一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)制作(zuo)(zuo)數據是指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中使用(yong)的(de)，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)可靠地聯系起(qi)來的(de)字符(fu)、編(bian)碼等數據。它是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)在簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)過(guo)程(cheng)中掌握的(de)核心數據。唯(wei)有通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)制作(zuo)(zuo)數據的(de)歸屬判(pan)斷，才能確定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)之間(jian)的(de)同一性和準確性。
因此(ci)，一旦電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)制作(zuo)數據被他人占有，則依賴于該電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)制作(zuo)數據而生(sheng)成的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)有可能(neng)與電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人的意愿不符，顯然不能(neng)視為可靠的電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這一項規(gui)定是對電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名過(guo)程(cheng)中電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名制(zhi)作(zuo)數據歸(gui)誰控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的要求。這里(li)所規(gui)定的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)是指基于電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名人的自由意志(zhi)而對電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名制(zhi)作(zuo)數據的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。
在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名人實(shi)(shi)施電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)過程中(zhong)，無論(lun)是(shi)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名人自己(ji)實(shi)(shi)施簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，還(huan)是(shi)委托他人代為(wei)(wei)實(shi)(shi)施簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，只要電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名人擁有實(shi)(shi)質上(shang)的(de)控制(zhi)權，則其(qi)所實(shi)(shi)施的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，滿足本法(fa)此(ci)項規(gui)定的(de)要求。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采用數(shu)(shu)字簽(qian)名技術(shu)的(de)簽(qian)名人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)署后，對方當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)可以通過一定的(de)技術(shu)手段(duan)來驗證其所(suo)(suo)收到的(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)電(dian)文是(shi)否(fou)是(shi)發(fa)件(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)發(fa)出，發(fa)件(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字簽(qian)名有(you)沒有(you)被改動。倘若能夠發(fa)現(xian)發(fa)件(jian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)數(shu)(shu)字簽(qian)名簽(qian)署后曾經被他人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)更改，則(ze)該項簽(qian)名不能滿足本法此項規定的(de)要求(qiu)，不能成(cheng)為一項可靠的(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)重要功能在于表明簽名(ming)人(ren)(ren)認可(ke)數據電(dian)(dian)文的(de)內容，而要實現(xian)(xian)這(zhe)一(yi)功能，必須要求電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)在技術手段上(shang)能夠保證經簽名(ming)人(ren)(ren)簽署(shu)后的(de)電(dian)(dian)文不(bu)(bu)被他人(ren)(ren)篡改。否(fou)則，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)人(ren)(ren)依(yi)據一(yi)定的(de)技術手段實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)，簽署(shu)后的(de)電(dian)(dian)文被他人(ren)(ren)篡改卻不(bu)(bu)能夠被發現(xian)(xian)，此時出現(xian)(xian)的(de)法律糾(jiu)紛將無法依(yi)據本法予(yu)以(yi)解(jie)決。
電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名人(ren)的(de)合法權益難(nan)以得到有效(xiao)保護。因此，要(yao)符(fu)合本法規定的(de)可靠的(de)電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名的(de)要(yao)求，必須保證(zheng)電子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名簽(qian)(qian)署后，對數據電文內(nei)容(rong)和形式的(de)任何改動(dong)都能夠被發現。
