自(zi)然生態環境(jing)和人文歷史(shi)因(yin)素
樟(zhang)樹(shu)市(shi)(shi)地處亞熱(re)帶濕潤(run)季(ji)風(feng)氣候分布區,四季(ji)分明,光熱(re)水資源豐(feng)富。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)17.7℃,年(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)1710.7毫米,年(nian)(nian)日照為1718.2小時,無(wu)霜期273天左右。樟(zhang)樹(shu)市(shi)(shi)屬贛江下(xia)游沖積平(ping)原區,境內以平(ping)原低丘為主,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)多為紅壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、水稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)呈微(wei)酸性,PH值(zhi)為4.6-6.0,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中礦物(wu)質營養豐(feng)富,富含磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵(tie)、銅、鉬等微(wei)量(liang)元素,土(tu)(tu)(tu)層厚度≥25cm,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機質含量(liang)≥1.0%。樟(zhang)樹(shu)獨特(te)的地域(yu)環境孕育了樟(zhang)樹(shu)花生獨特(te)的品質。
地域范圍
樟(zhang)樹地(di)(di)處江西中(zhong)部,跨贛(gan)江中(zhong)游兩岸(an),東鄰豐(feng)城、南接新(xin)干、西毗新(xin)余(yu)、北連高(gao)安。樟(zhang)樹花生地(di)(di)域保(bao)護范圍為張家山街(jie)(jie)道辦(ban)事(shi)處、經樓鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、劉公廟鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、臨江鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、洲(zhou)上鄉、吳城鄉、昌付鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、黃(huang)土崗鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、中(zhong)洲(zhou)鄉、義成鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、觀上鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大橋街(jie)(jie)道辦(ban)事(shi)處、店下鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、閣(ge)山鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、永(yong)泰鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、洋湖(hu)鄉、江西省雙(shuang)金(jin)園藝場(chang)、樟(zhang)樹市試驗林場(chang)、樟(zhang)樹市園藝場(chang)等共計19個鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(街(jie)(jie)道辦(ban)事(shi)處)場(chang)。保(bao)護范圍位于東經115°06′33″至(zhi)(zhi)115°42′23″,北緯(wei)27°49′07″至(zhi)(zhi)28°09′15″之間(jian)。保(bao)護面積(ji)1.02萬公頃,年產量(liang)4.13萬噸。
產品品質特性(xing)特征(zheng)
(1)外(wai)在(zai)感官特征(zheng):樟樹(shu)花(hua)生果形(xing)中小,呈繭形(xing),莢(jia)果整齊(qi)飽滿,果殼薄(bo)、網紋淺,以雙(shuang)仁(ren)果為主,出仁(ren)率高(gao)。樟樹(shu)花(hua)生仁(ren)飽滿、種皮薄(bo)、淺紅色,口(kou)感細膩,食味香(xiang)甜。
(2)內在品質指標:蛋白(bai)質總含(han)(han)量(liang)≥28%;純(chun)仁率≥70%;脂(zhi)肪酸組分中:軟脂(zhi)酸含(han)(han)量(liang)≥12%,硬脂(zhi)酸≤4%,油酸含(han)(han)量(liang)≥46%,亞(ya)油酸含(han)(han)量(liang)≥33%,亞(ya)麻酸≥1.0%。
(3)質量安(an)全(quan)(quan)要(yao)求(qiu):樟樹花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)質量符合(he)GB/T1532《花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)》的要(yao)求(qiu);產(chan)(chan)地環(huan)(huan)境符合(he)NY/T5010《無(wu)公害(hai)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)種植業產(chan)(chan)地環(huan)(huan)境條件》的要(yao)求(qiu),并隨標(biao)準(zhun)修改變更而(er)更新;質量安(an)全(quan)(quan)控(kong)制(zhi)符合(he)NY/T2798.2《無(wu)公害(hai)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)質量安(an)全(quan)(quan)控(kong)制(zhi)技術規范第(di)2部分:大田(tian)作物(wu)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)》的要(yao)求(qiu)。
五(wu).特(te)定生產方式
(1) 耕(geng)田選(xuan)擇與(yu)整(zheng)理(li):①選(xuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di):選(xuan)擇地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦,無重金屬污(wu)染,耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)層(ceng)深(shen)25cm以(yi)上,有(you)機質含(han)量(liang)不低(di)于1.0%的紅壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)、沙壤地(di)(di)(di)(di)。冬(dong)至前合(he)理(li)深(shen)耕(geng),深(shen)度一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)為25~30cm,如(ru)果連作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)可2~3年深(shen)翻1次。整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)要(yao)求達到土碎、地(di)(di)(di)(di)面平(ping)整(zheng),上虛下實。地(di)(di)(di)(di)膜覆(fu)蓋栽培應(ying)按壟距85~90cm,溝寬30cm,壟面寬55~60cm,壟高10-13cm起(qi)壟。②輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)換茬:與(yu)蔬(shu)菜、大豆、油菜等其(qi)它作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)進行輪(lun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)換茬,有(you)利于增強花(hua)生品質和(he)抗(kang)病能力(li)。(2)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei):樟樹花(hua)生施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)要(yao)根據地(di)(di)(di)(di)力(li)和(he)對產量(liang)水平(ping)的要(yao)求而定。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)地(di)(di)(di)(di)力(li)水平(ping),按產量(liang)300kg/667平(ping)方米計算,施(shi)(shi)腐熟(shu)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)1000kg左右、尿(niao)素10~15kg、復合(he)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)15kg、鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)10kg、磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)50kg。有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)和(he)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)以(yi)底(di)施(shi)(shi)為主,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)冬(dong)耕(geng)底(di)施(shi)(shi),化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)春耙時底(di)施(shi)(shi)。花(hua)生生產期間除施(shi)(shi)葉面肥(fei)(fei)(fei)以(yi)外(wai),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)不需要(yao)追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)其(qi)他肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料。
(3)種(zhong)子處理:留(liu)種(zhong)時選留(liu)果(guo)大飽滿、色澤鮮艷的花(hua)生果(guo),播(bo)種(zhong)前去(qu)除病、癟、小粒(li)(li)和(he)破損粒(li)(li)及變色粒(li)(li),保證(zheng)種(zhong)子發芽率在95%以上。播(bo)前帶殼(ke)曬種(zhong)1~2天(tian),曬種(zhong)后在播(bo)種(zhong)前10~15天(tian)剝殼(ke)。
(4)播(bo)種(zhong):樟樹花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)一般為(wei)春播(bo),生(sheng)育期120天(tian)左右,4月土(tu)溫(wen)穩定在12℃以(yi)上即(ji)可播(bo)種(zhong)。按照“肥地宜稀,薄(bo)地宜密”的原則。樟樹花(hua)(hua)生(sheng)種(zhong)植密度以(yi)2.0~2.2萬(wan)株(zhu)/667平方米為(wei)宜,在此(ci)范圍內密度越(yue)大產(chan)量越(yue)高。整好地后,采用人工條播(bo)或(huo)機(ji)播(bo)。一般播(bo)深5~7cm,每(mei)穴(xue)2粒(li),行距28~33cm。
(5)田間管(guan)理:①查苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)補種:苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)全(quan)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)齊是(shi)花(hua)生增產的基礎,出苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)要及時(shi)(shi)查苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),發現(xian)(xian)有(you)缺苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)現(xian)(xian)象及時(shi)(shi)催芽(ya)(ya)補種。②清(qing)棵蹲苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao):露(lu)地(di)種植苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)齊時(shi)(shi)清(qing)棵,用(yong)小鋤把(ba)幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)基部的土(tu)挖開(kai),使(shi)兩(liang)片(pian)子葉和(he)胚芽(ya)(ya)露(lu)出土(tu)外(wai),促進第一、二對(dui)側枝早生快發。③水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)管(guan)理:花(hua)生種植后(hou)的4~6月(yue)多為梅雨(yu)季節,雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較多,應注意開(kai)溝排水(shui)(shui)(shui);花(hua)針期(qi)和(he)結(jie)莢(jia)期(qi)遇(yu)干旱(han),應及時(shi)(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui)。生長后(hou)期(qi)遇(yu)干旱(han)也要及時(shi)(shi)澆水(shui)(shui)(shui),防(fang)(fang)止黃曲霉發生。④中耕(geng)除(chu)草:苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)齊后(hou),結(jie)合(he)中耕(geng)進行(xing)除(chu)草。露(lu)地(di)花(hua)生在盛花(hua)期(qi)前中耕(geng)3次,原則(ze)是(shi)頭(tou)遍淺(qian)、二遍深、三(san)遍細(xi)。⑤防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)病(bing)蟲害:以“預防(fang)(fang)為主,綜合(he)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”為原則(ze)。病(bing)蟲害防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嚴格執行(xing)GB4285《農藥(yao)安全(quan)使(shi)用(yong)標準》和(he)GB/T8321《農藥(yao)合(he)理使(shi)用(yong)準則(ze)》規定。
(6)收(shou)獲、貯(zhu)藏(zang)及(ji)包(bao)裝:8月中、下(xia)旬,花生(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)實(shi)成熟即可收(shou)獲。地膜覆蓋收(shou)前15天揭(jie)膜,并清除殘膜,避免污染(ran)。收(shou)獲后及(ji)時曬干入(ru)庫,確保不霉變(bian)。花生(sheng)(sheng)貯(zhu)藏(zang)、運輸場地、設備必須具備安全(quan)衛生(sheng)(sheng)、無污染(ran)條件。包(bao)裝材料必須符合國家有關標準,包(bao)裝物上(shang)應標明產地、規格、凈重量和包(bao)裝日(ri)期等。