江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)(han)關大樓(lou)(lou)是武(wu)漢(han)(han)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)標志性建(jian)(jian)筑之一,位于江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)(han)路和(he)沿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)大道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)匯處,左側(ce)與沿江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)大道(dao)平(ping)行,正門朝東。1861年(nian)(nian),英(ying)國政(zheng)府根據《中英(ying)天津條(tiao)約》第10款(kuan),迫使清政(zheng)府將鎮江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、九江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、漢(han)(han)口(kou)辟為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對(dui)外(wai)貿易口(kou)岸,并(bing)分(fen)設海(hai)(hai)(hai)關。漢(han)(han)口(kou)海(hai)(hai)(hai)關——江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)(han)關于1861年(nian)(nian)11月成(cheng)立(li)。1922年(nian)(nian)11月4日,江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)(han)關成(cheng)立(li)60周年(nian)(nian)時(shi),該樓(lou)(lou)舉行奠基典(dian)禮,1924年(nian)(nian)1月21日落(luo)成(cheng)。共耗銀100萬(wan)兩,由英(ying)資思九生洋行設計(ji)(ji)并(bing)監(jian)督,上海(hai)(hai)(hai)魏清記(ji)營造廠承包。這幢4層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)關大樓(lou)(lou)座(zuo)落(luo)在突(tu)出江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)段(duan),方(fang)(fang)(fang)便監(jian)視(shi)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)面(mian)活動(dong);同時(shi)巧妙(miao)地(di)構成(cheng)了這兩條(tiao)馬路的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)景(jing)(jing)。大樓(lou)(lou)占(zhan)地(di)1499平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),建(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)積4009平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),總高度46.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)頂端(duan)高出地(di)面(mian)83.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)武(wu)漢(han)(han)當時(shi)較高建(jian)(jian)筑。由英(ying)國建(jian)(jian)筑師景(jing)(jing)明(ming)設計(ji)(ji),恒(heng)紀建(jian)(jian)筑公司(si)承建(jian)(jian),1922年(nian)(nian)動(dong)工,1924年(nian)(nian)落(luo)成(cheng)。占(zhan)地(di)1400平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高約40米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)頂端(duan)高出地(di)面(mian)83.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。整個建(jian)(jian)筑具有(you)歐洲文藝復興(xing)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)流行風格。底層(ceng)主體建(jian)(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)正方(fang)(fang)(fang)形五層(ceng)結構,外(wai)墻用麻石砌筑,底墻厚約1至2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),正門有(you)兩人合抱的(de)(de)(de)麻石圓柱8根,門前的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)階(jie)有(you)23級,上面(mian)還有(you)漢(han)(han)白玉踏步5級;莊重(zhong)雄偉。底層(ceng)上為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長方(fang)(fang)(fang)形建(jian)(jian)筑。再上為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)因層(ceng)20米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高的(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou):底層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大鐘(zhong)擺砣室,二層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大鐘(zhong)機件室,三層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大鐘(zhong)時(shi)針室,上層(ceng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七個音(yin)階(jie)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)音(yin)響室。
