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泥哇嗚屬于非物質文化遺產嘛

泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚是流傳于寧夏(xia)民(min)間的一種自(zi)娛自(zi)樂型樂器，泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)嗚是塤的一種，2006年(nian)被列入(ru)國家級非(fei)物(wu)質文化遺產保護名錄項目。

泥哇嗚形制介紹

通(tong)體用黃膠泥(ni)(ni)捏(nie)制而成(cheng)，其(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀、大小、音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)數量和位(wei)置(zhi)各不(bu)相同。大者與鵝卵近似，小者有(you)如(ru)核(he)桃。外形(xing)(xing)(xing)式樣有(you)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、棗(zao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)、桃形(xing)(xing)(xing)、娃(wa)(wa)娃(wa)(wa)頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、牛角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、蝶(die)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和扁(bian)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)等等，不(bu)勝(sheng)枚舉。一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)上端(duan)正中(zhong)開吹孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)、后(hou)(hou)開若干(gan)音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。如(ru)核(he)桃形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚，在(zai)(zai)(zai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)面(mian)開有(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)；橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚，開五個(ge)音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)四后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))；魚形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚前(qian)(qian)(qian)開五孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，牛頭(tou)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚上寬下尖，吹孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)上方(fang)中(zhong)間，音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)三(san)(san)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))或六(liu)(liu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)四后(hou)(hou)二(er))。牛角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚，音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)二(er)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))或六(liu)(liu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)五后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))。蝶(die)形(xing)(xing)(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚，音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(前(qian)(qian)(qian)三(san)(san)后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi))。還有(you)一(yi)(yi)種用皮革或綿紙做的泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚，呈扁(bian)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，多(duo)為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)個(ge)音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)。泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚雖形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀、音(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)有(you)別，但都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩側或底部設有(you)小孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，拴系不(bu)同顏色的絲穗(sui)或彩珠作為(wei)(wei)裝飾。

泥哇嗚吹奏方法

吹奏時(shi)，雙手(shou)托(tuo)捧(peng)泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)，拇指(zhi)、中指(zhi)夾(jia)持，口對吹孔(kong)送氣發(fa)音(yin)，指(zhi)法各有(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，音(yin)域多(duo)為d1—a1或d1—c2。小者音(yin)色清脆、悠揚，大(da)者音(yin)色渾厚、深沉(chen)。蝶形(xing)(xing)泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)兩端(duan)和(he)牛角形(xing)(xing)泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)有(you)些相似，外表美觀、別致，是(shi)婦女喜愛吹奏的泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)品種。牛頭形(xing)(xing)泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)在山區或農、牧(mu)(mu)區普遍使用(yong)，它(ta)既(ji)是(shi)牧(mu)(mu)民(min)和(he)牧(mu)(mu)童喜愛的自(zi)娛性樂(le)器(qi)，又(you)是(shi)輔(fu)助牧(mu)(mu)業生(sheng)產的工具。常用(yong)于獨奏。牧(mu)(mu)民(min)多(duo)用(yong)以吹奏民(min)歌小調，常常是(shi)見景生(sheng)情，自(zi)編自(zi)奏。傳(chuan)統樂(le)曲《蘇武牧(mu)(mu)羊》、《放牧(mu)(mu)小調》、《即興(xing)曲》等。當然(ran)，隨著泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)這件民(min)間樂(le)器(qi)的不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)改良，現(xian)已有(you)不(bu)(bu)少創作樂(le)曲，如《阿哥(ge)的泥(ni)哇(wa)(wa)(wa)嗚(wu)(wu)》、《原州小曲》和(he)《我(wo)愛我(wo)的臺灣島》等。

改良后的泥哇嗚

經過改良(liang)的(de)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚，呈(cheng)牛(niu)(niu)頭(tou)形(xing)，兩角(jiao)橫(heng)(heng)于(yu)頂部，中(zhong)空。有(you)大、中(zhong)、小三種，分別發出(chu)高音(yin)、中(zhong)音(yin)和低(di)音(yin)，總(zong)音(yin)域f-f2，包括其(qi)中(zhong)所(suo)有(you)半音(yin)。音(yin)色(se)古樸而明亮。其(qi)中(zhong)可供獨奏的(de)中(zhong)音(yin)牛(niu)(niu)頭(tou)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚，橫(heng)(heng)寬15厘米(mi)、豎長12厘米(mi)，上(shang)端(duan)正中(zhong)開(kai)吹孔，開(kai)有(you)七個音(yin)孔(前六左側(ce)(ce)一)。吹奏時，雙手(shou)(shou)(shou)虎口夾(jia)持，右(you)手(shou)(shou)(shou)指按(an)右(you)側(ce)(ce)三音(yin)孔，左手(shou)(shou)(shou)指按(an)左側(ce)(ce)四(si)音(yin)孔。常演(yan)奏F、bB或(huo)C調(diao)五聲音(yin)階樂曲。整(zheng)套牛(niu)(niu)頭(tou)形(xing)泥(ni)(ni)哇(wa)(wa)嗚，已用于(yu)音(yin)樂舞臺演(yan)出(chu)。