一、什么是供應鏈金融

供應(ying)鏈金融是一種(zhong)金融服務，具(ju)體(ti)是指圍繞(rao)核心企(qi)業(ye)，管理上(shang)下游(you)中小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)資金流(liu)、物流(liu)和信息流(liu)，并把單個企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)不可(ke)控(kong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)轉變(bian)為供應(ying)鏈企(qi)業(ye)整(zheng)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)控(kong)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，通過立體(ti)獲取各類信息，將風(feng)險(xian)(xian)控(kong)制在最低的(de)(de)(de)金融服務。

隨著社會化生產方式的(de)(de)不斷深入，市(shi)場競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)已經從單一(yi)客戶之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)轉變為(wei)供(gong)應(ying)鏈與供(gong)應(ying)鏈之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)，同一(yi)供(gong)應(ying)鏈內部各方相互依(yi)存，因此(ci)銀(yin)行可以為(wei)供(gong)應(ying)鏈的(de)(de)上下游企(qi)業提供(gong)融資、貸款等金(jin)融服務(wu)。

該圖片由注冊用戶"荊湖酒徒"提供，版權聲明反饋

二、供應鏈金融的內涵是什么

供(gong)應(ying)鏈金融(rong)(rong)的(de)內涵實際(ji)上就是在供(gong)應(ying)鏈中尋找出一(yi)個大的(de)核(he)心企業(ye)，以核(he)心企業(ye)為出發點，為供(gong)應(ying)鏈提供(gong)金融(rong)(rong)支持：

一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，將資金有效注入處于相對弱勢的上下(xia)(xia)游配套中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，解(jie)決中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)融資難和供應鏈(lian)失衡的問題；另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，將銀行(xing)信(xin)用(yong)融入上下(xia)(xia)游企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的購銷行(xing)為，增(zeng)強其商業(ye)(ye)信(xin)用(yong)，促進中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)(xiao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與核心企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)建立長(chang)期戰略協同關系(xi)，提升供應鏈(lian)的競(jing)爭能力(li)。

在“供應(ying)鏈金融(rong)”的(de)融(rong)資模式下(xia)，處在供應(ying)鏈上的(de)企業一(yi)旦獲得銀行的(de)支(zhi)持，資金這一(yi)“臍血”注入(ru)配套企業，也就等于進(jin)入(ru)了(le)供應(ying)鏈，從而(er)可以(yi)激活(huo)整(zheng)個“鏈條”的(de)運轉(zhuan)；而(er)且借助銀行信(xin)用的(de)支(zhi)持，還為中(zhong)小(xiao)企業贏得了(le)更多的(de)商機。

三、供應鏈金融有哪幾種類型

供應鏈(lian)金(jin)融業務(wu)是千差萬(wan)別的，根(gen)據(ju)平臺類(lei)型的不同，大(da)致(zhi)可分(fen)為以下五大(da)類(lei)型：

1、核心企業型供應鏈金融

核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)型(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)平臺是(shi)最典(dian)型(xing)、最為常見的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)類(lei)型(xing)，一般(ban)所說的(de)“M+1+N”供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，其實主要是(shi)指(zhi)基(ji)于核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。一般(ban)而言，核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)是(shi)指(zhi)產業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)條的(de)管理者、組(zu)織者與協(xie)調者，自身(shen)規模很大(da)，對上下(xia)游(you)(you)有較強(qiang)的(de)話語(yu)權(quan)和(he)影響(xiang)力的(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)。以(yi)其為核心(xin)(xin)(xin)，核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)幾(ji)乎掌(zhang)握了上下(xia)游(you)(you)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)交易數據，掌(zhang)握著鏈(lian)條上的(de)所有應收、應付賬款(kuan)。基(ji)于核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，對上游(you)(you)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應商可(ke)以(yi)開展(zhan)應收賬款(kuan)質押融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)、保(bao)理業(ye)(ye)務(wu)；對下(xia)游(you)(you)經銷商可(ke)以(yi)開展(zhan)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通(tong)倉、信用(yong)貸款(kuan)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)。早幾(ji)年的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一般(ban)都是(shi)由銀行主導(dao)，核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)被(bei)動參與的(de)方(fang)式，近幾(ji)年隨著供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)快速發展(zhan)，很多(duo)核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)成立(li)了獨立(li)的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)科技(ji)板塊(kuai)，開始主動開展(zhan)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)。核心(xin)(xin)(xin)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)板塊(kuai)一般(ban)由科技(ji)公司、保(bao)理、小(xiao)貸等非(fei)銀機構組(zu)成，同時和(he)銀行等資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)合(he)作(zuo)，為上下(xia)游(you)(you)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)服務(wu)。

