100g果(guo)肉。 張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)區地(di)(di)(di)(di)表、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)都十分(fen)豐(feng)富,地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)8-15m,灌(guan)溉主要以當地(di)(di)(di)(di)山(shan)泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礦泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌(guan)溉為(wei)主,無(wu)任何污(wu)染,PH值為(wei)弱堿性富氧水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),不僅能(neng)夠滿足灌(guan)溉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要,而且(qie)能(neng)夠確保鄒平(ping)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。 張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)區生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態資(zi)源(yuan)豐(feng)富,森林(lin)覆蓋(gai)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),各(ge)(ge)種病(bing)蟲害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)天(tian)敵達(da)30余種,通過積極(ji)推(tui)廣生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物防(fang)治技術,有(you)效(xiao)防(fang)治了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)各(ge)(ge)種病(bing)蟲害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),也(ye)保證了(le)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)綠色無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。
三.地域范圍
鄒平(ping)縣黛溪街(jie)道辦事處張(zhang)高(gao)村(cun)(cun)緊鄰220國道,距濟南40公里,交(jiao)通(tong)便利(li), 人口1000戶以上,屬(shu)于行政大村(cun)(cun),民風樸(pu)實,勞動力豐富。 廣(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)平(ping)原(yuan)和豐富的(de)黃河(he)水系,使張(zhang)高(gao)村(cun)(cun)農業發(fa)達,適合農場(chang)式(shi)發(fa)展。“張(zhang)高(gao)水杏”主要種(zhong)植于鄒平(ping)縣張(zhang)高(gao)村(cun)(cun),地理坐標(biao)為東(dong)經(jing)117°39′4″~117°42′23″、北緯(wei)36°52′45″~36°54′15″,地域保護面積80公頃(qing),年總(zong)產量(liang)3000噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)在(zai)感官特征: 果(guo)實近圓(yuan)形,頂端圓(yuan),微(wei)凹;縫合線(xian)淺,兩半(ban)部(bu)對稱;梗洼狹(xia)、中深。果(guo)皮黃(huang)色,陽面具紫紅色暈(yun),薄,不易(yi)剝離。果(guo)肉橘黃(huang)色,汁液較多,肉質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)軟,纖維(wei)少,含可(ke)溶(rong)性固形物10%~13%,總糖8.0%,可(ke)滴(di)定酸(suan)0.9%,味甜微(wei)酸(suan),香氣濃(nong),品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上。離核,苦仁。 (2)內在(zai)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao): 項 目 指(zhi)(zhi) 標(biao) 可(ke)食(shi)率(以質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)計)/% ≥94.0 可(ke)滴(di)定酸(suan)/% ≥1.2 可(ke)溶(rong)性固形物/% ≥12.0 蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)/% ≥1.1 總糖/% ≥10.0 維(wei)生素C/(mg/100g) ≥9.6 (3)安全要(yao)求(qiu): 水(shui)(shui)杏產地環(huan)境符合GB/T18407.2-2001《農產品(pin)安全質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)無(wu)公(gong)害水(shui)(shui)果(guo)產地環(huan)境要(yao)求(qiu)》的(de)規定。 張高水(shui)(shui)杏產品(pin)符合GB18406.2-2001《農產品(pin)安全質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)無(wu)公(gong)害蔬(shu)菜安全要(yao)求(qiu)》的(de)規定。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze):杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)園應選(xuan)擇(ze)背風(feng)向陽土質(zhi)疏(shu)松、排水(shui)通氣良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)塊,好(hao)(hao)是(shi)(shi)山(shan)坡(po)中部,避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)在(zai)谷底建園。遠離(li)城區、車站、鬧市,避(bi)(bi)免(mian)(mian)了有害(hai)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)污染。灌溉用(yong)水(shui)為當地(di)(di)(di)山(shan)泉(quan)水(shui)和(he)地(di)(di)(di)下優(you)質(zhi)礦泉(quan)水(shui)。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境無污染,符合無公害(hai)鄒(zou)(zou)平水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)環境要求。 (2)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze):影響鄒(zou)(zou)平水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)因素(su)是(shi)(shi)多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de),環境因素(su)中溫(wen)度(du)(du)、光(guang)(guang)照是(shi)(shi)主要因素(su)。溫(wen)度(du)(du)主要決定杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)休眠(mian)期,影響杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)花與結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)是(shi)(shi)吸光(guang)(guang)性很(hen)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),光(guang)(guang)是(shi)(shi)植物光(guang)(guang)合作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)能量源泉(quan),光(guang)(guang)照對(dui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)和(he)結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)非(fei)常明顯。所以選(xuan)用(yong)當地(di)(di)(di)優(you)質(zhi)、豐產(chan)(chan)、抗病的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如(ru)金太陽、紅(hong)荷(he)包、黃荷(he)包、凱特、二(er)紅(hong)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)。 (3)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程管(guan)理: 水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程管(guan)理按無公害(hai)鄒(zou)(zou)平水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標準化生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術規程進(jin)行。 (4)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)收獲及產(chan)(chan)后(hou)(hou)處理 杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)采收期對(dui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量和(he)品(pin)質(zhi)有密切關系。按杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)途可(ke)分為三個成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度(du)(du):一是(shi)(shi)可(ke)采成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度(du)(du),這(zhe)時(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實大小已定,杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)未能完 全成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),但(dan)這(zhe)時(shi)可(ke)采果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)做商品(pin)出售;二(er)是(shi)(shi)食(shi)用(yong)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度(du)(du),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實已成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),表現出該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應有的(de)(de)(de)色澤(ze)和(he)香(xiang)味(wei),營養成(cheng)(cheng)分含量達(da)到最(zui)高點,風(feng)味(wei)最(zui)好(hao)(hao);三是(shi)(shi)勝利成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度(du)(du),這(zhe)時(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理上已達(da)到十成(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實肉質(zhi)松軟(ruan),風(feng)味(wei)變淡,不宜(yi)食(shi)用(yong),只(zhi)能用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)采種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或取(qu)仁。商品(pin)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宜(yi)根據(ju)不同(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)水(shui)杏(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)達(da)到可(ke)采成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)度(du)(du)時(shi)采收為最(zui)好(hao)(hao)。