一、什么是供應鏈金融
供應鏈(lian)金(jin)融是(shi)一種(zhong)金(jin)融服務,具體(ti)是(shi)指(zhi)圍(wei)繞核心企(qi)業(ye),管理上(shang)下游中小企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)資金(jin)流、物(wu)流和信息流,并把(ba)單(dan)個企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)不可控風(feng)險轉變為(wei)供應鏈(lian)企(qi)業(ye)整體(ti)的(de)(de)可控風(feng)險,通過立體(ti)獲取各類信息,將風(feng)險控制(zhi)在(zai)最低(di)的(de)(de)金(jin)融服務。
隨著社會化生產方(fang)式的不斷深入,市(shi)場競爭(zheng)已經從單(dan)一客戶之間(jian)的競爭(zheng)轉變為供應鏈與供應鏈之間(jian)的競爭(zheng),同一供應鏈內部各方(fang)相互依存,因此銀行可以(yi)為供應鏈的上下游(you)企業提供融資(zi)、貸款(kuan)等金融服務。
二、供應鏈金融的內涵是什么
供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)金融的(de)(de)內涵(han)實際上就是在(zai)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)中尋(xun)找出一個大的(de)(de)核心企(qi)業(ye),以核心企(qi)業(ye)為出發點,為供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)提(ti)供(gong)金融支持(chi):
一(yi)方(fang)面,將資金有(you)效(xiao)注入處于相對弱勢的上下游配(pei)套中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye),解決中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融(rong)資難和供應(ying)鏈失衡的問題;另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面,將銀行信用融(rong)入上下游企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的購銷行為(wei),增強其(qi)商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)信用,促(cu)進中小企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)建立長期戰略協同關系,提升供應(ying)鏈的競爭能力。
在“供應鏈金融”的(de)融資模式下,處在供應鏈上(shang)的(de)企(qi)業一旦獲得銀行(xing)(xing)的(de)支持,資金這一“臍(qi)血”注入配(pei)套企(qi)業,也就等(deng)于進入了供應鏈,從(cong)而(er)可以(yi)激活(huo)整個“鏈條”的(de)運轉;而(er)且借助銀行(xing)(xing)信(xin)用的(de)支持,還為(wei)中小企(qi)業贏得了更多(duo)的(de)商(shang)機(ji)。
三、供應鏈金融有哪幾種類型
供(gong)應(ying)鏈金融(rong)業務是千差萬別的(de),根據平臺類型的(de)不同,大致可分為(wei)以下(xia)五大類型:
1、核心企業型供應鏈金融
核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)型供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)平臺是(shi)最典型、最為(wei)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)類型,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)所說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“M+1+N”供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong),其實主(zhu)要是(shi)指基于核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)而言,核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)指產業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)者(zhe)(zhe)、組織(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)與協(xie)調者(zhe)(zhe),自(zi)身規模(mo)很(hen)大(da),對上(shang)(shang)下游有(you)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話語權和影響(xiang)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。以(yi)(yi)其為(wei)核(he)心,核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)幾乎掌(zhang)握(wo)了上(shang)(shang)下游融(rong)(rong)資(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)易數據,掌(zhang)握(wo)著鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)條(tiao)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)應(ying)收、應(ying)付(fu)賬款。基于核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye),對上(shang)(shang)游供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)商可以(yi)(yi)開展應(ying)收賬款質押融(rong)(rong)資(zi)、保理(li)業(ye)(ye)務(wu);對下游經銷商可以(yi)(yi)開展融(rong)(rong)通倉、信用貸款業(ye)(ye)務(wu)。早幾年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都是(shi)由銀(yin)行主(zhu)導(dao),核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)被動參(can)與的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式,近幾年隨著供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)展,很(hen)多核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)成立了獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技板塊(kuai),開始(shi)主(zhu)動開展供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)。核(he)心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)板塊(kuai)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由科技公司、保理(li)、小貸等非銀(yin)機構組成,同時(shi)和銀(yin)行等資(zi)金(jin)(jin)方合(he)作(zuo),為(wei)上(shang)(shang)下游提供(gong)(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服務(wu)。
2、電商平臺型供應鏈金融
