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泥哇嗚屬于非物質文化遺產嘛

泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚是流傳于(yu)寧夏(xia)民間的一種(zhong)自(zi)娛自(zi)樂(le)型(xing)樂(le)器，泥(ni)哇(wa)嗚是塤的一種(zhong)，2006年被(bei)列入國家級(ji)非物質文化遺(yi)產(chan)保(bao)護(hu)名(ming)錄項目(mu)。

泥哇嗚形制介紹

通(tong)體用(yong)黃膠泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)捏制而(er)成，其形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、大(da)小、音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)數量和(he)位(wei)置(zhi)各不相同(tong)。大(da)者與鵝卵近似，小者有如核桃(tao)。外形(xing)(xing)(xing)式樣有橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、棗形(xing)(xing)(xing)、魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)、桃(tao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、娃娃頭形(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛頭形(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、蝶形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)扁方形(xing)(xing)(xing)等等，不勝枚舉。一般在(zai)上端正中(zhong)開(kai)吹孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，在(zai)前(qian)、后(hou)開(kai)若干音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。如核桃(tao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)，在(zai)前(qian)面(mian)開(kai)有一個音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)；橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)，開(kai)五(wu)個音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)四后(hou)一)；魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)前(qian)開(kai)五(wu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，牛頭形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)上寬下(xia)尖，吹孔(kong)(kong)(kong)在(zai)上方中(zhong)間，音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)多(duo)為(wei)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)三(san)后(hou)一)或六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)四后(hou)二)。牛角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)，音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)多(duo)為(wei)三(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)二后(hou)一)或六孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)五(wu)后(hou)一)。蝶形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)，音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)多(duo)為(wei)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)三(san)后(hou)一)。還有一種用(yong)皮革或綿紙做(zuo)的泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)，呈扁方形(xing)(xing)(xing)，多(duo)為(wei)三(san)個音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)雖(sui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、音(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)有別，但都在(zai)兩側或底部設有小孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，拴系不同(tong)顏色的絲穗或彩(cai)珠(zhu)作為(wei)裝飾。

泥哇嗚吹奏方法

吹奏(zou)(zou)時，雙手托捧泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)，拇指(zhi)、中指(zhi)夾(jia)持，口對吹孔送氣(qi)發音(yin)，指(zhi)法各有不同，音(yin)域多為(wei)d1—a1或(huo)d1—c2。小(xiao)(xiao)者(zhe)音(yin)色(se)清(qing)脆、悠揚，大者(zhe)音(yin)色(se)渾厚、深沉。蝶形泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)兩端和牛(niu)(niu)角形泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)有些相似，外(wai)表美(mei)觀、別(bie)致，是(shi)婦女(nv)喜(xi)愛(ai)吹奏(zou)(zou)的泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)品種。牛(niu)(niu)頭形泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)在山區或(huo)農、牧(mu)(mu)區普(pu)遍使用，它既(ji)是(shi)牧(mu)(mu)民(min)和牧(mu)(mu)童喜(xi)愛(ai)的自娛性(xing)樂(le)器，又是(shi)輔助牧(mu)(mu)業生(sheng)產的工具。常用于(yu)獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)。牧(mu)(mu)民(min)多用以(yi)吹奏(zou)(zou)民(min)歌小(xiao)(xiao)調，常常是(shi)見景生(sheng)情，自編(bian)自奏(zou)(zou)。傳統樂(le)曲(qu)《蘇武牧(mu)(mu)羊(yang)》、《放牧(mu)(mu)小(xiao)(xiao)調》、《即興(xing)曲(qu)》等(deng)。當然，隨著泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)這件民(min)間(jian)樂(le)器的不斷(duan)改(gai)良，現已有不少創作樂(le)曲(qu)，如(ru)《阿哥(ge)的泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)(wu)》、《原州小(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)》和《我愛(ai)我的臺灣島(dao)》等(deng)。

改良后的泥哇嗚

經過改良的(de)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)，呈牛頭(tou)形，兩角橫(heng)于頂部，中(zhong)(zhong)空。有(you)大、中(zhong)(zhong)、小三(san)種(zhong)，分(fen)別發(fa)出高音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)、中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)和低(di)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，總音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)域f-f2，包括其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)所有(you)半音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)色古樸而明亮。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)可供獨奏的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)牛頭(tou)泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)，橫(heng)寬15厘(li)米(mi)、豎長12厘(li)米(mi)，上端(duan)正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)吹(chui)孔，開(kai)有(you)七(qi)個音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔(前六左(zuo)側一)。吹(chui)奏時，雙手虎口夾持，右手指按(an)(an)右側三(san)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔，左(zuo)手指按(an)(an)左(zuo)側四音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)孔。常演奏F、bB或(huo)C調五聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)階樂曲(qu)。整套牛頭(tou)形泥(ni)(ni)哇嗚(wu)，已用于音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)樂舞臺演出。