興慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是唐長安(an)城(cheng)三(san)大(da)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)群(三(san)大(da)內:太極宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、大(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、興慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong))之一,稱(cheng)為“南內”。位于長安(an)外郭東城(cheng)春明門內。興慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)內建(jian)(jian)有興慶(qing)殿(dian)(dian)、南熏殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)同殿(dian)(dian)、勤政(zheng)務本樓(lou)(lou),花萼相輝樓(lou)(lou)和(he)沉(chen)香亭等建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)。
唐(tang)代(dai)的興慶宮范圍,東(dong)至(zhi)今(jin)仁厚莊(zhuang)與理工大西部,西至(zhi)今(jin)興慶西路(lu),南至(zhi)今(jin)咸寧西路(lu)中段,北至(zhi)今(jin)東(dong)關(guan)長樂坊路(lu)南,今(jin)遺址開辟有興慶宮公(gong)園(yuan)。
興慶宮(gong)是(shi)(shi)唐玄宗(zong)做藩王時期的府邸,唐玄宗(zong)登基后大(da)規模擴建,成為(wei)長安城(cheng)三大(da)內(nei)之(zhi)一;是(shi)(shi)唐玄宗(zong)開(kai)元(yuan)、天寶時代的中(zhong)國(guo)政治中(zhong)心(xin)所在,也是(shi)(shi)他與愛(ai)妃楊玉環長期居住(zhu)的地方。
天寶十(shi)五年(755年)安(an)史之(zhi)(zhi)亂之(zhi)(zhi)后,興慶宮(gong)(gong)失去(qu)了政治活動(dong)中心的(de)地位,成為太上皇或(huo)太后閑居(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)所,大多數時間為太后等后宮(gong)(gong)常駐之(zhi)(zhi)地。唐末長安(an)城被毀,興慶宮(gong)(gong)便(bian)從(cong)此被廢棄。
唐玄宗即位之初(chu),標榜廉潔、勤儉(jian),所以這一時期(qi)他在興(xing)慶宮(gong)建(jian)造的(de)幾座宮(gong)殿(dian)與(yu)大明宮(gong)相比,規模并不(bu)大。興(xing)慶宮(gong)歷經擴建(jian),宮(gong)城占(zhan)地東西(xi)(xi)1080米,南(nan)(nan)北1250米,總(zong)占(zhan)地達(da)2016畝。興(xing)慶宮(gong)平面(mian)為長方形,布局一反(fan)宮(gong)城布局的(de)慣例(li),將朝廷與(yu)御(yu)苑的(de)位置顛倒過來,由一道(dao)東西(xi)(xi)墻分隔成北部的(de)宮(gong)殿(dian)區(qu)和南(nan)(nan)部的(de)園(yuan)林(lin)區(qu)。興(xing)慶宮(gong)四周共設有(you)六處城門(men)(men),正門(men)(men)興(xing)慶門(men)(men)在西(xi)(xi)垣(yuan)偏北處,西(xi)(xi)垣(yuan)偏南(nan)(nan)有(you)金明門(men)(men);東垣(yuan)與(yu)興(xing)慶門(men)(men)相對為金花門(men)(men),東南(nan)(nan)隅為初(chu)陽門(men)(men);
北(bei)宮(gong)垣(yuan)(yuan)居中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)躍(yue)龍(long)門(men);南(nan)(nan)垣(yuan)(yuan)居中(zhong)外垣(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)通(tong)(tong)陽(yang)門(men)、內垣(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)明光門(men)。朝會正殿(dian)(dian)興(xing)慶殿(dian)(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)群位于興(xing)慶門(men)內以北(bei),建(jian)筑(zhu)群坐北(bei)朝南(nan)(nan),前部有大(da)同(tong)門(men),門(men)內左右為(wei)(wei)鐘、鼓(gu)樓,其后為(wei)(wei)大(da)同(tong)殿(dian)(dian),再后為(wei)(wei)正殿(dian)(dian)興(xing)慶殿(dian)(dian),最(zui)后為(wei)(wei)交泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)。北(bei)門(men)躍(yue)龍(long)門(men)內中(zhong)軸(zhou)線上,正殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)薰(xun)殿(dian)(dian),宮(gong)城東(dong)北(bei)部有新(xin)射殿(dian)(dian)、金花(hua)落等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)。南(nan)(nan)部的園林區(qu)以龍(long)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心,池(chi)(chi)東(dong)西(xi)長915米(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬214米(mi),池(chi)(chi)東(dong)北(bei)岸有沉(chen)香亭和百(bai)花(hua)園,南(nan)(nan)岸有五龍(long)壇(tan)、龍(long)堂,西(xi)南(nan)(nan)有花(hua)萼(e)相(xiang)輝(hui)樓、勤政務本樓等(deng)。池(chi)(chi)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)發(fa)掘出(chu)17處(chu)建(jian)筑(zhu)遺址(zhi),文獻所記(ji)花(hua)萼(e)相(xiang)輝(hui)樓、勤政務本樓等(deng)大(da)概就分布在這一帶。相(xiang)傳(chuan)龍(long)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)曾大(da)量種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)荷(he)花(hua)、菱角和各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)藻類(lei)(lei)的隱華植(zhi)物,池(chi)(chi)南(nan)(nan)岸還種(zhong)(zhong)有可解酒性的醒醉草。東(dong)宮(gong)垣(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)側有夾墻復(fu)道與大(da)明宮(gong)、芙蓉園相(xiang)通(tong)(tong)。 宮(gong)內出(chu)土裝飾(shi)瓦件種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)甚多,僅蓮花(hua)紋瓦當即有73種(zhong)(zhong),又有黃綠兩(liang)色琉(liu)璃滴水(shui)。
