一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數據是指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)使用的(de)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)可靠地聯系起來的(de)字符、編(bian)碼等數據。它是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)在簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)掌握(wo)的(de)核心數據。唯有通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)制作數據的(de)歸屬判斷，才能確(que)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)之間的(de)同一性和(he)準確(que)性。
因(yin)此，一旦電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名制作數據被他人(ren)占(zhan)有，則依賴于該電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名制作數據而生成的(de)電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名有可(ke)(ke)能與電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名人(ren)的(de)意愿不(bu)符，顯然不(bu)能視(shi)為可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)的(de)電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這一項規定(ding)是對電子簽名(ming)過程中電子簽名(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)數(shu)據歸誰控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。這里所規定(ding)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)是指(zhi)基(ji)于電子簽名(ming)人的(de)(de)自(zi)由(you)意志(zhi)而對電子簽名(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)數(shu)據的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。
在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的過程中，無論是電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人自己(ji)實(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，還是委托他人代為(wei)(wei)實(shi)施(shi)簽(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，只要電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)人擁(yong)有實(shi)質上的控制權，則其所實(shi)施(shi)的簽(qian)名(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，滿足本法此項規定的要求(qiu)。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采用數字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署后，對方當事人(ren)可以(yi)通過一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)手(shou)段(duan)來驗證其所(suo)收到的(de)數據電(dian)文是(shi)否是(shi)發件(jian)人(ren)所(suo)發出，發件(jian)人(ren)的(de)數字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)有沒有被改(gai)動。倘若能夠發現發件(jian)人(ren)的(de)數字簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署后曾經被他(ta)人(ren)更(geng)改(gai)，則(ze)該項(xiang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)不能滿(man)足本法此項(xiang)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)要求(qiu)，不能成(cheng)為一(yi)項(xiang)可靠的(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電子(zi)簽名的(de)(de)一項重要(yao)功能(neng)(neng)在于表明簽名人(ren)(ren)認可(ke)數據(ju)電文的(de)(de)內容，而要(yao)實(shi)(shi)現這(zhe)一功能(neng)(neng)，必須要(yao)求電子(zi)簽名在技術手段(duan)上能(neng)(neng)夠保證經簽名人(ren)(ren)簽署(shu)后的(de)(de)電文不被(bei)他(ta)(ta)人(ren)(ren)篡(cuan)改。否(fou)則，電子(zi)簽名人(ren)(ren)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)一定(ding)的(de)(de)技術手段(duan)實(shi)(shi)施電子(zi)簽名，簽署(shu)后的(de)(de)電文被(bei)他(ta)(ta)人(ren)(ren)篡(cuan)改卻不能(neng)(neng)夠被(bei)發現，此時出現的(de)(de)法律糾紛將無法依(yi)(yi)據(ju)本法予以解決。
電(dian)子簽(qian)名人的合(he)(he)法權益難以(yi)得到有(you)效保護。因此，要(yao)符合(he)(he)本法規定(ding)的可(ke)靠(kao)的電(dian)子簽(qian)名的要(yao)求，必須保證電(dian)子簽(qian)名簽(qian)署后，對數據電(dian)文內容和形式的任何(he)改動都能夠被發現。
一項(xiang)(xiang)電子簽名如果(guo)同時符合上(shang)述四項(xiang)(xiang)條件，可以視為可靠的電子簽名。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)注(zhu)冊平臺帳號(hao)后，平臺會(hui)要求(qiu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)進行實(shi)名(ming)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)通(tong)過后方可進行電子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)簽署。實(shi)名(ming)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)時(shi)，個(ge)(ge)人(ren)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)需要提交(jiao)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份(fen)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)，企(qi)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)需要提交(jiao)工商信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)。第(di)三(san)方電子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)平臺會(hui)接入公安部的個(ge)(ge)人(ren)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份(fen)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)系(xi)統和工商總(zong)局(ju)的企(qi)業(ye)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)系(xi)統，從(cong)而對(dui)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份(fen)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)進行查(cha)驗(yan)，確(que)保用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的身(shen)(shen)(shen)份(fen)不(bu)會(hui)被(bei)冒充。在個(ge)(ge)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)環節，第(di)三(san)方電子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)平臺可提供(gong)微(wei)信(xin)、刷臉認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)方式，幫(bang)助用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)快速(su)完整身(shen)(shen)(shen)份(fen)驗(yan)證(zheng)(zheng)。