一、農用殺蟲劑分類怎么分
農用殺蟲劑的種類眾多,不同的殺蟲劑對于害蟲的作用可能會有一定的區別。農用殺蟲劑有多種分類方法:
1、按作用形式分
(1)觸殺(sha)型:一些殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)通過藥液(ye)接觸到害蟲的身體表面(mian)后(hou),進入身體里面(mian)進行殺(sha)蟲,使(shi)害蟲中毒死亡,比(bi)如辛硫磷、馬(ma)拉硫磷、毒死蜱、溴(xiu)氰(qing)菊酯、氰(qing)戊菊酯等。
(2)內吸型:可(ke)以(yi)不直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)觸害蟲(chong)身體(ti)也可(ke)以(yi)殺蟲(chong),當藥液噴(pen)施到植物(wu)上(shang)以(yi)后,被(bei)植物(wu)所吸收(shou)一部分,在植物(wu)體(ti)內擴散,而(er)害蟲(chong)吃食植物(wu)以(yi)后,出現中(zhong)毒癥狀而(er)死亡,但是對人體(ti)無影響(xiang),比如吡蟲(chong)啉、殺蟲(chong)單、殺蟲(chong)雙、烯啶(ding)蟲(chong)胺、啶(ding)蟲(chong)脒(mi)等等。
(3)胃毒(du)型:主要用來(lai)防(fang)治咀(ju)嚼式咬食(shi)、啃(ken)食(shi)的害蟲(chong),比如鱗翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)類(lei)的害蟲(chong)、鞘翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)類(lei)的害蟲(chong),可用藥劑(ji)有(you)敵百蟲(chong),滅幼脲(niao)、蘇云金桿(gan)菌等。
(4)熏(xun)蒸(zheng)型(xing):通過(guo)熏(xun)蒸(zheng)以(yi)后,以(yi)氣體狀(zhuang)態讓(rang)害(hai)蟲所呼吸(xi),通過(guo)害(hai)蟲的呼吸(xi)系(xi)統進入蟲體內,使其中毒(du)死亡,以(yi)此(ci)來(lai)達到防治害(hai)蟲的效果,比如磷(lin)化鋁、硫酰氟、1-甲基(ji)環丙烯、溴甲烷等,另外使用熏(xun)蒸(zheng)劑時,必(bi)須注意防護(hu),嚴防中毒(du)。
2、按毒理作用分
(1)神經毒劑:作用于害(hai)蟲的神經系統(tong),如(ru)滴(di)滴(di)涕、對(dui)硫(liu)磷、呋喃丹(dan)、除蟲菊酯等。
(2)呼吸(xi)毒劑(ji):抑制害(hai)蟲的呼吸(xi)酶,如氰氫酸(suan)等。
(3)物理性毒劑(ji):如礦物油(you)劑(ji)可堵塞(sai)害(hai)蟲氣門,惰性粉可磨破害(hai)蟲表皮,使(shi)害(hai)蟲致死。
(4)特異性殺蟲(chong)劑:引起(qi)害蟲(chong)生(sheng)理上的反常反應,如使(shi)害蟲(chong)離作物(wu)遠去(qu)的驅避劑,以性誘(you)或餌(er)誘(you)誘(you)集害蟲(chong)的誘(you)致劑,使(shi)害蟲(chong)味覺受抑制(zhi)不再取食(shi)以致饑餓而死的拒(ju)食(shi)劑,作用于(yu)成蟲(chong)生(sheng)殖機能(neng)使(shi)雌雄(xiong)之一不育或兩(liang)性皆不育的不育劑,影響害蟲(chong)生(sheng)長(chang)、變態、生(sheng)殖的昆蟲(chong)生(sheng)長(chang)調節劑等。
3、按來源分
(1)無機和(he)(he)礦(kuang)物殺(sha)蟲劑:如砷酸鉛、砷酸鈣、氟硅(gui)酸鈉和(he)(he)礦(kuang)油乳劑等,這類(lei)殺(sha)蟲劑一(yi)般藥(yao)效較低,對作物易引起藥(yao)害,而砷劑對人毒(du)性大,因此自有機合成殺(sha)蟲劑大量使用以后大部分已被淘汰。
(2)植物(wu)(wu)性殺蟲(chong)劑:全世界約有(you)1000多種(zhong)植物(wu)(wu)對(dui)昆蟲(chong)具(ju)有(you)或多或少的(de)(de)毒(du)力(li)。廣(guang)泛應用的(de)(de)有(you)除蟲(chong)菊(ju)、魚藤和煙草(cao)等(deng)。此外有(you)些植物(wu)(wu)里還含(han)有(you)類似保幼激(ji)素、早熟(shu)素、蛻皮(pi)激(ji)素活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)質。如(ru)從喜樹(shu)的(de)(de)根皮(pi)、樹(shu)皮(pi)或果實中(zhong)分離的(de)(de)喜樹(shu)堿對(dui)馬尾松(song)毛蟲(chong)有(you)很強(qiang)的(de)(de)不(bu)育作用。
(3)有(you)(you)機合(he)成殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑:如有(you)(you)機氯類的DDT、六六六、硫丹、毒殺芬等,DDT,六六六曾是產量大、應用(yong)(yong)廣(guang)的兩個農藥品(pin)種(zhong),但(dan)因(yin)(yin)易在(zai)生(sheng)物體中(zhong)蓄(xu)積,從20世紀70年代初開(kai)始在(zai)許多國(guo)家(jia)禁用(yong)(yong)或限用(yong)(yong);有(you)(you)機磷(lin)類的對硫磷(lin)、敵(di)百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)、樂果等約400個品(pin)種(zhong)以上,產量居(ju)殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑的第一位(wei);氨基甲酸酯(zhi)(zhi)類的西維因(yin)(yin)、呋喃丹等;擬除(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)菊(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)類的氰戊菊(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)、溴氰菊(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)(zhi)等;有(you)(you)機氮(dan)類的殺蟲(chong)(chong)脒、殺蟲(chong)(chong)雙等。
(4)昆蟲(chong)(chong)激素類殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑:如多種保幼激素、性外激素類似物等(deng)。
4、按毒性分
可(ke)分為劇(ju)毒、高(gao)毒、中毒、低毒四(si)種。
總(zong)的(de)(de)來說(shuo),農藥殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)的(de)(de)種類(lei)是有很多的(de)(de),大家在實際使(shi)用過(guo)程中,要(yao)根(gen)據田間種植的(de)(de)具體(ti)作物以及具體(ti)的(de)(de)蟲害,來選擇具體(ti)的(de)(de)殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)。
二、常見的人工合成農藥殺蟲劑有幾種
現在使用的(de)農(nong)用殺(sha)蟲劑大多是(shi)有機(ji)殺(sha)蟲劑,其(qi)中人工合成的(de)農(nong)藥殺(sha)蟲劑使用廣泛,常用的(de)有以下幾種(zhong):
1、有機磷酸酯類殺蟲劑