唐代(dai)興慶(qing)(qing)宮 興慶(qing)(qing)宮,位于唐代(dai)長安(an)城東(dong)門(men)春明門(men)內,屬于長安(an)外郭(guo)城的興慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang)(隆慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang)),原系唐玄宗(zong)登基(ji)前的藩(fan)邸(di)。 沿革(ge)李(li)隆基(ji)作為藩(fan)王時(shi),與(yu)其(qi)兄(xiong)宋王等同(tong)住在長安(an)繁華(hua)地帶東(dong)市附近并(bing)有(you)園林景勝的隆慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang),號稱“五王子(zi)宅(zhai)”。
先天元(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)712年(nian)),李隆基登上(shang)皇帝寶座,是為唐玄(xuan)宗(zong)(唐明皇),為避其名諱而將隆慶(qing)坊改名興慶(qing)坊。
開(kai)元(yuan)二年(nian)(公元(yuan)714年(nian)),將(jiang)其同父異(yi)母的(de)四(si)位兄弟的(de)府(fu)邸遷往(wang)興慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang)以西、以北(bei)的(de)鄰坊(fang),將(jiang)興慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang)全(quan)坊(fang)改為(wei)興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong)。 開(kai)元(yuan)八年(nian)(720),在興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong)西南部建成花萼(e)相輝樓和勤政(zheng)務本樓。
開元十四年(726),興(xing)慶(qing)宮建造朝堂并擴大范圍,將(jiang)北(bei)側永(yong)嘉坊(fang)的(de)南(nan)半(ban)部和(he)西側勝業坊(fang)的(de)東半(ban)部并入(ru)。 開元十六年(728)經擴建,正(zheng)式成為玄(xuan)宗聽政之所,號稱“南(nan)內”。
開元二十年(732),在外郭(guo)城東垣增筑了一道夾城,使得皇家可以從興慶(qing)宮直接與大明宮、曲江池(chi)相通。后來(lai)在興慶(qing)宮南側又(you)增筑了一道夾城。
開元(yuan)二(er)十年(nian)至二(er)十四年(nian)(732~736),向西擴建花萼相(xiang)輝樓。
天寶十年(751),在(zai)興慶(qing)殿(dian)后增建(jian)交泰殿(dian)。
天寶十二年(753),維修宮垣。
1955年,國務院決定(ding)交(jiao)通(tong)大學(xue)由上海(hai)西(xi)遷到西(xi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)市(shi),這是(shi)黨中央的重大決策。陜(shan)西(xi)省、西(xi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)市(shi)的領導(dao)無疑是(shi)十分重視的。省市(shi)領導(dao)幫助交(jiao)大選擇了(le)在(zai)(zai)古長安(an)(an)(an)(an)的唐(tang)興(xing)慶宮(gong)遺(yi)址(zhi)的南面建設(she)交(jiao)通(tong)大學(xue)。與此(ci)同(tong)時(shi),西(xi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)市(shi)政府(fu)決定(ding)在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)興(xing)慶宮(gong)的遺(yi)址(zhi)上,建立西(xi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)市(shi)較大的公(gong)園——興(xing)慶公(gong)園。這真(zhen)是(shi)珠聯璧合(he),把培(pei)養(yang)現代高科技知(zhi)識(shi)人才的高等學(xue)府(fu)交(jiao)通(tong)大學(xue)與盛唐(tang)時(shi)代的文化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)興(xing)慶宮(gong)綜合(he)在(zai)(zai)一起。
1957年,陜西省(sheng)文物管理委員會對(dui)興(xing)慶宮做了比較全面的考古(gu)勘察。
1958年初,中國科學院考古(gu)研究(jiu)所協(xie)助西安市(shi)文物管(guan)理委員會,進(jin)行了以西南部建筑(zhu)遺址(zhi)為(wei)主的發掘,配合“興慶公園”建設,清理出十七座建筑(zhu)遺址(zhi)。
1958年春天(tian),西(xi)安(an)市決定動工建設興(xing)慶(qing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園,公(gong)(gong)(gong)園占(zhan)地48.6公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。開渠引水,挖湖(hu)疊山,植樹種花,根據(ju)歷史遺跡,興(xing)建亭(ting)臺樓閣(ge),如沉香亭(ting)、南薰閣(ge)、花萼(e)相輝樓等等。全(quan)市黨政軍(jun)民(min)學(xue),男女老(lao)少,踴躍參加興(xing)慶(qing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園義(yi)務勞動累計達(da)17萬人次。交大人與西(xi)安(an)市各(ge)界人民(min)一起,多次參加勞動 。