穆棱市位(wei)于黑(hei)龍江省(sheng)東(dong)(dong)南部,地(di)理坐標東(dong)(dong)經129°45′09″-130°08′30″,北(bei)(bei)緯44°15′00″-45°07′16″。東(dong)(dong)南部與東(dong)(dong)寧(ning)縣(xian)相(xiang)連(lian),西(xi)南與牡丹江市、寧(ning)安接壤,西(xi)和(he)林口縣(xian)毗鄰,北(bei)(bei)和(he)雞(ji)(ji)西(xi)市交界,東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)與雞(ji)(ji)東(dong)(dong)縣(xian)連(lian)接。東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部與俄羅(luo)斯有長約(yue)44公(gong)里(li)國境線,全市轄6鎮3鄉141個行(xing)(xing)政村,行(xing)(xing)政區域面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)6673平方公(gong)里(li),總人口32萬,全市耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)130751.6公(gong)頃,人均耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)0.41公(gong)頃,保護總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)84250公(gong)頃。
四.產品品質(zhi)特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外(wai)在感觀特征: 曬后為紅黃色(se)、油份足(zu)、葉片較薄,填充力(li)強、彈(dan)性(xing)好、香氣較足(zu)、煙勁中(zhong)等、刺(ci)激性(xing)小、產量(liang)中(zhong)。
(2)內在(zai)的(de)品質(zhi)指標(biao):煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)具有(you)化(hua)學指標(biao)波動(dong)性(xing)小,內在(zai)質(zhi)量穩定(ding),燃燒性(xing)好,陰(yin)燃時間長(chang),配伍性(xing)好,可用性(xing)強,煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)安全性(xing)高,無(wu)殘毒(du)、無(wu)農藥殘留,是生產復合型(xing)卷(juan)煙(yan)的(de)可靠煙(yan)葉(xie)(xie)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao):煙(yan)堿含(han)量在(zai)2.5%,還原(yuan)(yuan)糖5.36g/100g、粗蛋白19.88%、總糖6.06g/100g、氯(lv)0.5%、磷0.23%、氮3.18%,鉀18409mg/kg,煙(yan)質(zhi)好。(3)安全要(yao)求:穆棱曬煙(yan)嚴(yan)格按照(NY5109-2005)標(biao)準執行。
五.特(te)定生產(chan)方式
(1)品種選擇:龍(long)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)二號、龍(long)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)四號、穆棱大護脖(bo)香(xiang)、腰嶺煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、柳毛(mao)煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、紅巖煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、楊木村大葉黃、富強煙(yan)(yan)(yan)、梨(li)樹溝煙(yan)(yan)(yan)為主栽品種。
(2)農時指標:推廣(guang)工廠化育苗,苗期55天左(zuo)(zuo)右(you),大田生長(chang)期90天左(zuo)(zuo)右(you),要求在3月(yue)5日(ri)(ri)-10日(ri)(ri)扣(kou)完大棚,備(bei)好營養土,4月(yue)5日(ri)(ri)-10日(ri)(ri)播(bo)籽(zi),4月(yue)25日(ri)(ri)-30日(ri)(ri)假植。移(yi)栽(zai)前(qian)煉苗5-7天,保證壯(zhuang)苗下(xia)地,5月(yue)20日(ri)(ri)-30日(ri)(ri)移(yi)栽(zai)大田,畝保苗1600株(zhu)
(3)育苗技(ji)術:
3.1育苗(miao)設施(shi)(shi)的準(zhun)備(bei):曬(shai)煙育苗(miao)在我市有(you)二種:一是(shi)高(gao)效日光節能溫(wen)室育苗(miao),扣棚(peng)時間在3月5-10日,這種育苗(miao)設施(shi)(shi)保溫(wen)性(xing)好(hao),透光性(xing)強,溫(wen)、濕度易于控制,是(shi)統一育苗(miao)的首選設施(shi)(shi)。二是(shi)塑(su)料大棚(peng)育苗(miao),扣棚(peng)時間在3月初,塑(su)料大棚(peng)保溫(wen)性(xing)差(cha),必需采用多層覆蓋提高(gao)棚(peng)內溫(wen)度,采用離(li)地床防止地溫(wen)低(di)造(zao)成的煙苗(miao)漚根現象的發生。