除(chu)了核心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)主導的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)之外,電商平(ping)臺(tai)型(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)也(ye)是一大(da)主流(liu)。2C電商平(ping)臺(tai)發展較早,已經(jing)形(xing)成幾家(jia)壟(long)斷之勢(shi),技(ji)術方(fang)面又具(ju)有(you)優勢(shi),供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)各(ge)種模式已經(jing)比(bi)較成熟(shu)。近幾年產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)發展迅速,幾乎所有(you)主流(liu)行業(ye)(ye)都出現了一個(ge)甚至多(duo)個(ge)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺(tai),產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺(tai)以交(jiao)易、物流(liu)服(fu)(fu)務、數據服(fu)(fu)務切入(ru),有(you)一定的(de)用戶量之后,再(zai)為(wei)其客戶提供(gong)(gong)(gong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服(fu)(fu)務,供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)越(yue)來越(yue)成為(wei)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)標配。不過目前大(da)部分(fen)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)網(wang)平(ping)臺(tai)的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服(fu)(fu)務還處于初級階段,大(da)部分(fen)平(ping)臺(tai)都沒有(you)自己獨立的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)板塊,更多(duo)是引入(ru)第三方(fang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)平(ping)臺(tai),為(wei)客戶提供(gong)(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服(fu)(fu)務。本身尚未(wei)建設供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)產(chan)(chan)品體系。
3、供應鏈管理公司型供應鏈金融
供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)前(qian)身往(wang)往(wang)是貿易(yi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)或(huo)者(zhe)基礎物流服務(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)司(si),隨著(zhu)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展和客戶需(xu)求的(de)增加,逐漸演(yan)變(bian)成綜(zong)合性(xing)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)服務(wu)(wu),并衍生出(chu)金融服務(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)種類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金融業(ye)務(wu)(wu)模式(shi)往(wang)往(wang)和貿易(yi)相(xiang)結合,墊資代(dai)采和代(dai)銷(xiao)預(yu)付是主要(yao)表現(xian)形式(shi)。這(zhe)種模式(shi)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)發(fa)(fa)展很快(kuai),但是因(yin)為(wei)風(feng)險往(wang)往(wang)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)上,也容易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題,前(qian)兩年深圳有一些(xie)這(zhe)種類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)出(chu)了(le)一些(xie)風(feng)險問(wen)題。目前(qian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)方式(shi)也在(zai)轉變(bian),由原先供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)集(ji)中(zhong)授信方式(shi)改為(wei)平(ping)臺型(xing)(xing)的(de)供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金融方式(shi)。
4、物流倉儲型供應鏈金融
在之前,物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)倉儲公司(si)(si)是金(jin)融(rong)機構開(kai)展倉單類(lei)供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)的監(jian)管方,只是參與角色之一。現(xian)在越來(lai)越多的物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)倉儲公司(si)(si)自行搭(da)建了供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)平臺,利用對(dui)于(yu)(yu)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)貨物(wu)(wu)的掌握(wo),基(ji)于(yu)(yu)對(dui)貨物(wu)(wu)的控(kong)制(zhi)來(lai)實現(xian)供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong),業(ye)務(wu)(wu)模式一般是各種形式的動產(chan)質押,以及對(dui)于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)小型物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)公司(si)(si)的應(ying)收賬款融(rong)資。目前很(hen)多大型物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)公司(si)(si)都(dou)在開(kai)展供應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)。
5、資金型供應鏈金融
前面所說的(de)(de)幾類都是(shi)場景(jing)(jing)(jing)方主(zhu)導的(de)(de)供應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong),還有一(yi)大(da)類是(shi)資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方主(zhu)導的(de)(de)供應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong),包括銀行和非(fei)銀機(ji)構(gou)(gou)設(she)立(li)的(de)(de)供應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)業務(wu)板(ban)塊(kuai)和金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)科(ke)技公(gong)司。這(zhe)種平臺的(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)自帶資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),本(ben)身(shen)有貸(dai)款資質,需要對(dui)接各種場景(jing)(jing)(jing)方,給(gei)場景(jing)(jing)(jing)方的(de)(de)客戶提供融(rong)資服務(wu)。現(xian)在很多銀行,和有實力的(de)(de)非(fei)銀機(ji)構(gou)(gou),都在涉(she)足供應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)板(ban)塊(kuai),通過(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)科(ke)技手段,設(she)計金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)產品,并對(dui)接場景(jing)(jing)(jing)方的(de)(de)業務(wu)系統,通過(guo)業務(wu)交易數(shu)據+金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)機(ji)構(gou)(gou)征信數(shu)據,建立(li)風控模型(xing),實現(xian)在線(xian)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)服務(wu)。另外(wai)還有一(yi)些國企(qi),有著資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)成本(ben)的(de)(de)優勢,也在采用墊資代采的(de)(de)模式,充當資金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方的(de)(de)角色(se)。