鐘(zhong)樓的(de)(de)四面(mian)都有直徑約4米(mi)的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)面(mian),針長(chang)1.7米(mi)。晴朗天氣,十里以(yi)外可見。按刻奏樂(le)、按時打(da)點的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)聲(sheng)亦遠(yuan)播(bo)數里,解放(fang)前所(suo)奏樂(le)曲為英(ying)國(guo)女王(wang)加(jia)冕(mian)時演奏的(de)(de)《女王(wang)萬(wan)歲》 。在大(da)樓的(de)(de)奠基石(shi)上,也(ye)刻著擔任(ren)我(wo)國(guo)總(zong)稅務司職務的(de)(de)英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)安格聯的(de)(de)名(ming)字。到(dao)處(chu)都打(da)上了(le)英(ying)國(guo)殖民者(zhe)迫使我(wo)國(guo)開(kai)漢(han)口為商埠(bu)、并且牢牢控制我(wo)漢(han)口海(hai)關(當(dang)時稱江(jiang)漢(han)關)主權的(de)(de)印記。解放(fang)后,人(ren)民政府接管(guan)了(le)海(hai)關,并且正式定名(ming)為武漢(han)關,曾用《東方(fang)紅》樂(le)曲取(qu)代了(le)《女王(wang)萬(wan)歲》。江(jiang)漢(han)關大(da)樓是(shi)武漢(han)海(hai)關辦公處(chu)所(suo)。
大(da)樓(lou)臨江一側的底(di)層外(wai)墻(qiang)上,嵌有三塊(kuai)(kuai)銅牌(pai):一塊(kuai)(kuai)是揚(yang)子江技(ji)術委員(yuan)會標識的武(wu)漢(han)(han)海拔高(gao)(gao)度,字跡模糊、無法辨(bian)認;一塊(kuai)(kuai)上刻(ke)“民(min)國廿年(nian)八月十(shi)九日大(da)水(shui)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)點53.65英尺”,這(zhe)是當年(nian)漢(han)(han)口被洪(hong)水(shui)淹沒時(shi)(shi)的最(zui)高(gao)(gao)水(shui)位(wei)(wei);另一塊(kuai)(kuai)上刻(ke)“1954年(nian)8月18日下午(wu)3時(shi)(shi),最(zui)高(gao)(gao)洪(hong)水(shui)位(wei)(wei)29.73米(以(yi)吳松為零點)”,是當年(nian)武(wu)漢(han)(han)市(shi)(shi)水(shui)利局標記(ji)的那次特大(da)洪(hong)水(shui)的最(zui)高(gao)(gao)水(shui)位(wei)(wei)。在這(zhe)座大(da)樓(lou)建成(cheng)以(yi)前,江漢(han)(han)關署設在今天津(jin)路下首市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)協大(da)樓(lou)之前的英國領事館駐(zhu)地(di)。
大樓(lou)設計(ji)考慮了(le)長江水(shui)位對建筑的(de)影(ying)響,其基礎高于長江平均洪水(shui)位標(biao)高,在1931年(nian)、1954年(nian)的(de)兩次大水(shui)中,大樓(lou)受(shou)漬,而室內安然無恙(yang)。
大(da)樓(lou)的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)風格屬于文藝復(fu)(fu)興(xing)式樣,三段式構(gou)圖,中部設有典(dian)(dian)雅的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)樓(lou),鐘(zhong)樓(lou)四面(mian)(mian)裝(zhuang)有直徑4米(mi)的(de)(de)時鐘(zhong),準(zhun)點(dian)的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)聲一直構(gou)成武(wu)漢城市生活的(de)(de)一部分。花崗(gang)巖外墻(qiang),堅(jian)固壯觀,東、西、北三個立(li)面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)均有花崗(gang)石柱廊,采用科林斯(si)柱式,北面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)8根(gen)石柱直徑1.5米(mi)。江(jiang)漢關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)是武(wu)漢古典(dian)(dian)復(fu)(fu)興(xing)風格的(de)(de)典(dian)(dian)范(fan)建筑(zhu)。大(da)樓(lou)為(wei)鋼筋(jin)混凝土結(jie)構(gou),主樓(lou)4層,底(di)層為(wei)半(ban)地下(xia)室。鐘(zhong)樓(lou)亦為(wei)4層,頂(ding)端高出地面(mian)(mian)83.8米(mi),在當時是武(wu)漢三鎮的(de)(de)第二高建筑(zhu)。
大(da)樓(lou)(lou)采用鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土筏(fa)式(shi)基礎(chu)。以(yi)前(qian)武漢(han)地區較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)大(da)都是(shi)采用條石基礎(chu),自19世紀末水(shui)泥引(yin)進武漢(han),鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土亦相應(ying)引(yin)進以(yi)逐步取代條石基礎(chu)。外墻(qiang)用花崗石壘砌,大(da)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)東(dong)、西(xi)、北三方均帶花崗石廊(lang)(lang)柱(zhu),飾以(yi)變形的(de)(de)古(gu)典“科林斯”柱(zhu)頭。這(zhe)些花崗石都是(shi)湖南出(chu)產的(de)(de),上面(mian)刻有花紋(wen)線(xian)條,堅固而壯觀。尤其(qi)是(shi)面(mian)對租界區的(de)(de)北面(mian)的(de)(de)8根廊(lang)(lang)柱(zhu),高(gao)約10米(mi),直徑1.5米(mi),要兩個(ge)人才(cai)能(neng)(neng)合(he)抱(bao)過(guo)來。人們來到它的(de)(de)面(mian)前(qian),面(mian)對通向大(da)門的(de)(de)28級臺(tai)階和(he)并排而立(li)的(de)(de)廊(lang)(lang)柱(zhu),皆能(neng)(neng)感受到威嚴(yan)和(he)莊(zhuang)重。大(da)樓(lou)(lou)立(li)面(mian)設(she)計(ji)運用三段(duan)式(shi)構圖手法(fa),利(li)用鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)突出(chu)中心入(ru)口,表(biao)現古(gu)典主(zhu)義風格;墻(qiang)面(mian)、山花、窗楣和(he)入(ru)口半圓形拱門的(de)(de)處理,表(biao)現出(chu)西(xi)方文藝(yi)復興時典型的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)風格。大(da)樓(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)后面(mian),則可見它的(de)(de)南面(mian)是(shi)開口的(de)(de),使(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)物呈三合(he)院布(bu)局(ju)。這(zhe)可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)設(she)計(ji)時考慮到此(ci)面(mian)與舊市區接攘,如此(ci)設(she)計(ji)更能(neng)(neng)顯出(chu)與周邊的(de)(de)和(he)諧。