簡稱有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)磷(lin)(lin)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑,其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)制是抑制昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)內神(shen)經組織中膽堿(jian)酯酶的(de)活性(xing)(xing),破壞神(shen)經信號(hao)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)傳導,引(yin)起一系(xi)列神(shen)經系(xi)統中毒癥狀(zhuang),導致死(si)亡。這類(lei)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑品(pin)種(zhong)繁(fan)多(duo)(duo),開發應用(yong)(yong)(yong)歷(li)(li)史悠久,使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍廣泛。從對硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)成(cheng)為(wei)全(quan)世界用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)最大、最重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)磷(lin)(lin)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑以來,已有(you)(you)(you)(you)50年歷(li)(li)史,目(mu)前有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)磷(lin)(lin)仍然是最重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑,已經商品(pin)化的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)達200多(duo)(duo)種(zhong),常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)數(shu)十種(zhong)。多(duo)(duo)數(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)磷(lin)(lin)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑兼有(you)(you)(you)(you)觸殺(sha)(sha)、熏(xun)蒸等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)方式(shi)。一般(ban)品(pin)種(zhong)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)譜很廣,但有(you)(you)(you)(you)些品(pin)種(zhong)也(ye)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)較好的(de)選擇性(xing)(xing)。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)者(zhe)應該視(shi)具(ju)體(ti)防治對象和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)場合選擇合適的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方法。這類(lei)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑中有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)品(pin)種(zhong)對哺乳動物急性(xing)(xing)毒性(xing)(xing)大,因此(ci)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中應注意其(qi)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)。
2、擬除蟲菊酯類殺蟲劑
這是模(mo)擬(ni)除(chu)(chu)蟲(chong)菊(ju)花中(zhong)所含(han)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)除(chu)(chu)蟲(chong)菊(ju)素而合(he)成(cheng)的(de)(de)一(yi)類殺蟲(chong)劑,由(you)于它們的(de)(de)化學分(fen)子結構與(yu)天(tian)然(ran)除(chu)(chu)蟲(chong)菊(ju)素相似,所以統稱為(wei)擬(ni)除(chu)(chu)蟲(chong)菊(ju)酯類殺蟲(chong)劑。此(ci)類殺蟲(chong)劑具有高效(xiao)、殺蟲(chong)譜廣(guang)、對人(ren)畜和環境較安全的(de)(de)特點。重要的(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)(yi)達60多種(zhong)(zhong),仍在(zai)發(fa)展(zhan)之中(zhong)。其作用(yong)方式主要是觸殺和胃毒(du)作用(yong),無內(nei)吸作用(yong),有的(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)具有一(yi)定滲透(tou)作用(yong)。自20世紀80年代初在(zai)中(zhong)國開始使(shi)用(yong),短期內(nei)得到了(le)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)應用(yong)。但這類殺蟲(chong)容易使(shi)害蟲(chong)產(chan)生抗藥性,目前,對華北地區的(de)(de)瓜(gua)(棉)蚜已(yi)(yi)幾乎喪失防治價值。
3、氨基甲酸酯類殺蟲劑
此(ci)類殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)子中都有(you)(you)氨(an)基(ji)甲酸的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)子骨架,所以統稱為氨(an)基(ji)甲酸酯類。這類殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)是在(zai)研究(jiu)天然毒(du)扁豆堿生物活(huo)性(xing)和化學結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)發展(zhan)起來的(de)(de)(de)(de),從(cong)來源上(shang)劃分(fen)屬于(yu)(yu)植物源殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)。自1956年第(di)一(yi)個(ge)商品(pin)(pin)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)甲萘(nai)威(wei)(即(ji)西維因(yin))問(wen)世后已有(you)(you)50年的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史,已經(jing)發展(zhan)成(cheng)為一(yi)類重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)。