3.2育苗設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du):育苗設(she)施在播(bo)種前必須進(jin)行徹(che)底的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)處理(li)。一是(shi)(shi)用(yong)配制(zhi)好的(de)(de)(de)4%濃度的(de)(de)(de)甲醛溶液噴霧消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du);二是(shi)(shi)用(yong)高錳酸鉀(jia)和甲醛混(hun)合(he),用(yong)其產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du);三是(shi)(shi)用(yong)百菌清煙(yan)霧劑消(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)。
3.3營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)的配制:營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)要求疏松通透(tou)、營(ying)(ying)養(yang)豐富,一坰地需(xu)母床(chuang)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)0.15-0.2立方(fang)(fang)米,子床(chuang)營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)2.5立方(fang)(fang)米。營(ying)(ying)養(yang)土(tu)(tu)的配方(fang)(fang):
①50%-70%山(shan)坡腐殖土+30%-50%腐熟陳年(nian)的豬圈(quan)糞。
②30%草碳(tan)土(tu)+40%山坡腐殖土(tu)+30%腐熟陳年(nian)的豬圈糞。
③70%質地良好通(tong)透(tou)性好的(de)(de)退耕還林土(tu)(tu)+30%腐熟陳年的(de)(de)豬圈糞(fen)(fen)。不(bu)能用作營養土(tu)(tu)有以下幾種(zhong):一是(shi)(shi)前(qian)年是(shi)(shi)瓜菜和同(tong)科作物的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang),二是(shi)(shi)前(qian)茬是(shi)(shi)大豆、玉米及(ji)施用過除草劑的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu),三是(shi)(shi)腐質層下面的(de)(de)生土(tu)(tu),四是(shi)(shi)沒有發酵好的(de)(de)農家(jia)肥(fei)和人糞(fen)(fen)尿,五是(shi)(shi)池(chi)塘或魚塘的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)。
3.4營養(yang)土的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du):一是蒸氣藥(yao)劑(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)結合法:母(mu)床用(yong)土分兩部(bu)分,表層5cm左右用(yong)蒸氣消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du),去除母(mu)床用(yong)土中的(de)(de)(de)雜(za)草又(you)能保證營養(yang)土養(yang)份的(de)(de)(de)均衡。二是藥(yao)劑(ji)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)法:用(yong)3000倍(bei)液的(de)(de)(de)惡(e)霉靈,3000倍(bei)液的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)力克,600倍(bei)液的(de)(de)(de)天威(wei)5號,500倍(bei)液的(de)(de)(de)敵克松(song)進行營養(yang)土消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)。
3.5種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處理:一是種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)消毒(du):將精選的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)裝(zhuang)入布(bu)袋中(zhong),放入8%濃度的磷酸三鈉溶液中(zhong),揉搓(cuo)不(bu)超過20分(fen)鐘,邊(bian)脫膠邊(bian)消毒(du)。二是種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)催(cui)(cui)芽(ya):種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)放入水(shui)中(zhong)進行吸(xi)收水(shui)分(fen),浸(jin)泡(pao)12小時(shi)吸(xi)水(shui)量(liang)達種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)重量(liang)30%停止吸(xi)水(shui),種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進入萌發狀態,在(zai)浸(jin)泡(pao)過程中(zhong),進行搓(cuo)種(zhong)(zhong)處理,直至水(shui)色(se)變(bian)為淡黃色(se)為止,甩凈水(shui),放在(zai)器(qi)皿(min)內催(cui)(cui)芽(ya)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)前期對光照非常敏(min)感,每天光照時(shi)間不(bu)少于(yu)4小時(shi),每天換一次水(shui),但種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)內水(shui)份不(bu)應過大(da),否則不(bu)利于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的萌發,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)的最(zui)佳溫(wen)度是25℃-28℃,最(zui)低(di)溫(wen)度是15℃,超過28℃種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)率降(jiang)低(di),低(di)于(yu)18℃種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)緩慢。
