興(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong)是唐長安城三(san)大(da)宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)群(qun)(三(san)大(da)內(nei):太極宮(gong)、大(da)明宮(gong)、興(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong))之(zhi)一(yi),稱為“南內(nei)”。位(wei)于長安外郭東(dong)城春明門內(nei)。興(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong)內(nei)建有興(xing)慶(qing)殿(dian)(dian)、南熏殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)同殿(dian)(dian)、勤政務(wu)本樓(lou),花萼相輝樓(lou)和沉香亭等(deng)建筑物(wu)。
唐代的(de)興慶宮(gong)(gong)范圍(wei),東(dong)(dong)至今(jin)仁厚莊與理工大西部(bu),西至今(jin)興慶西路,南至今(jin)咸寧西路中(zhong)段(duan),北至今(jin)東(dong)(dong)關長樂坊路南,今(jin)遺(yi)址開辟有興慶宮(gong)(gong)公(gong)園(yuan)。
興慶宮是唐玄宗(zong)做藩王(wang)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)府邸,唐玄宗(zong)登基后(hou)大(da)(da)規模擴建,成(cheng)為長安城三大(da)(da)內之一(yi);是唐玄宗(zong)開(kai)元、天寶時(shi)代的(de)中(zhong)國政治中(zhong)心所在,也(ye)是他與愛妃楊玉(yu)環長期(qi)居(ju)住的(de)地方。
天寶十五年(755年)安(an)史之(zhi)亂之(zhi)后,興慶宮(gong)失去了政治活動(dong)中心的地位,成為太上皇或太后閑居之(zhi)所,大多數時間為太后等后宮(gong)常駐之(zhi)地。唐末長安(an)城被毀,興慶宮(gong)便從此被廢棄。
唐(tang)玄宗即位(wei)(wei)之初(chu)(chu),標榜廉潔、勤儉,所以這一時期他在興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)造的幾座(zuo)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)與(yu)大(da)明宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相(xiang)比,規模并不(bu)大(da)。興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷經(jing)擴(kuo)建(jian),宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)占(zhan)地東西(xi)1080米,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)1250米,總占(zhan)地達2016畝。興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平面(mian)為長(chang)方形,布局一反宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)布局的慣例,將朝廷與(yu)御苑的位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)顛倒過來,由一道東西(xi)墻(qiang)分隔成北(bei)部的宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)區(qu)和南(nan)(nan)部的園林(lin)區(qu)。興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四周共設(she)有六處(chu)(chu)城(cheng)門(men)(men),正門(men)(men)興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)門(men)(men)在西(xi)垣(yuan)偏北(bei)處(chu)(chu),西(xi)垣(yuan)偏南(nan)(nan)有金(jin)明門(men)(men);東垣(yuan)與(yu)興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)門(men)(men)相(xiang)對為金(jin)花(hua)門(men)(men),東南(nan)(nan)隅為初(chu)(chu)陽門(men)(men);
北(bei)宮垣居中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)躍龍(long)門;南(nan)(nan)(nan)垣居中(zhong)外垣為(wei)(wei)通陽門、內(nei)(nei)垣為(wei)(wei)明光(guang)門。朝會正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)建筑群(qun)位于興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)門內(nei)(nei)以(yi)北(bei),建筑群(qun)坐北(bei)朝南(nan)(nan)(nan),前部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)同(tong)門,門內(nei)(nei)左(zuo)右(you)為(wei)(wei)鐘、鼓(gu)樓(lou),其(qi)后為(wei)(wei)大(da)同(tong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),再(zai)后為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)興(xing)(xing)慶(qing)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),最后為(wei)(wei)交泰殿(dian)(dian)(dian)。