目前(qian)商品(pin)(pin)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)已有(you)(you)50多個(ge),但真(zhen)正大噸位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)僅10多個(ge)。此(ci)類殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中文通(tong)用名均用“威(wei)”作(zuo)后綴,如滅(mie)多威(wei)、涕滅(mie)威(wei)、克百威(wei)等。此(ci)類殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用機制類似(si)于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)機磷殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji),具有(you)(you)觸殺(sha)(sha)(sha)、胃毒(du)和內吸殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)作(zuo)用,一(yi)般殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)范圍(wei)不如有(you)(you)機磷殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)廣(guang),不少(shao)氨(an)基(ji)甲酸酯類殺(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)(you)高效、毒(du)性(xing)較低、選擇性(xing)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。
4、沙蠶毒素類殺蟲劑
沙蠶是一(yi)種生(sheng)(sheng)活在(zai)海灘泥沙中(zhong)(zhong)的環節蠕蟲(chong)(chong),體內含有一(yi)種有毒(du)(du)物質叫(jiao)沙蠶毒(du)(du)素(su),對害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)有很強的毒(du)(du)殺(sha)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)研究天然沙蠶毒(du)(du)素(su)的殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)活性(xing)、有效成分、化學結構(gou)、殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)機(ji)制(zhi)等基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang),人們仿生(sheng)(sheng)合成了一(yi)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)物活性(xing)和作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)制(zhi)類(lei)似天然沙蠶毒(du)(du)素(su)的有機(ji)合成殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)。這類(lei)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)品(pin)種不多,但殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)譜較廣,尤其(qi)在(zai)水稻害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)防治方面,應用(yong)(yong)范圍大(da),如(ru)殺(sha)雙和殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)單。其(qi)主要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)制(zhi)是作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)神(shen)經(jing)節膽(dan)堿(jian)能突觸,阻遏昆蟲(chong)(chong)中(zhong)(zhong)樞神(shen)經(jing)系統的突觸傳導,導致昆蟲(chong)(chong)死(si)亡。一(yi)般兼有觸殺(sha)和胃毒(du)(du)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)方式,有些品(pin)種有熏蒸作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。由于(yu)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)靶標不同,這類(lei)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)對有機(ji)磷、氨基(ji)甲酸(suan)酯、擬除(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)菊酯類(lei)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)抗藥性(xing)的害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)無交互(hu)抗藥性(xing)問題。
沙蠶毒素類殺蟲(chong)劑(ji)對家(jia)(jia)蠶有(you)很(hen)強的(de)殺傷力,桑葉上只要有(you)痕量(liang)的(de)藥劑(ji),家(jia)(jia)蠶吃了就會(hui)中(zhong)毒、死亡。在養蠶地區(qu)使用此(ci)(ci)類殺蟲(chong)劑(ji),若采取細霧噴灑措施,細小霧滴飄移極易引起桑葉被污染,進而造成家(jia)(jia)蠶中(zhong)毒死亡。因此(ci)(ci)在養蠶地區(qu)的(de)水(shui)稻(dao)田使用此(ci)(ci)類殺蟲(chong)劑(ji),一定(ding)與(yu)注意克(ke)服藥劑(ji)飄移問題。
5、昆蟲生長調節劑類殺蟲劑