3.6播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):一是(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時間:4月5日-4月10日,每(mei)公頃用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5克(ke),播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面積2平方米;二(er)是(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法:采用(yong)沙播(bo)(bo)(bo)法,將發芽的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子放在消(xiao)毒后的(de)細沙中(zhong),拌勻后撒播(bo)(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)采用(yong)2-3次撒播(bo)(bo)(bo),以利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子分布(bu)均(jun)勻,實現苗齊(qi)、苗壯;三是(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)要求:播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前將苗床(chuang)澆足水,使營養土處于濕(shi)潤狀態,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后,苗床(chuang)表面覆蓋1mm經過消(xiao)毒的(de)細土(覆土厚度以不(bu)露(lu)砂(sha)粒為(wei)宜),然后蓋上一層地(di)膜,以利于保水、保溫,待2-3天70%出苗后,立即把地(di)膜揭(jie)去。
3.7苗(miao)(miao)床管理:一是溫(wen)度(du):煙(yan)(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生長的最適溫(wen)度(du)25℃-28℃,苗(miao)(miao)床期溫(wen)度(du)白天控制在25℃-30℃,超過30℃及(ji)時(shi)放風降溫(wen),夜間溫(wen)度(du)控制在15℃-18℃之間,溫(wen)度(du)過低煙(yan)(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生長緩(huan)慢,易(yi)出現漚根(gen)等病(bing)害的發生,夜間溫(wen)度(du)過高(gao)(gao),不利(li)(li)于干物質的積累,易(yi)出現高(gao)(gao)腳苗(miao)(miao)即徒長苗(miao)(miao);二是水(shui)分(fen):出苗(miao)(miao)期要(yao)(yao)保(bao)持(chi)苗(miao)(miao)床表面濕潤,發現局(ju)部干旱要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)補水(shui),煙(yan)(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)出齊(qi)后,要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據苗(miao)(miao)床水(shui)分(fen)狀況澆水(shui),作到“見(jian)(jian)干見(jian)(jian)濕”促進煙(yan)(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生根(gen);三是光(guang)(guang)照“苗(miao)(miao)期要(yao)(yao)充(chong)分(fen)利(li)(li)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)照,盡量(liang)增加光(guang)(guang)照時(shi)間,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)育苗(miao)(miao)棚(室(shi))內溫(wen)度(du),減少育苗(miao)(miao)棚內溫(wen)度(du)。
3.8假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi):一是(shi)假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)棚準備:根(gen)據種植(zhi)(zhi)曬煙(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji),來確定假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)棚面(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao),1畝地(di)煙(yan)(yan)田(tian)需4平方(fang)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji),假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)棚應(ying