而企(qi)業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，因為涉及的信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)較多，第(di)三(san)方電子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)平臺將會(hui)通(tong)過企(qi)業(ye)對(dui)公賬戶(hu)(hu)打款信(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)核查(cha)，來(lai)確(que)認(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)企(qi)業(ye)身(shen)(shen)(shen)份(fen)的真實(shi)性。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機構即證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)授(shou)權中(zhong)心，是電(dian)子(zi)商務交(jiao)易中(zhong)受信(xin)任的(de)第三(san)(san)方。當用戶(hu)通過第三(san)(san)方電(dian)子(zi)簽名平(ping)臺的(de)實名認證(zheng)后，就可(ke)獲得(de)第三(san)(san)方電(dian)子(zi)簽名平(ping)臺合作的(de)CA機構所頒發的(de)數(shu)字證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)，作為該用戶(hu)網上身份證(zheng)明的(de)依據。并且該證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)以數(shu)字簽名技術為核心，使(shi)得(de)證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)(shu)不被(bei)偽(wei)造、不被(bei)篡改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通過實名認(ren)證后，用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)就可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)開始創建(jian)自(zi)己專屬的(de)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名了，這個電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名會以(yi)數據(ju)電文的(de)形(xing)式保存在(zai)第(di)三方(fang)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平臺。個人(ren)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)第(di)三方(fang)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名平臺設(she)置手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名，也可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)系統(tong)生成(cheng)的(de)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名。企(qi)業用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)上(shang)傳(chuan)制作企(qi)業電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)章，在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)電子(zi)合同時，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)選擇相(xiang)應的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)章進行簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)。該電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名相(xiang)當于(yu)紙質合同中的(de)手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)名或(huo)者公章，是具有法律效(xiao)力的(de)。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽(qian)(qian)(qian)呢？其實很簡單，只需要(yao)上傳編輯好的合同(tong)文檔，設置相應的簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)方與簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)順序等標準后，就可(ke)以在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)上添加自(zi)己的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名和簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)日期，即(ji)可(ke)完(wan)成己方簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)。然后對方將收到短信(xin)提醒，并(bing)同(tong)樣經(jing)過(guo)實名認證-電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名過(guo)程(cheng)后，一份(fen)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)即(ji)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)完(wan)成了。經(jing)過(guo)第三方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名平臺(tai)，采(cai)用(yong)可(ke)靠的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名簽(qian)(qian)(qian)訂(ding)的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同(tong)才(cai)是具有法律效力的。
用戶(hu)通(tong)過第(di)三(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺簽(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)時可(ke)通(tong)過短信(xin)驗證(zheng)碼、指紋、刷(shua)臉等(deng)(deng)方(fang)式簽(qian)(qian)署。同(tong)(tong)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)署完成后(hou)(hou)，將存儲在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)平(ping)臺云端，用戶(hu)隨時隨地都(dou)可(ke)以登錄第(di)三(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)進行分類、查找、查閱及(ji)下載等(deng)(deng)管理操作。最(zui)后(hou)(hou)，用戶(hu)也可(ke)以通(tong)過第(di)三(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)平(ping)臺的“合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)查驗”和“合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)驗簽(qian)(qian)”服務對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)的簽(qian)(qian)署信(xin)息、有效性進行檢驗，查看其是否被篡(cuan)改(gai)過。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除了(le)實名(ming)(ming)認證、電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)制作、電(dian)子合同簽署(shu)、電(dian)子合同管理之外，第(di)三方(fang)電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)平臺還會(hui)提供許(xu)多(duo)其(qi)他服(fu)(fu)務，如(ru)出證報(bao)告、司法(fa)鑒定、網(wang)絡仲裁、法(fa)律(lv)咨詢等法(fa)律(lv)服(fu)(fu)務。一旦用(yong)戶產生合同糾紛，即可申請第(di)三方(fang)電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)平臺相應的服(fu)(fu)務，高效解決合同糾紛問(wen)題。
