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歷史淵源

作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種地方傳統特產。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)種蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)歷史悠久，五(wu)代(dai)梁(liang)龍德初（公元921年），金鐃山報國(guo)寺前已有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)（為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)八景之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)）。清代(dai)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)白(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已名(ming)(ming)聞遐(xia)邇。尤以(yi)產于西(xi)(xi)門外(wai)池(chi)的“西(xi)(xi)門蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)品(pin)，自古屬朝廷貢(gong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。據(ju)民國(guo)《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣志(zhi)》載：“西(xi)(xi)門外(wai)池(chi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百口(kou)，種蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。池(chi)旁遍植桃(tao)李，春夏花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)，游人絡繹不(bu)絕。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)歲產約千斤，為(wei)(wei)(wei)吾國(guo)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。”“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)偶生(sheng)(sheng)相連曰蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。嫩極(ji)鮮，老(lao)則為(wei)(wei)(wei)干。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)入藥(yao)補脾。邑種蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多處，以(yi)西(xi)(xi)門為(wei)(wei)(wei)最(zui)上(shang)品(pin)，水(shui)南次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，水(shui)東(dong)又次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)較(jiao)他邑產者(zhe)，均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)天淵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)判。”陸機(ji)詩(shi)疏云：“其莖(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)荷(he)(he)。其花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)未發為(wei)(wei)(wei)菡萏，已發為(wei)(wei)(wei)芙蕖。其實蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮青(qing)里(li)白(bai)，其子(zi)菂，菂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殼(ke)青(qing)肉白(bai)，菂內青(qing)心為(wei)(wei)(wei)苦(ku)薏。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)常偶生(sheng)(sheng)，不(bu)偶不(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)，故根曰藕(ou)。節生(sheng)(sheng)二莖(jing)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)藕(ou)荷(he)(he)，其葉(xie)貼水(shui)，其下(xia)(xia)旁行生(sheng)(sheng)藕(ou)也；一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)芰荷(he)(he)，其葉(xie)出水(shui)，其旁莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也。其葉(xie)清明(ming)后生(sheng)(sheng)，五(wu)六月開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)、白(bai)、粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)三色。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)心有(you)(you)(you)黃須，蕊長寸余(yu)(yu)(yu)，須內即蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)褪蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)房成(cheng)菂，菂在(zai)房如蜂在(zai)窠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀。六七月采嫩者(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)食，脆美。至秋，房枯(ku)子(zi)黑(hei)，其堅如石(shi)，謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)。八九月收之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，去黑(hei)殼(ke)，謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)肉。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盡，握(wo)藕(ou)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，藕(ou)白(bai)有(you)(you)(you)孔、有(you)(you)(you)絲，大者(zhe)如臂(bei)。紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多藕(ou)劣，白(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)少(shao)藕(ou)佳。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)白(bai)者(zhe)香，紅(hong)(hong)者(zhe)艷。千葉(xie)者(zhe)不(bu)結(jie)子(zi)。”在(zai)南鄉長吉(ji)保(bao)有(you)(you)(you)“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)”。志(zhi)載“池(chi)廣(guang)十余(yu)(yu)(yu)畝，盡種荷(he)(he)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)開(kai)時(shi)紅(hong)(hong)英碧葉(xie)，水(shui)光掩映，香風撲鼻，最(zui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)勝境(jing)。”在(zai)東(dong)鄉（現溪源鄉）有(you)(you)(you)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)塘峰的地名(ming)(ming)，“峰下(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)仙舍(she)，相傳僧人早在(zai)“天池(chi)”種蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)十余(yu)(yu)(yu)畝而得(de)名(ming)(ming)。”1989年版《辭海》上(shang)冊1322頁(ye)將“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”列為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)名(ming)(ming)貴(gui)特產。我國(guo)古代(dai)名(ming)(ming)著《紅(hong)(hong)樓夢》第(di)10回和第(di)52回關于“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)記敘。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)自產出便為(wei)(wei)(wei)宮廷貴(gui)人們(men)喜愛(ai)，于是(shi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)優質白(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直是(shi)貢(gong)品(pin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。“建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”外(wai)觀粒大飽滿，圓潤潔白(bai)，色如凝脂，具有(you)(you)(you)稍燉(dun)即熟，久煮(zhu)不(bu)散，湯汁清甜，香醇爽口(kou)，營養豐富的特點，放入剛(gang)沖(chong)開(kai)水(shui)的保(bao)溫瓶中，半小時(shi)就熟。民間一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)向把建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)(ming)貴(gui)的滋補品(pin)，深(shen)受人們(men)珍愛(ai)。