這棟大樓從二層(ceng)到四層(ceng)都建有內廊,鏤空黑色鐵欄連接著花崗石廊柱,剛與柔的反差(cha),粗與細的嵌合(he),可以說是鬼斧(fu)神工。
江漢關(guan)的(de)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)有20米高,也有4層,底層為(wei)大(da)鐘(zhong)擺砣室(shi),二(er)層為(wei)大(da)鐘(zhong)機件室(shi),三層為(wei)大(da)鐘(zhong)時針(zhen)室(shi),上層為(wei)7個音階組(zu)成的(de)音響室(shi)。鐘(zhong)樓(lou)內設(she)(she)鋼梯,拾級而上,可直(zhi)達頂層;鐘(zhong)樓(lou)的(de)外墻,四面均(jun)嵌(qian)設(she)(she)著巨大(da)鐘(zhong)面,直(zhi)徑(jing)逾3米,針(zhen)長1.7米。晴朗天(tian)氣,十里以(yi)外可見。鐘(zhong)樓(lou)上還設(she)(she)有風(feng)向儀(yi),中間(jian)鑲有一座鎏金英(ying)國(guo)帆(fan)船。整個設(she)(she)計(ji)風(feng)格是(shi)英(ying)國(guo)特(te)有的(de)形式(shi),典雅壯觀。
江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)內有不(bu)同(tong)音階的(de)大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)7個(ge),大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)美國(guo)蔡司(si)脫(tuo)斯鐘(zhong)表(biao)公司(si)制造,大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)運(yun)到武(wu)漢(han)后,由漢(han)口亨(heng)達利(li)鐘(zhong)表(biao)行安裝(zhuang)。大(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)除報時(shi)外,每一(yi)刻鐘(zhong)還奏鳴一(yi)遍英國(guo)《威斯敏斯特(te)教(jiao)堂(tang)》的(de)主旋律。鐘(zhong)聲(sheng)洪亮,傳播力和(he)穿(chuan)透力極強,即使在市(shi)面(mian)(mian)喧嚷(rang)時(shi),方圓(yuan)數里內亦可(ke)聞聽;如果在夜深人(ren)靜時(shi),三(san)鎮均可(ke)聽到它的(de)音樂和(he)鐘(zhong)聲(sheng)。在大(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)正面(mian)(mian)主樓(lou)頂(ding)端鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)著“江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)”三(san)個(ge)大(da)(da)(da)字(zi),鐵畫(hua)銀鉤,氣勢恢宏,頗為(wei)(wei)(wei)壯觀。使大(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)此增(zeng)輝。這三(san)個(ge)字(zi)出自(zi)曾任(ren)湖北省教(jiao)育廳(ting)廳(ting)長、著名書法家(jia)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)彝(yi)之(zhi)手。宗(zong)(zong)(zong)彝(yi)初(chu)習顏柳,后摹魏碑,善(shan)寫斗方,筆力遒勁,人(ren)皆(jie)視其(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)品為(wei)(wei)(wei)墨寶。為(wei)(wei)(wei)寫江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)三(san)個(ge)字(zi),他(ta)數易其(qi)稿(gao),因為(wei)(wei)(wei)那(nei)時(shi)還是繁體字(zi),“江(jiang)(jiang)”字(zi)的(de)筆劃少,“漢(han)、關(guan)(guan)”兩(liang)字(zi)筆劃多,三(san)個(ge)字(zi)難以(yi)協調(diao)。但宗(zong)(zong)(zong)彝(yi)沒有被此難住(zhu),最后他(ta)一(yi)揮而(er)就,為(wei)(wei)(wei)世人(ren)留下了千(qian)古(gu)之(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)此三(san)字(zi),江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)贈他(ta)潤筆之(zhi)資(zi)紋銀500兩(liang)。足見其(qi)字(zi)的(de)份量與珍貴。江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)的(de)選(xuan)址(zhi)可(ke)稱神來(lai)之(zhi)筆。它直(zhi)面(mian)(mian)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui),立于江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)路與沿江(jiang)(jiang)大(da)(da)(da)道的(de)交匯(hui)處,鎮守于老租界區之(zhi)南端,可(ke)北視整個(ge)租界區及其(qi)所臨江(jiang)(jiang)面(mian)(mian),南望漢(han)水(shui)的(de)入江(jiang)(jiang)口,甚(shen)至可(ke)以(yi)觀察到長江(jiang)(jiang)和(he)漢(han)水(shui)航運(yun)動靜,可(ke)謂扼三(san)鎮兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)航道之(zhi)咽喉。無(wu)論北來(lai)巨輪(lun)還是東進(jin)舟楫,都可(ke)在距武(wu)漢(han)尚遠時(shi),最先看到它的(de)身(shen)影,聽到它的(de)鐘(zhong)聲(sheng)。江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)大(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)代(dai)表(biao),聆聽過(guo)中國(guo)人(ren)民的(de)悲泣與歡歌,見證著中華民族的(de)興衰和(he)榮辱。
江漢(han)關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)著名的(de)是它高(gao)聳的(de)鐘樓(lou)和(he)大(da)鐘。大(da)樓(lou)安裝大(da)鐘起(qi)步于19世紀下半葉,1893年竣工的(de)教堂(tang)式(shi)江漢(han)關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)上安裝了一座海關(guan)大(da)鐘。