昆蟲(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)長調節(jie)劑(ji)(insect growth regulators,簡(jian)稱IGR)是通(tong)過抑制昆蟲(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)理發育,如抑制蛻皮(pi)(pi)、抑制新表皮(pi)(pi)形成(cheng)、抑制取(qu)食(shi)等最后導致(zhi)害(hai)蟲(chong)死亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)類(lei)藥劑(ji)。由于(yu)(yu)其(qi)作用機理不(bu)同于(yu)(yu)以往作用于(yu)(yu)神(shen)經系統的(de)(de)(de)傳統殺蟲(chong)劑(ji),毒性(xing)(xing)低,污染(ran)少,對天(tian)敵和(he)有(you)益生(sheng)(sheng)物影(ying)響小,有(you)助于(yu)(yu)可(ke)持續農業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發展,有(you)利于(yu)(yu)“無公(gong)害(hai)”綠色食(shi)品生(sheng)(sheng)產,有(you)益于(yu)(yu)人(ren)類(lei)健(jian)康,因此(ci),被譽(yu)為(wei)“第(di)三代(dai)農藥”、“21世紀的(de)(de)(de)農藥”、“非殺生(sheng)(sheng)性(xing)(xing)殺蟲(chong)劑(ji)”、“生(sheng)(sheng)物調節(jie)劑(ji)(bioregulators)”、“特(te)異性(xing)(xing)昆蟲(chong)控(kong)制劑(ji)(novel materials for insect control)”。由于(yu)(yu)它們符合(he)人(ren)類(lei)保護(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)總目標,迎合(he)各國政府和(he)各階層民(min)眾所關注的(de)(de)(de)農藥污染(ran)解決途徑(jing)這一(yi)熱點,成(cheng)為(wei)殺蟲(chong)劑(ji)研究與開發的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重點領域。
6、微生物源殺蟲劑
利用細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、病(bing)毒(du)和(he)微(wei)孢子蟲(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)來控制(zhi)(zhi)防治害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong),這(zhe)些微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)就稱(cheng)為病(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu);利用微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)發酵產物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)物(wu)質稱(cheng)為抗(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)素,這(zhe)些病(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)和(he)抗(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)素都(dou)來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu),因此統稱(cheng)為微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)源(yuan)殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)。目前(qian)界(jie)上已(yi)分(fen)離出昆蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)90多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),已(yi)知的(de)(de)昆蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)(you)(you)530余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),已(yi)知的(de)(de)病(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)病(bing)毒(du)達700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上,這(zhe)么多的(de)(de)病(bing)原(yuan)(yuan)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)中(zhong),商品化的(de)(de)只有(you)(you)(you)蘇(su)云金桿菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、白僵(jiang)(jiang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、綠僵(jiang)(jiang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)、NPV病(bing)毒(du)等(deng)(deng)少數幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用于(yu)(yu)(yu)防治害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(源(yuan))殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)一般(ban)具有(you)(you)(you)安全(quan)、選擇性較強的(de)(de)特點(dian)。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雖然(ran)原(yuan)(yuan)藥毒(du)性高,但由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)每畝(mu)有(you)(you)(you)效成分(fen)用量很低,因此,加工(gong)成制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)(ji)使用也是(shi)安全(quan)的(de)(de)。微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(源(yuan))殺(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)不(bu)足之處(chu)是(shi)應用效果(guo)受環(huan)境(jing)影響大,藥效發揮慢,防治暴發性害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)效果(guo)差。
7、植物源殺蟲劑
很多(duo)植物(wu)(wu)體內含有殺蟲(chong)(chong)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質,可以(yi)用(yong)做殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji),如(ru)我國古(gu)代就開始使用(yong)艾蒿葉熏(xun)蚊蠅。除(chu)直接利用(yong)含有殺蟲(chong)(chong)物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)某(mou)些部位,如(ru)除(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)菊花(hua)、魚藤的(de)(de)根粉(fen)碎成粉(fen)狀或用(yong)水浸出液作殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)使用(yong)外(wai),還可用(yong)化學(xue)溶劑(ji)將(jiang)植物(wu)(wu)中的(de)(de)殺蟲(chong)(chong)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質提取(qu)出來(lai),加工成合適的(de)(de)劑(ji)型(xing)使用(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)植物(wu)(wu)源殺蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)如(ru)煙堿、魚藤酮、除(chu)蟲(chong)(chong)菊素、印楝等。