生產情況

新(xin)中國成立以(yi)前，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)的(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子種(zhong)植面(mian)積(ji)很(hen)小，產(chan)(chan)量也(ye)很(hen)低，到解放(fang)前夕(xi)，已瀕于(yu)(yu)絕(jue)種(zhong)狀態。解放(fang)后，黨(dang)和(he)政府(fu)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)極為重(zhong)視(shi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)得到迅速恢復(fu)。但在(zai)(zai)十年(nian)浩劫的(de)(de)文化(hua)大革命(ming)時期，蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花仙子也(ye)難逃厄運(yun)，被摧殘得奄(yan)奄(yan)一(yi)息，1972年(nian)全縣(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子產(chan)(chan)量只(zhi)有22擔，不到1950年(nian)的(de)(de)三分之一(yi)。黨(dang)的(de)(de)十一(yi)屆三中全會如(ru)春風化(hua)雨，建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)機勃發(fa)，1980年(nian)全縣(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子面(mian)積(ji)由民國33年(nian)（1944）的(de)(de)285畝增(zeng)至2311畝，1985年(nian)擴大到53077畝，總產(chan)(chan)196.28萬(wan)公斤，創(chuang)歷(li)史(shi)最(zui)高(gao)紀錄，面(mian)積(ji)分別為1950年(nian)、1978年(nian)的(de)(de)226.38倍(bei)和(he)102.55倍(bei)。1994年(nian)以(yi)來，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣(xian)委(wei)、縣(xian)政府(fu)堅持(chi)以(yi)市場為導向，因地(di)制(zhi)宜地(di)調整農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)布(bu)局，實(shi)行稻蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)輪作(zuo)套作(zuo)，開展科技興蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，致(zhi)力于(yu)(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)提(ti)純復(fu)壯和(he)優化(hua)栽培、配方(fang)施肥，并采取“多種(zhong)穩糧促蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)扶持(chi)措(cuo)施,妥善解決糧蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)爭地(di)的(de)(de)矛盾，不斷(duan)調整農(nong)業(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)結構，使得建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)這一(yi)傳統(tong)名貴特(te)(te)產(chan)(chan)得以(yi)展延蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鄉方(fang)圓(yuan)百里(li)，種(zhong)植區域(yu)從解放(fang)初期的(de)(de)十幾個村(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)展到鄉鄉、村(cun)(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)(cun)、戶(hu)戶(hu)大面(mian)積(ji)種(zhong)植，現年(nian)種(zhong)植面(mian)積(ji)穩定在(zai)(zai)5萬(wan)畝左(zuo)右，年(nian)產(chan)(chan)量均在(zai)(zai)2300噸以(yi)上，成為福(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省最(zui)大的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)出口創(chuang)匯基地(di)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)特(te)(te)色農(nong)業(ye)的(de)(de)“金(jin)牌”和(he)農(nong)民致(zhi)富的(de)(de)支柱(zhu)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)。

種植品種

中國荷花品種(zhong)有(you)三(san)大類，即藕用蓮(lian)、子(zi)用蓮(lian)和觀賞(shang)蓮(lian)，其中以(yi)生(sheng)產蓮(lian)子(zi)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)稱子(zi)蓮(lian)。子(zi)蓮(lian)類中，著名的(de)有(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)、湘(xiang)蓮(lian)、湖蓮(lian)、贛蓮(lian)等。建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)所種(zhong)的(de)蓮(lian)為(wei)子(zi)蓮(lian)，出產的(de)蓮(lian)子(zi)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)（建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)通(tong)心白蓮(lian)）（以(yi)下簡稱建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)）。建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)屬睡(shui)蓮(lian)科多年生(sheng)水生(sheng)草本植物，系金鐃山紅花蓮(lian)與白花蓮(lian)的(de)天然雜(za)交(jiao)種(zhong)，經建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧(ning)世代蓮(lian)農人工栽(zai)培(pei)、精心選育保存(cun)下來的(de)優(you)良品種(zhong)，歷史上建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)被(bei)譽(yu)為(wei)“蓮(lian)中極品”，歷代被(bei)列(lie)入(ru)進貢(gong)珍品，古稱“貢(gong)蓮(lian)”。

品質特征

建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)鮮果百(bai)粒(li)重(zhong)(zhong)370-—380g，通心白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)百(bai)粒(li)重(zhong)(zhong)125g左右，百(bai)粒(li)芽胚(pei)重(zhong)(zhong)4g。根據分析(xi)，一百(bai)克蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子肉，含(han)蛋(dan)白質17g，維生素(su)b1、b2、c共18.4g，胡蘿卜素(su)17.8g，棉子糖(tang)、黃心樹(shu)寧堿和碳水(shui)化合物(wu)40多g，還含(han)有(you)比較(jiao)豐富的(de)鈣、磷、鐵等(deng)人體必需(xu)的(de)元素(su)。福建(jian)(jian)省農業科學(xue)院中(zhong)心實(shi)驗(yan)室檢測(ce)，建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)富含(han)17種氨基酸(suan)，達16.4%，其微量(liang)元素(su)比一般(ban)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子高(gao)出2-3倍(bei)。1987年(nian)科學(xue)出版社出版，中(zhong)國(guo)科學(xue)院武漢植物(wu)的(de)國(guo)內第一部《中(zhong)國(guo)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)》專著中(zhong)，建(jian)(jian)寧紅花建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)為優質子蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)，營(ying)養成份分析(xi)儀測(ce)定結果：淀粉(fen)含(han)量(liang)42.8%,總糖(tang)含(han)量(liang)17%，還原糖(tang)含(han)量(liang)1.2%，蛋(dan)白質含(han)量(liang)19.56%,含(han)油量(liang)2%；含(han)天(tian)冬氨酸(suan)、蘇氨酸(suan)、絲氨酸(suan)、谷(gu)氨酸(suan)、甘氨酸(suan)、丙氨酸(suan)、酪(lao)氨酸(suan)、苯(ben)丙氨酸(suan)、賴氨酸(suan)、組氨酸(suan)、精氨酸(suan)、脯氨酸(suan)等(deng)15種總含(han)量(liang)15.79%。

