離子(zi)交換水(shui)處(chu)理(li)
離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)是(shi)指采用離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji),使交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)中和水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)液(ye)中可(ke)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)生符合等(deng)物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量規(gui)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan),導致(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)改善(shan)而交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)并不(bu)發(fa)生實質(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(化學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)式。在這(zhe)種(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)式中,只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陽(yang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)參(can)(can)與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陽(yang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li);只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)參(can)(can)與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li);既(ji)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陽(yang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)參(can)(can)與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陽(yang)、陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)。由(you)于原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)千(qian)差萬別(bie),而對出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求又多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣,所以有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多(duo)種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)及(ji)某組合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法,采用這(zhe)些水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法而使原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)軟化、除堿(jian)和除鹽。離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)中參(can)(can)與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)鈉離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)Na+時,此方(fang)(fang)法稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)鈉(Na)型(xing)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)法,此交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)鈉(Na)型(xing)陽(yang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji),相類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),有(you)(you)(you)(you)氫(H)型(xing)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)法及(ji)氫(H)型(xing)陽(yang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)等(deng)。
鈉型離子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)法(fa)是(shi)工業鍋爐(lu)給(gei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)最通用的一種水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)方法(fa)。當原水(shui)(shui)(shui)經過鈉型離子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)劑時,水(shui)(shui)(shui)中的Ca2+、Mg2+等陽離子(zi)與(yu)交換(huan)(huan)劑中的Na+進(jin)行交換(huan)(huan),降低了水(shui)(shui)(shui)的硬度,使水(shui)(shui)(shui)質得到軟化(hua)(hua),故這種方法(fa)又稱為(wei)鈉離子(zi)交換(huan)(huan)軟化(hua)(hua)法(fa)。
(1)再生過程
在鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)過(guo)程(cheng)中,當(dang)軟水出現了(le)硬度,且殘(can)留硬度超過(guo)水質標準規(gui)定時(shi),則認為鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)已經(jing)失效(xiao)。為了(le)恢復其(qi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)力(li),就需(xu)要(yao)對交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)進行再生(或還原)。再生過(guo)程(cheng)是使含有(you)大量(liang)鈉(na)(na)離(li)子(zi)的(de)氯化鈉(na)(na)(NaCl)溶液通(tong)過(guo)失效(xiao)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)劑(ji)層恢復其(qi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)能(neng)力(li)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。
此時,鈉離子又被離子交換(huan)(huan)劑所吸著,而(er)交換(huan)(huan)劑中的鈣、鎂(mei)離子被置(zhi)換(huan)(huan)到溶液中去。鈉型(xing)離子交換(huan)(huan)劑的再生過程可用(yong)如(ru)下反應式表示(shi):
CaR2 + 2NaCl——2NaR + CaCl2
MgR2 + 2NaCl——2NaR + MgCl2
生產中(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(NaCl)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)作為再(zai)(zai)生劑(ji)。因(yin)為食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)比較容(rong)易(yi)得到,而(er)且再(zai)(zai)生過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)形成的(de)(de)(de)產物(CaCl2、MgCl2)是可溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性(xing)鹽(yan)(yan)類,很容(rong)易(yi)隨再(zai)(zai)生液(ye)排出去。再(zai)(zai)生用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan),大都采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鹽(yan)(yan),其中(zhong)(zhong)雜質含量不(bu)宜過(guo)多(duo),食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)需澄清過(guo)濾后使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。通常(chang)認(ren)為,10%食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)硬度不(bu)應(ying)(ying)超過(guo)40mmol/L,懸浮物不(bu)應(ying)(ying)大于2%。離子交換劑(ji)再(zai)(zai)生時,一般要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)經(jing)過(guo)澄清的(de)(de)(de)8~10%的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)。總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)生接觸(chu)時間(jian)隨離子交換樹(shu)脂交聯度的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同而(er)變化(hua),對于一般交聯度7%左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)酸性(xing)苯乙烯系(xi)陽離子交換樹(shu)脂,再(zai)(zai)生劑(ji)和樹(shu)脂總(zong)的(de)(de)(de)接觸(chu)時間(jian)最低應(ying)(ying)保證45min 以上。
(2)交換過程
碳(tan)酸(suan)鹽硬(ying)度(du)(暫硬(ying))軟化(hua)過程:
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaR——CaR2 + 2NaHCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaR——MgR2 + 2NaHCO3
非碳酸鹽硬度(永硬)軟化過程:
CaSO4 + 2NaR——CaR2 + Na2SO4
CaCl2 + 2NaR——CaR2 + 2NaCl
MgSO4 + 2NaR——MgR2 + Na2SO4
MgCl2 + 2NaR——MgR2 + 2NaCl
也可以用綜合(he)上(shang)述反應(ying)式(shi)(shi)的離(li)子式(shi)(shi)表示(shi):
Ca2+ + 2NaR——CaR2 + 2Na+
Mg2+ + 2NaR——MgR2 + 2Na+