通常植(zhi)物中殺蟲(chong)活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)含量很(hen)少,因(yin)此靠種植(zhi)殺蟲(chong)植(zhi)物作為商品殺蟲(chong)劑的(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源并不經(jing)濟。研究(jiu)植(zhi)物中的(de)(de)(de)殺蟲(chong)活性(xing)物質的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)結構(gou),再進行人工模擬合成,是發展殺蟲(chong)劑的(de)(de)(de)重要途徑。擬除蟲(chong)菊酯(zhi)類殺蟲(chong)劑就是在研究(jiu)除蟲(chong)菊素的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上仿生合成出來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。
8、新型農藥殺蟲劑
“新(xin)(xin)型”殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)是(shi)相對于“常規(gui)”殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)而言的(de)(de),一般人們(men)將20世紀發展起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)有(you)機氯、有(you)機磷、氨基(ji)甲(jia)酸酯(zhi)及擬除蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)菊酯(zhi)類殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)等稱為常規(gui)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)。近年(nian)來(lai)發展的(de)(de)一系列新(xin)(xin)型殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)品種或者(zhe)(zhe)結構新(xin)(xin)穎(ying),或者(zhe)(zhe)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)作用(yong)機制獨特而不同于常規(gui)余蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji),如吡蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)啉(lin)、吡蚜酮、啶蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)脒(mi)、丁(ding)醚脲(niao)等,而且與常規(gui)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)相比,具有(you)更高的(de)(de)環境相容(rong)性(xing)。
9、殺螨劑
螨(man)(man)(man)類(lei)(lei)屬于(yu)蜘蛛(zhu)綱,與(yu)昆蟲(chong)綱的害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)在形態上有(you)很大差異,在對(dui)般約(yue)的敏感性方面也(ye)有(you)不(bu)(bu)同。有(you)些農藥對(dui)螨(man)(man)(man)類(lei)(lei)特(te)(te)別有(you)效,而(er)對(dui)昆蟲(chong)利的害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)毒力相對(dui)較差或無(wu)效,因此,特(te)(te)稱(cheng)為(wei)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)劑(ji)(ji)。有(you)許多殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)(ji)兼具殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)作(zuo)用(yong),如有(you)機(ji)磷(lin)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)劑(ji)(ji)中很多品種都具有(you)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)作(zuo)用(yong),殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)困劑(ji)(ji)硫(liu)磺也(ye)有(you)很好(hao)(hao)的殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)活性,礦物油對(dui)害(hai)(hai)螨(man)(man)(man)也(ye)有(you)很好(hao)(hao)的殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)滅作(zuo)用(yong)。殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)劑(ji)(ji)分無(wu)機(ji)硫(liu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)劑(ji)(ji)和有(you)機(ji)合成殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)劑(ji)(ji)兩大類(lei)(lei)。無(wu)機(ji)硫(liu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)劑(ji)(ji)硫(liu)磺在殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)菌劑(ji)(ji)部分已介紹,在此省略。這類(lei)(lei)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)劑(ji)(ji)一般指只殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)不(bu)(bu)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)蟲(chong)或以殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)螨(man)(man)(man)為(wei)主的藥劑(ji)(ji)。一般對(dui)人畜等(deng)高等(deng)生物具有(you)較高的安全性