一項(xiang)電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)如果同時符(fu)合上述四項(xiang)條件，可(ke)以視(shi)為可(ke)靠(kao)的電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用戶(hu)(hu)注冊平臺(tai)(tai)(tai)帳(zhang)號后，平臺(tai)(tai)(tai)會(hui)要求用戶(hu)(hu)進行(xing)實名(ming)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)通(tong)過(guo)后方(fang)可進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)合同簽署。實名(ming)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)時，個人用戶(hu)(hu)需要提(ti)交(jiao)個人身份信(xin)息(xi)(xi)，企(qi)業用戶(hu)(hu)需要提(ti)交(jiao)工(gong)商(shang)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)。第三(san)(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)平臺(tai)(tai)(tai)會(hui)接入公(gong)安部的個人身份認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)系統(tong)和工(gong)商(shang)總局(ju)的企(qi)業信(xin)息(xi)(xi)系統(tong)，從而(er)對用戶(hu)(hu)身份信(xin)息(xi)(xi)進行(xing)查驗(yan)，確保用戶(hu)(hu)的身份不會(hui)被(bei)冒充。在個人認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)環節，第三(san)(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)平臺(tai)(tai)(tai)可提(ti)供微信(xin)、刷(shua)臉認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)方(fang)式，幫(bang)助用戶(hu)(hu)快速完整身份驗(yan)證(zheng)。而(er)企(qi)業用戶(hu)(hu)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)，因為涉及的信(xin)息(xi)(xi)較多，第三(san)(san)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)平臺(tai)(tai)(tai)將會(hui)通(tong)過(guo)企(qi)業對公(gong)賬戶(hu)(hu)打(da)款信(xin)息(xi)(xi)核查，來確認(ren)(ren)企(qi)業身份的真(zhen)實性。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機(ji)構(gou)即(ji)證(zheng)書(shu)授權中(zhong)心，是電子商務交易中(zhong)受信任的第三方。當用戶(hu)通(tong)過第三方電子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)平臺的實名(ming)(ming)(ming)認(ren)證(zheng)后，就可(ke)獲(huo)得第三方電子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)平臺合作的CA機(ji)構(gou)所頒發的數字證(zheng)書(shu)，作為該用戶(hu)網上身份證(zheng)明的依據。并且(qie)該證(zheng)書(shu)以數字簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)技術為核心，使得證(zheng)書(shu)不(bu)被偽造、不(bu)被篡改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通(tong)過實名認(ren)證后，用戶就可以(yi)開始創建自己專屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名了，這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名會以(yi)數據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式保存(cun)在第三方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名平臺。個(ge)人用戶，可在第三方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名平臺設置手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名，也可以(yi)使用系統生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名。企業用戶可上傳制作企業電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)章，在簽(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)合同時，可選擇相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)章進(jin)行簽(qian)(qian)署。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名相當(dang)于(yu)紙質合同中的(de)(de)(de)(de)手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名或者公章，是具有法律效力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽呢？其實很簡單，只(zhi)需要上傳編輯(ji)好的合同文檔，設置相應的簽署(shu)(shu)方(fang)與(yu)簽署(shu)(shu)順序等標(biao)準后，就可以在電(dian)子合同上添(tian)加自己的電(dian)子簽名和簽署(shu)(shu)日期，即(ji)可完成己方(fang)簽署(shu)(shu)。然后對(dui)方(fang)將收到短信(xin)提醒，并同樣經過(guo)實名認(ren)證-電(dian)子簽名過(guo)程后，一(yi)份電(dian)子合同即(ji)簽署(shu)(shu)完成了。經過(guo)第三方(fang)電(dian)子簽名平臺，采用可靠的電(dian)子簽名簽訂的電(dian)子合同才(cai)是具(ju)有(you)法律(lv)效力(li)的。
用戶通過(guo)(guo)第三方(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)簽署(shu)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)可通過(guo)(guo)短信(xin)(xin)驗證(zheng)碼、指紋、刷臉等方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)簽署(shu)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)簽署(shu)完成(cheng)后，將存(cun)儲在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)云(yun)端，用戶隨時(shi)(shi)隨地都(dou)可以登錄第三方(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)，對電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)進行(xing)分類、查(cha)(cha)找、查(cha)(cha)閱(yue)及(ji)下載等管(guan)理(li)操(cao)作。最(zui)后，用戶也可以通過(guo)(guo)第三方(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的“合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)查(cha)(cha)驗”和(he)“合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)驗簽”服務對電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的簽署(shu)信(xin)(xin)息、有效性進行(xing)檢驗，查(cha)(cha)看其(qi)是否被篡改過(guo)(guo)。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除(chu)了實名認證、電子簽(qian)名制作、電子合(he)同(tong)(tong)簽(qian)署、電子合(he)同(tong)(tong)管理之外，第三(san)方電子簽(qian)名平臺還會提供許多(duo)其他服(fu)務，如出證報告、司法(fa)鑒定、網絡仲裁、法(fa)律(lv)(lv)咨詢等法(fa)律(lv)(lv)服(fu)務。一旦用戶產生合(he)同(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)紛，即(ji)可申請第三(san)方電子簽(qian)名平臺相應的服(fu)務，高效解決合(he)同(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)紛問題。