為何安裝大(da)鐘(zhong)有幾(ji)種說法,其(qi)一,1893年建造的(de)海關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)是當(dang)時外(wai)灘較高建筑物(wu),由吳淞(song)口(kou)駛入黃(huang)浦江(jiang)外(wai)國輪船(chuan),在很(hen)遠處就看到了(le)海關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)并聽(ting)到了(le)鐘(zhong)聲(sheng),很(hen)快(kuai)將進港靠泊辦理船(chuan)舶入境海關(guan)手續和(he)裝卸進出口(kou)貨物(wu),起到航標和(he)燈塔作用;其(qi)二,高聳的(de)江(jiang)漢關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)和(he)婉(wan)轉的(de)鐘(zhong)聲(sheng)給城市帶(dai)來生活立體(ti)感節奏(zou)和(he)旅(lv)游景致的(de)點綴;其(qi)三(san),江(jiang)漢關(guan)大(da)樓(lou)安裝大(da)鐘(zhong)有其(qi)歷史原因和(he)海關(guan)自身業務工(gong)作的(de)需(xu)要。
從19世(shi)(shi)紀開始(shi),海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)學習西(xi)方國(guo)家(jia)海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)以(yi)天數計算船(chuan)舶(bo)噸稅(shui)辦(ban)法,超(chao)過(guo)夜里12點鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就另(ling)加1天,由(you)于進出口(kou)船(chuan)舶(bo)來自世(shi)(shi)界各地,船(chuan)舶(bo)自備時(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)誤差(cha)很大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da),經常引起(qi)爭(zheng)議,為(wei)(wei)了(le)統一(yi)(yi)報(bao)(bao)時(shi),皆以(yi)海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)敲(qiao)點為(wei)(wei)準(zhun),1893年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江漢關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)已(yi)安裝(zhuang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),此后(hou)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粵海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、潮海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)也都安裝(zhuang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。1925年(nian)武(wu)漢投資430萬兩白銀建(jian)造(zao)新(xin)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)時(shi),稅(shui)務司和海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)監督決心(xin)重(zhong)(zhong)造(zao)一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)國(guo)較大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)、世(shi)(shi)界聞名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。兩年(nian)后(hou),大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)同時(shi)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)。海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由(you)英國(guo)Whitchurch公(gong)司設計制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao),總造(zao)價為(wei)(wei)5000多(duo)兩白銀,1927年(nian)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng),同年(nian)8月從倫(lun)敦運到上(shang)(shang)海(hai),原包裝(zhuang)木箱(xiang)連同大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共重(zhong)(zhong)6.25噸,把6噸多(duo)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)木箱(xiang)吊到72米(mi)多(duo)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)時(shi),外(wai)灘馬路(lu)行(xing)人都停步觀望之吊裝(zhuang)奇景。1928年(nian)元旦(dan)敲(qiao)響(xiang)(xiang)第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)聲(sheng),逢刻“奏威斯(si)敏斯(si)特(te)樂(le)曲(qu)”。這(zhe)座大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),亞(ya)洲名列第(di)(di)一(yi)(yi),世(shi)(shi)界名列第(di)(di)三。海(hai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)頂部(bu)為(wei)(wei)逐級收攏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)面(mian)(mian)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),每(mei)日準(zhun)確(que)、悠揚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)報(bao)(bao)時(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲(sheng)使之與南側原匯豐銀行(xing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)當(dang)時(shi)年(nian)代外(wai)灘建(jian)筑群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)建(jian)筑之一(yi)(yi)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)旗桿(gan)位置(zhi)北緯31°14’20.38,東(dong)經121°29’0.02,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)20世(shi)(shi)紀20年(nian)代上(shang)(shang)海(hai)地理位置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標志(zhi)點,同時(shi)也是(shi)外(wai)灘建(jian)筑中較高、氣(qi)派較大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)分(fen)機(ji)芯(xin)房(fang)、銅(tong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)座、旗桿(gan)臺三層。