)(ying)在4月(yue)(yue)15日(ri)前(qian)扣完(wan),以利于棚內地(di)溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao);二是(shi)假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)間(jian)(jian):4月(yue)(yue)25-4月(yue)(yue)30日(ri),煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)真葉和子(zi)葉成“十”字型(xing)時(shi)進行假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi);三是(shi)假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法:將配制(zhi)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養土裝(zhuang)入(ru)(ru)塑料育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)盤(pan),把(ba)育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)盤(pan)澆足水(shui),假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)先在苗(miao)(miao)盤(pan)孔(kong)穴的(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養土中(zhong)心扎與煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)根(gen)大小(xiao)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong),然后植(zhi)(zhi)入(ru)(ru)煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)封土,噴少量的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(營(ying)養土配制(zhi)和消毒(du)同母床);四(si)是(shi)假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)期溫(wen)濕(shi)度(du)管理:假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)期最適(shi)溫(wen)度(du)25℃-28℃,夜間(jian)(jian)溫(wen)度(du)不(bu)低(di)于12℃,白天(tian)(tian)溫(wen)度(du)不(bu)超過(guo)30℃,假(jia)(jia)(jia)植(zhi)(zhi)緩苗(miao)(miao)后,使煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)處于干濕(shi)交替狀態,促進煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生根(gen),煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)進入(ru)(ru)成苗(miao)(miao)期,需水(shui)量增加,要(yao)及時(shi)澆水(shui),澆水(shui)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)在上(shang)午(wu)9-10時(shi),不(bu)要(yao)在下午(wu)澆水(shui),更不(bu)能(neng)直接用井水(shui)澆苗(miao)(miao);五是(shi)追肥(fei):苗(miao)(miao)期如果(guo)生長緩慢,應(ying)(ying)適(shi)量追肥(fei),采(cai)用煙(yan)(yan)草(cao)專用葉面(mian)肥(fei)或其它葉面(mian)肥(fei)噴施(shi),促進煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)生長;六是(shi)煉(lian)苗(miao)(miao):在移栽前(qian)5-7天(tian)(tian)開始煉(lian)苗(miao)(miao),采(cai)取控水(shui)、通風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法,使煙(yan)(yan)苗(miao)(miao)逐漸適(shi)應(ying)(ying)外界環境。
(4)整地(di)與施(shi)肥:
4.1煙(yan)地(di)選擇(ze):選擇(ze)土壤(rang)疏松、通透(tou)性(xing)強、排水(shui)良(liang)好,PH值5.5—6.5左右(you),肥力中上等的暗棕壤(rang)、河淤土地(di)塊種煙(yan),前茬最好是(shi)谷類作物或玉米茬。
4.2起(qi)壟(long)標(biao)準:發揮農機(ji)合作社的作用,利用大型機(ji)械進行(xing)深松(song)、淺翻、起(qi)壟(long)、夾肥(fei)、鎮壓(ya);壟(long)距80厘(li)(li)米(mi),壟(long)高20厘(li)(li)米(mi)-25厘(li)(li)米(mi)。提(ti)倡秋(qiu)翻整(zheng)地,達(da)到滅茬、增肥(fei)、滅菌(jun)、保墑的效果,春整(zheng)地起(qi)壟(long)必(bi)須(xu)在5月(yue)20日前(qian)完成。提(ti)倡集中連(lian)片,有利于(yu)煙水配(pei)套設施的建設。