藥用功效

建(jian)蓮用(yong)途廣(guang)泛，渾身是(shi)寶，具有補脾、養心益腎(shen)、壯陽、固精等攻效，主治脾虛(xu)泄(xie)瀉、多夢遺精，崩帶漏下等癥，是(shi)極好的養心安神(shen)高級滋補品，一向馳(chi)名(ming)中外，為歷屆(jie)廣(guang)交會熱門貨，此外，蓮葉、蓮梗也是(shi)清暑解(jie)熱的常用(yong)中藥(yao)，蓮花、蓮房、蓮芯、蓮須均可入藥(yao)。明代李(li)時珍在(zai)《本草綱目》中對(dui)蓮的通身藥(yao)用(yong)價(jia)值有很高的評(ping)價(jia)。

產地環境

建寧位于閩(min)西北、武夷(yi)山脈(mo)中段，地處東經116°30′18″-117°03′49″，北緯26°32′23″—27°06′19″，面積1718平方(fang)公里(li)。縣境東接泰寧，南鄰明溪、寧化(hua)，西北與江西的廣(guang)昌、南豐、黎川三(san)縣毗鄰，是由(you)閩(min)入贛的主要門戶(hu)之一，是福建母親河閩(min)江的正源頭(tou)。

建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卓異，源以(yi)(yi)得(de)天(tian)(tian)獨厚的(de)(de)自然環境、傳統的(de)(de)栽培技術(shu)和精(jing)細的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)技藝(yi)。建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣志云：建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)秀山麗水(shui)(shui)，玉潤流(liu)馨，季泉(quan)(quan)道道，十里蒸菖，極(ji)為(wei)(wei)旖旎。尤以(yi)(yi)西(xi)門(men)蓮(lian)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)土條件(jian)為(wei)(wei)優越(yue)。建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)地處武夷山脈中段，全(quan)境西(xi)北(bei)低、東(dong)南高(gao)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)向西(xi)北(bei)傾斜的(de)(de)高(gao)海拔“鍋(guo)底”，日(ri)夜溫差大，利(li)于蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)結實；縣境內地質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)礦(kuang)帶(dai)多含(han)稀土元素(su)、鉀長石等(deng)，利(li)于蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光合作用(yong)，積累養分；且森(sen)林茂密，地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位高(gao)，泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)潔(jie)，故建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優良(liang)。精(jing)心栽培、適時采(cai)取，精(jing)細加(jia)工(gong)，也是(shi)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地優良(liang)的(de)(de)重要因(yin)素(su)。建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)絕大多數在(zai)水(shui)(shui)田(tian)栽培，也有利(li)用(yong)池塘栽種，均以(yi)(yi)采(cai)收(shou)蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)主要目的(de)(de)。每(mei)年春分后(hou)栽種藕苗，七月下(xia)旬蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)，七至九月分批采(cai)收(shou)加(jia)工(gong)，到秋分采(cai)收(shou)結束，共可采(cai)17道。采(cai)摘蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)要在(zai)晴天(tian)(tian)清(qing)晨太陽(yang)未(wei)照射之前，采(cai)收(shou)的(de)(de)蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)要當(dang)天(tian)(tian)加(jia)工(gong)，先去掉蓮(lian)蓬(peng)，破開蓮(lian)殼，剝(bo)去蓮(lian)膜，用(yong)竹簽捅去蓮(lian)心，接著(zhu)用(yong)專用(yong)的(de)(de)烤(kao)(kao)籠加(jia)炭火焙(bei)烤(kao)(kao)，這幾(ji)道工(gong)序，要在(zai)幾(ji)十秒(miao)內完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。蓮(lian)農說：“做蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)如繡花(hua)，手上功夫大”。稍有疏忽就會減(jian)損(sun)色(se)澤的(de)(de)潔(jie)白，加(jia)工(gong)好(hao)的(de)(de)蓮(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)則用(yong)有內套的(de)(de)紡織或鐵皮箱盛(sheng)好(hao)，不與(yu)異味(wei)的(de)(de)食品并貯，以(yi)(yi)保持其味(wei)之清(qing)香。