2、電商平臺型供應鏈金融

除(chu)了核心企業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)導的供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)之外，電商平臺(tai)型(xing)供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)也是(shi)一大(da)主(zhu)流。2C電商平臺(tai)發(fa)展較早(zao)，已經(jing)形成(cheng)(cheng)幾(ji)家壟斷之勢，技術方面又具有優勢，供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)各種模式已經(jing)比(bi)較成(cheng)(cheng)熟。近幾(ji)年產業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯網發(fa)展迅速，幾(ji)乎所(suo)有主(zhu)流行業(ye)(ye)(ye)都出現了一個(ge)甚至多(duo)個(ge)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯網平臺(tai)，產業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯網平臺(tai)以交易、物(wu)流服(fu)(fu)務、數據服(fu)(fu)務切入(ru)，有一定的用戶量之后，再為其客(ke)戶提供金(jin)(jin)融(rong)服(fu)(fu)務，供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)越來越成(cheng)(cheng)為產業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯網平臺(tai)的標配(pei)。不過(guo)目前大(da)部分產業(ye)(ye)(ye)互(hu)聯網平臺(tai)的金(jin)(jin)融(rong)服(fu)(fu)務還處于初(chu)級階段，大(da)部分平臺(tai)都沒(mei)有自己(ji)獨(du)立(li)的供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)板塊，更多(duo)是(shi)引入(ru)第三方供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)平臺(tai)，為客(ke)戶提供供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)服(fu)(fu)務。本身尚未(wei)建設供應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)融(rong)產品體系。

3、供應鏈管理公司型供應鏈金融

供(gong)應鏈管理公(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)前(qian)(qian)身(shen)往往是(shi)貿易(yi)公(gong)司(si)(si)或(huo)者基礎物流服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)司(si)(si)，隨著業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)發展和客(ke)戶需求的(de)增加，逐漸演變(bian)成綜合(he)性供(gong)應鏈服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，并衍生出金融(rong)(rong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)類型的(de)供(gong)應鏈金融(rong)(rong)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)模式(shi)(shi)往往和貿易(yi)相結合(he)，墊資(zi)代采(cai)和代銷預付是(shi)主要表現(xian)形式(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)模式(shi)(shi)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)發展很快，但(dan)是(shi)因為(wei)風(feng)險往往集中在供(gong)應鏈管理公(gong)司(si)(si)上，也容易(yi)出現(xian)問(wen)(wen)題，前(qian)(qian)兩(liang)年深圳有一些這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)類型的(de)公(gong)司(si)(si)出了(le)一些風(feng)險問(wen)(wen)題。目(mu)前(qian)(qian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)方式(shi)(shi)也在轉(zhuan)變(bian)，由原先供(gong)應鏈管理公(gong)司(si)(si)集中授(shou)信方式(shi)(shi)改為(wei)平臺型的(de)供(gong)應鏈金融(rong)(rong)方式(shi)(shi)。

4、物流倉儲型供應鏈金融

在之前，物(wu)流(liu)倉儲公(gong)(gong)司是(shi)(shi)金融(rong)機構開(kai)展(zhan)倉單類(lei)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)業務的監(jian)管方(fang)，只是(shi)(shi)參與角(jiao)色之一。現在越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的物(wu)流(liu)倉儲公(gong)(gong)司自行(xing)搭建(jian)了供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)平臺(tai)，利用對于(yu)物(wu)流(liu)貨物(wu)的掌握(wo)，基于(yu)對貨物(wu)的控制來(lai)實現供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)，業務模式一般是(shi)(shi)各種形式的動產(chan)質(zhi)押，以(yi)及對于(yu)中小型物(wu)流(liu)公(gong)(gong)司的應(ying)(ying)收(shou)賬款(kuan)融(rong)資。目(mu)前很多大型物(wu)流(liu)公(gong)(gong)司都在開(kai)展(zhan)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金融(rong)業務。

5、資金型供應鏈金融

前面所說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)類都是場(chang)(chang)景(jing)方(fang)(fang)主導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)，還有一大類是資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)主導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)，包括銀(yin)行(xing)和非銀(yin)機(ji)(ji)構設(she)(she)立的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)業務(wu)(wu)板塊和金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技公司。這種平臺的(de)(de)(de)特點是自帶資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，本身有貸款資(zi)質，需(xu)要對接(jie)各種場(chang)(chang)景(jing)方(fang)(fang)，給場(chang)(chang)景(jing)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)客戶提(ti)供(gong)(gong)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)服務(wu)(wu)。現在(zai)很多銀(yin)行(xing)，和有實力(li)的(de)(de)(de)非銀(yin)機(ji)(ji)構，都在(zai)涉(she)足供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)板塊，通過(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技手段，設(she)(she)計金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)產品，并對接(jie)場(chang)(chang)景(jing)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)業務(wu)(wu)系統，通過(guo)業務(wu)(wu)交易數(shu)據+金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機(ji)(ji)構征信數(shu)據，建立風(feng)控模型，實現在(zai)線的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服務(wu)(wu)。另(ling)外還有一些國企，有著(zhu)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)優勢，也在(zai)采用墊資(zi)代(dai)采的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)，充(chong)當資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)角色。