機(ji)芯(xin)房(fang)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟部(bu)分(fen),成(cheng)(cheng)百上(shang)(shang)千(qian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)齒輪(lun)互相(xiang)咬合(he),直徑(jing)超(chao)過(guo)12mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)繩代替了(le)普通鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表中精細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)。鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)繩下(xia)面(mian)(mian)連著三個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擺,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)敲(qiao)正點,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)負責(ze)走時(shi),另(ling)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)負責(ze)報(bao)(bao)刻,最大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擺重(zhong)(zhong)達1噸多(duo)。四(si)(si)周(zhou)(zhou)四(si)(si)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian),每(mei)面(mian)(mian)都用(yong)100多(duo)塊0.3-1米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)白色(se)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)化玻(bo)璃拼成(cheng)(cheng)。根據資料(liao)顯示(shi),這(zhe)種(zhong)玻(bo)璃是(shi)特(te)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),當(dang)時(shi)只(zhi)(zhi)有德國(guo)等(deng)極(ji)少數國(guo)家(jia)才(cai)能研制(zhi)(zhi)(現今(jin)中國(guo)也能制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)這(zhe)種(zhong)玻(bo)璃了(le))。每(mei)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)5.4米(mi),裝(zhuang)有自動開關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電燈72盞,晚上(shang)(shang)通體(ti)明(ming)亮,碩大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數字(zi)在幾里外(wai)也清晰可見。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紫銅(tong)分(fen)針(zhen)長3.17米(mi),重(zhong)(zhong)49公(gong)斤(jin);紫銅(tong)時(shi)針(zhen)長2.3米(mi),重(zhong)(zhong)37.5公(gong)斤(jin)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)條用(yong)0.01米(mi)粗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)組絞,長156米(mi)。每(mei)周(zhou)(zhou)開鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)條3次,每(mei)次要4人操作1小(xiao)時(shi)左(zuo)右才(cai)能完成(cheng)(cheng)(現已(yi)改為(wei)(wei)電動)。機(ji)器房(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)有1口(kou)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、4口(kou)小(xiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),每(mei)隔15分(fen)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),4口(kou)小(xiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就響(xiang)(xiang)起(qi)叮(ding)咚叮(ding)鐺之聲(sheng),每(mei)隔1小(xiao)時(shi),1個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)135公(gong)斤(jin)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)銅(tong)錘便(bian)敲(qiao)擊幾噸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),發(fa)出雄壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)響(xiang)(xiang),持續10秒左(zuo)右。
