一、電子簽名是什么意思
電子簽名是(shi)(shi)指數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)中(zhong)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子形(xing)式所(suo)含、所(suo)附用于識別簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人身份(fen)并表明(ming)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人認可其中(zhong)內容(rong)的(de)數(shu)據(ju)。通俗點說,電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)通過密碼技(ji)術對電(dian)(dian)(dian)子文(wen)檔的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子形(xing)式的(de)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming),并非是(shi)(shi)書面簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)數(shu)字圖像(xiang)化,它類(lei)似于手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)或(huo)印(yin)章,也可以(yi)說它就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子印(yin)章。電(dian)(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)用途:在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子版的(de)中(zhong)秋(qiu)賀卡(ka),結婚請帖,建(jian)筑合同(tong)上簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)是(shi)現代認證(zheng)(zheng)技術的(de)泛(fan)稱(cheng),美國《統一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)交易法》規定,“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)”泛(fan)指(zhi)“與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)記(ji)錄相(xiang)聯(lian)的(de)或(huo)在(zai)邏(luo)輯上相(xiang)聯(lian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)聲音(yin)、符(fu)號或(huo)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu),而(er)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)聲音(yin)、符(fu)號或(huo)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)是(shi)某(mou)人(ren)(ren)為簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)記(ji)錄的(de)目的(de)而(er)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)訂或(huo)采用(yong)的(de)”;聯(lian)合國《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)商務示范(fan)法》中規定,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)是(shi)包含、附(fu)加在(zai)某(mou)一數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)內,或(huo)邏(luo)輯上與某(mou)一數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)相(xiang)聯(lian)系的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式的(de)數(shu)據,它能被用(yong)來(lai)證(zheng)(zheng)實與此數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)有關的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)(ren)的(de)身份,并表明該簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)人(ren)(ren)認可該數(shu)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文(wen)所載信息;歐盟的(de)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)指(zhi)令》規定,“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)”泛(fan)指(zhi)“與其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)記(ji)錄相(xiang)連的(de)或(huo)在(zai)邏(luo)輯上相(xiang)連并以(yi)此作為認證(zheng)(zheng)方法的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式數(shu)據。”
從(cong)上述定義(yi)來看,凡是能在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)通訊中,起到證明(ming)當事(shi)人的(de)(de)身份、證明(ming)當事(shi)人對文件內(nei)容的(de)(de)認可的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術手(shou)段,都(dou)可被(bei)稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming),電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)即現代認證技(ji)術的(de)(de)一般性(xing)概念,它是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)商(shang)務安全(quan)的(de)(de)重要保(bao)障手(shou)段。
二、電子簽名和手寫簽名的區別
1、含義不同
手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)在(zai)日常生(sheng)活中(zhong)(zhong)隨處可見,簡單來(lai)說(shuo)就是(shi)親筆書寫(xie)自己(ji)的(de)名(ming)字,在(zai)紙(zhi)質文檔(dang)(dang)上使用手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)主要用以確定(ding)(ding)簽(qian)(qian)字者的(de)身(shen)份,并表示簽(qian)(qian)字者同意所(suo)簽(qian)(qian)署文檔(dang)(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)內容,對文檔(dang)(dang)的(de)真實性負責(ze),且具(ju)有法律效力(li)。
而(er)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名通俗來(lai)講,就是(shi)通過密碼技(ji)術在(zai)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文檔上(shang)加載的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式的(de)簽名,可(ke)以輕松驗證簽約主體的(de)身份信息和(he)簽名信息,以及(ji)原(yuan)文在(zai)傳輸過程(cheng)中(zhong)是(shi)否發生過改(gai)動。值得(de)一提的(de)是(shi),根據《電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名法(fa)》規(gui)定,可(ke)靠的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名與手寫簽名或者(zhe)蓋章(zhang)具有同等(deng)的(de)法(fa)律效力。
2、適用范圍不同
電(dian)(dian)子簽(qian)名(ming)文(wen)件(jian)的適用(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)稍有局限,目前還(huan)不(bu)能適用(yong)于(yu)涉及婚姻(yin)、收養(yang)、繼承(cheng)等人身(shen)關(guan)系(xi);涉及停止供水、供熱(re)、供氣、供電(dian)(dian)等公用(yong)事業服務;以及法(fa)律、行政(zheng)法(fa)規規定(ding)的不(bu)適用(yong)電(dian)(dian)子文(wen)書的其(qi)他情(qing)形。而(er)手寫簽(qian)名(ming)文(wen)件(jian)適用(yong)范(fan)圍(wei)不(bu)限。
3、簽署方式不同
在(zai)電子文(wen)件上(shang)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)電子簽(qian)(qian)名,就是用(yong)私(si)鑰對電子文(wen)件及與其(qi)一(yi)起存儲的(de)電子文(wen)件消息摘要數據進行加密,包括自(zi)動簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)、點擊(ji)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)、短信簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)、視頻(pin)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)等多種方式。而手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名在(zai)各種紙質文(wen)件上(shang)書寫(xie)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)名具有明顯的(de)個性(xing)特征。
4、簽署樣式不同
電子簽(qian)名一般(ban)常用的(de)是圖(tu)(tu)形/圖(tu)(tu)像式,即有個體(ti)特征(zheng)的(de)手寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)名文(wen)字構成的(de)圖(tu)(tu)形或(huo)印章(zhang)圖(tu)(tu)像(但電子簽(qian)名的(de)效力并(bing)非基于圖(tu)(tu)形或(huo)圖(tu)(tu)像本(ben)身,而在于背(bei)后的(de)數(shu)字證書)。而手寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)名就是有個體(ti)特征(zheng)的(de)手寫(xie)(xie)體(ti)文(wen)字。
5、驗證方式不同
電子簽名驗證(zheng)(zheng)人擁有或可以直接訪問電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)字證(zheng)(zheng)書(內含公鑰),以驗證(zheng)(zheng)電子文件中(zhong)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真偽(wei)及簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)份(fen)。經CA機(ji)構頒發的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)字證(zheng)(zheng)書,可作為網上身(shen)份(fen)證(zheng)(zheng)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據,具有不(bu)可否認性。而(er)(er)手寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)是通過目(mu)視比較(jiao)、識別(bie)手寫(xie)(xie)體(ti)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)特征(zheng)信息及其筆(bi)跡,從而(er)(er)確(que)認手寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)真偽(wei)。為增強手寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性及不(bu)可否認性,需(xu)要辦理(li)公證(zheng)(zheng),產生額外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本。