4.3施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)原則:根據測土配方(fang)確定氮、磷、鉀(jia)比例為1:1:2,統(tong)一使用(yong)(yong)(yong)煙葉專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),以(yi)多施(shi)(shi)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為主,禁止使用(yong)(yong)(yong)人糞、尿和尿素。每畝地使用(yong)(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)100斤(jin)左(zuo)(zuo)右,餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)20-30斤(jin)。農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和70%煙草專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)打壟時(shi)做為基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)入,深度15厘(li)米左(zuo)(zuo)右;30%專(zhuan)(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)做口肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)栽(zai)煙時(shi)穴施(shi)(shi);對脫肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)煙田(tian)(tian)、長勢(shi)不齊的(de)(de)煙田(tian)(tian)及時(shi)追硝酸鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),在曬煙生長的(de)(de)中后(hou)期根據田(tian)(tian)間(jian)長勢(shi)結(jie)合病蟲(chong)害(hai)防治及時(shi)噴(pen)施(shi)(shi)葉面肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)及微量元素肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),促(cu)進(jin)煙葉生長、成熟。
(5)田間(jian)管理:
5.1移栽時(shi)間:5月20日至5月31日穆棱河沿(yan)岸高積溫區(qu)(qu)的煙田移栽全部結(jie)束(shu),低積溫區(qu)(qu)的偏遠村(cun)屯在6月5日結(jie)束(shu)。
5.2移栽(zai)密(mi)度:根據土壤肥力、地勢、種植品種、留(liu)葉(xie)數多(duo)少等(deng)因素,推(tui)行寬行窄株的種植模式(shi),規定壟(long)距80厘(li)米(mi)、株距50厘(li)米(mi),每標準畝定植1600株左右。種植密(mi)度過大(da),中下(xia)部葉(xie)片的光合作用(yong)、通風(feng)條件(jian)差,病(bing)害易發生。
5.3移(yi)栽(zai)的(de)方法:移(yi)栽(zai)時必須刨大埯(an)、捧心栽(zai)(防(fang)凍),帶水、帶肥、帶藥(yao),防(fang)治地下蟲(chong)害(hai),改變等(deng)雨栽(zai)煙的(de)傳統習慣(guan),每畝地定植10%的(de)備補(bu)苗,以便查田補(bu)苗。
5.4鏟(chan)趟(tang)(tang)方法:提倡(chang)栽(zai)后一犁(li)土,達到提高地溫保墑的效果,在小團棵(ke)期進(jin)行第二次(ci)鏟(chan)趟(tang)(tang),在大團棵(ke)期進(jin)行第三次(ci)鏟(chan)趟(tang)(tang)并及時追肥。
5.5打(da)頂(ding)抹杈(cha):及時打(da)頂(ding)抹杈(cha),合(he)理留葉,增加有效葉片(pian)(pian),大葉黃、紅(hong)巖(yan)煙、農安煙應(ying)留12-14片(pian)(pian)葉。提倡現蕾打(da)頂(ding),50%以(yi)上花(hua)蕾長(chang)(chang)到3—4厘米時,將(jiang)花(hua)蕾、花(hua)梗連同(tong)下面的3—4片(pian)(pian)小葉一起打(da)掉,使煙株(zhu)上中下葉片(pian)(pian)一樣大,煙株(zhu)成筒形(xing),有利于光(guang)合(he)作用和通風。打(da)頂(ding)后及時采用滅芽(ya)(ya)靈藥物(wu)抑芽(ya)(ya),減(jian)少(shao)煙芽(ya)(ya)的生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),促(cu)進葉片(pian)(pian)的生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)及成熟。
5.6煙(yan)水(shui)配套:曬煙(yan)主產(chan)區配備(bei)煙(yan)田(tian)水(shui)利設備(bei),以噴灌和(he)滴灌為主,達(da)到旱能灌、澇(lao)能排。有條(tiao)件(jian)的煙(yan)區在團(tuan)棵(ke)期至(zhi)旺長期進行灌溉,提高煙(yan)葉質量。
5.7病(bing)(bing)蟲害防(fang)治(zhi):采取農(nong)業綜(zong)合(he)(he)措施,合(he)(he)理進(jin)行輪作(zuo)倒茬(cha),減輕病(bing)(bing)害發生(sheng)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)輪作(zuo)方式是與玉米等禾本科(ke)作(zuo)物(wu)輪作(zuo)。加(jia)強(qiang)病(bing)(bing)蟲害預(yu)測預(yu)報,及時掌握(wo)蟲口密(mi)度,發布病(bing)(bing)蟲害預(yu)警情報;在有條件(jian)的(de)地(di)區(qu)開展統防(fang)統治(zhi)。按照農(nong)藥(yao)安全合(he)(he)作(zuo)標準(zhun)和(he)農(nong)藥(yao)合(he)(he)理使(shi)用(yong)準(zhun)則(ze)的(de)要求(qiu)進(jin)行,積極(ji)推廣生(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi),合(he)(he)理進(jin)行化學防(fang)治(zhi)。 藥(yao)劑(ji)防(fang)治(zhi)應遵循的(de)原則(ze):