1928年1月1日凌晨1點,海關(guan)大鐘敲響(xiang)了(le)(le)第(di)一(yi)聲,一(yi)直以英(ying)國皇家(jia)名曲《威(wei)(wei)斯(si)敏(min)斯(si)特(te)(te)教(jiao)堂》報(bao)刻。武漢市政府(fu)決定必須進(jin)行“改裝”。于(yu)是鐘面(mian)的中心部分(fen)從(cong)4只(zhi)圓(yuan)圈玻璃圖案(an)變成了(le)(le)“金(jin)黃(huang)色的向(xiang)日葵”,報(bao)刻的《威(wei)(wei)斯(si)敏(min)斯(si)特(te)(te)教(jiao)堂》,改為(wei)電子打點和奏樂,鐘鈴(ling)端(duan)每邊置放12只(zhi)擴音器(qi)(qi),四面(mian)共(gong)放48只(zhi)擴音器(qi)(qi),按時(shi)向(xiang)全市播放。1986年10月英(ying)國女皇伊麗沙白(bai)二(er)世來訪,經批準,決定將(jiang)海關(guan)鐘樓(lou)恢復(fu)原狀,又從(cong)國外進(jin)口了(le)(le)相同的玻璃。滬東造船廠特(te)(te)地趕制了(le)(le)大鐘里面(mian)的鐵框架,專供拼裝一(yi)塊(kuai)塊(kuai)玻璃之用(yong),鐘面(mian)恢復(fu)原狀,機械打點也恢復(fu),,海關(guan)鐘樓(lou)又響(xiang)起(qi)了(le)(le)《威(wei)(wei)斯(si)敏(min)斯(si)特(te)(te)教(jiao)堂》樂曲。
最早的(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)大樓(lou)(lou)是(shi)1845年建(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de),被(bei)稱為“新(xin)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”、“北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”、“新(xin)北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”,也稱“江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”。江(jiang)(jiang)海北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是(shi)一幢(chuang)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國官衙式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)平(ping)面呈凹字形(xing),三進樓(lou)(lou)房,正檐翹角,歇山(shan)頂(ding),屋面上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)一座小閣。大門為牌樓(lou)(lou)式,門楣(mei)上(shang)(shang)書“江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”4個字。據(ju)說,該字出于兩(liang)(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)總督怡良(liang)之手筆。到19世紀80一90年代(dai),外(wai)灘的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)有(you)(you)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大多(duo)被(bei)翻建(jian)(jian)和重建(jian)(jian)。“江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)”與四周的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相比,顯得寒酸。1891年,江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)大樓(lou)(lou)已由英國人赫德掌權(quan),所以(yi)請(qing)英國工程師設(she)計(ji),由浦東人楊斯(si)盛的(de)(de)(de)營造廠承建(jian)(jian),于1893年上(shang)(shang)海開埠50周年時(shi)落成。新(xin)江(jiang)(jiang)海北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)沿(yan)用了舊址的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu),平(ping)面與舊關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)基本相近,為凹字形(xing),磚木(mu)結(jie)構(gou),中(zhong)(zhong)間有(you)(you)6層(ceng)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)方形(xing)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou),鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)南北(bei)(bei)兩(liang)(liang)邊各(ge)有(you)(you)假4層(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)房相對,大門兩(liang)(liang)旁圍墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)加鐵欄桿。1925年,新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)北(bei)(bei)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)再一次重建(jian)(jian),請(qing)匯豐銀行的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)者威爾遜設(she)計(ji),是(shi)年12月(yue)奠基,至1927年12月(yue)9日落成。大樓(lou)(lou)占(zhan)地面積為5722平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積為32680平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。大樓(lou)(lou)分東、西兩(liang)(liang)部(bu)分,東部(bu)面對長江(jiang)(jiang),高(gao)(gao)11層(ceng),主(zhu)體(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為8層(ceng),上(shang)(shang)面有(you)(you)3層(ceng)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)四面鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou);西部(bu)直達四川中(zhong)(zhong)路,高(gao)(gao)5層(ceng),鋼框(kuang)架(jia)結(jie)構(gou),底層(ceng)外(wai)墻(qiang)用花崗石(shi)寬縫砌就,其(qi)他各(ge)層(ceng)用金山(shan)石(shi)貼(tie)面。大門的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)為古希臘神廟(miao)形(xing)式,4根經(jing)典的(de)(de)(de)希臘多(duo)立克柱(zhu)支(zhi)撐(cheng)起龐(pang)大的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)子上(shang)(shang)端為方形(xing),雕刻花紋,給(gei)人以(yi)神圣不(bu)可侵犯的(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue)。