a嚴(yan)格執行國家有關規(gui)定,禁止使用高(gao)毒(du)、高(gao)殘留、高(gao)生物富集性(xing)、高(gao)三致(zhi)(致(zhi)毒(du)、致(zhi)癌(ai)、致(zhi)突變)的(de)農(nong)藥及其混配農(nong)藥,不(bu)使用未核準登記(ji)的(de)農(nong)藥。
b使用藥劑防(fang)治時,要嚴(yan)格執(zhi)行國(guo)家標準中農藥合理使用準則(ze)和規定的施(shi)用藥量、施(shi)藥次數,使用經農藥殘(can)留(liu)檢測合格的農藥。
c嚴格執行農(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)殘(can)留量,使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)限次和安全間隔期。科(ke)學(xue)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa):認準病蟲(chong)害的(de)(de)種類,有針對性地(di)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥(yao),掌握(wo)病蟲(chong)害的(de)(de)發生規律,在最(zui)佳防治期及(ji)時防治;嚴格掌握(wo)農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量和方法(fa)(fa),科(ke)學(xue)合理地(di)混配農(nong)藥(yao)。
d普(pu)及科(ke)學施(shi)肥(fei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu):在曬煙(yan)生產中,增施(shi)有機肥(fei),發展(zhan)有機復(fu)合(he)(he)肥(fei),注重N、P、K肥(fei)的(de)配合(he)(he)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)。禁(jin)止(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)未經(jing)無(wu)害化處理的(de)有機肥(fei)和其他有毒肥(fei)料。肥(fei)料的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)及管理:使(shi)用(yong)(yong)商品肥(fei)料經(jing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)人(ren)員認可,或到指定的(de)肥(fei)料供(gong)應點購買。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)有機肥(fei)必(bi)須符合(he)(he)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)程中的(de)要求(qiu)。 安(an)全(quan)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)氮肥(fei)的(de)要求(qiu):根(gen)據具(ju)體情況(kuang),調整(zheng)施(shi)肥(fei)量,做到經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)(he)理的(de)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)氮肥(fei);嚴格執行氮肥(fei)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)安(an)全(quan)間隔期(qi),禁(jin)止(zhi)追施(shi)氮肥(fei);推(tui)廣“控氮、穩(wen)磷、增鉀”的(de)施(shi)肥(fei)模式。
(6)產品收獲:曬煙(yan)完全成熟時,分2-3次(ci)分層采收。
(7)生產記(ji)錄要(yao)求:要(yao)求農戶在種(zhong)植(zhi)過程中,對使(shi)(shi)用的(de)農藥、化(hua)肥(fei)的(de)名稱、劑型(xing)規(gui)格(ge)、使(shi)(shi)用方法、使(shi)(shi)用時(shi)間、每次用量、全年使(shi)(shi)用次數(shu)、末次使(shi)(shi)用時(shi)間有詳細(xi)記(ji)錄。
六.包裝標識相(xiang)關規定(ding)
(1)包裝:采用麻(ma)袋片包裝,每包凈(jing)重50公斤,用于(yu)包裝的(de)麻(ma)袋片整潔、干燥、牢固、透(tou)氣、無污染、無異味.
(2)標(biao)識(shi):標(biao)志使(shi)用(yong)人應在其產品或其包(bao)裝上統(tong)一(yi)使(shi)用(yong)農產品地理標(biao)志。
(3)運(yun)輸(shu):裝(zhuang)卸(xie)運(yun)輸(shu)中(zhong)應(ying)快運(yun)、輕裝(zhuang)輕放、運(yun)輸(shu)途中(zhong)應(ying)防暴雨淋。運(yun)輸(shu)散(san)裝(zhuang)煙時,運(yun)輸(shu)工具的底部及四周(zhou)與煙葉接觸(chu)的地方(fang)應(ying)加鋪墊(dian)物,以防機(ji)械損傷。運(yun)輸(shu)用的車輛(liang)、工具、鋪墊(dian)物、防雨設施等,應(ying)清(qing)潔(jie)、衛生、干燥、無(wu)污染、不得與其他有(you)毒有(you)害物品混裝(zhuang)混運(yun)。
(4)貯(zhu)藏:貯(zhu)存時宜在通風、陰涼、清潔衛生的場所(suo)進(jin)行(xing),堆(dui)碼整齊,防止擠壓損傷(shang),防日曬、雨淋、有毒有害物質(zhi)的污染。