北(bei)門躍龍(long)門內(nei)(nei)中(zhong)軸線上,正(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)(nan)薰(xun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),宮城東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)新射殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、金(jin)花落等建筑。南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)的(de)園林區以(yi)龍(long)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心,池(chi)東(dong)西長(chang)915米,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬214米,池(chi)東(dong)北(bei)岸有(you)(you)(you)沉(chen)香亭和百(bai)花園,南(nan)(nan)(nan)岸有(you)(you)(you)五龍(long)壇、龍(long)堂,西南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)(you)(you)花萼相輝樓(lou)、勤(qin)政務本樓(lou)等。池(chi)西南(nan)(nan)(nan)發掘出17處建筑遺址(zhi),文獻(xian)所(suo)記花萼相輝樓(lou)、勤(qin)政務本樓(lou)等大(da)概就(jiu)分(fen)布在這一帶。相傳龍(long)池(chi)中(zhong)曾大(da)量種(zhong)植荷花、菱角和各(ge)種(zhong)藻類的(de)隱華植物(wu),池(chi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)岸還(huan)種(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)可解酒性的(de)醒(xing)醉草。東(dong)宮垣東(dong)側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)夾墻復道(dao)與大(da)明宮、芙蓉園相通。 宮內(nei)(nei)出土裝飾瓦件種(zhong)類甚(shen)多,僅蓮花紋瓦當即有(you)(you)(you)73種(zhong),又有(you)(you)(you)黃綠兩色琉璃滴(di)水。
唐(tang)代興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong) 興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong),位于(yu)唐(tang)代長(chang)(chang)安城東門春明門內,屬(shu)于(yu)長(chang)(chang)安外郭城的(de)興慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang)(隆慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang)),原系唐(tang)玄宗登(deng)基前的(de)藩邸。 沿革李隆基作(zuo)為藩王(wang)(wang)時,與其兄宋王(wang)(wang)等(deng)同住(zhu)在長(chang)(chang)安繁華地(di)帶東市附近并有(you)園林景勝(sheng)的(de)隆慶(qing)(qing)坊(fang),號稱“五王(wang)(wang)子(zi)宅”。
先天元年(公(gong)元712年),李隆(long)基登上皇帝寶座,是為唐玄宗(唐明皇),為避(bi)其名諱而將隆(long)慶(qing)坊(fang)(fang)改(gai)名興慶(qing)坊(fang)(fang)。
開元二年(公元714年),將(jiang)(jiang)其同父異母的四位兄弟的府邸(di)遷往(wang)興(xing)慶坊(fang)以西、以北的鄰坊(fang),將(jiang)(jiang)興(xing)慶坊(fang)全(quan)坊(fang)改(gai)為興(xing)慶宮。 開元八年(720),在興(xing)慶宮西南部(bu)建(jian)成花萼相(xiang)輝樓和勤(qin)政務(wu)本樓。
開(kai)元十(shi)四年(nian)(726),興慶宮建造(zao)朝堂并擴大范圍,將北側(ce)永嘉坊(fang)的南半部和西側(ce)勝業(ye)坊(fang)的東半部并入。 開(kai)元十(shi)六年(nian)(728)經擴建,正(zheng)式(shi)成為(wei)玄宗聽政之所(suo),號稱(cheng)“南內”。
開元二十年(732),在(zai)外郭(guo)城(cheng)東垣增(zeng)筑了一道(dao)夾(jia)城(cheng),使(shi)得皇家可以從興(xing)慶宮(gong)直接與(yu)大明宮(gong)、曲江池相通。后來在(zai)興(xing)慶宮(gong)南側又增(zeng)筑了一道(dao)夾(jia)城(cheng)。
開元二十年至(zhi)二十四(si)年(732~736),向西擴(kuo)建花萼相輝樓。
天寶十年(751),在興慶殿(dian)后增(zeng)建交泰殿(dian)。
天寶十二年(753),維(wei)修宮(gong)垣。
1955年,國務(wu)院(yuan)決定(ding)交(jiao)通大學(xue)由上海西遷(qian)到(dao)西安(an)(an)市(shi),這是黨中(zhong)央的(de)重(zhong)大決策(ce)。陜西省、西安(an)(an)市(shi)的(de)領導無疑(yi)是十分重(zhong)視的(de)。省市(shi)領導幫助交(jiao)大選擇(ze)了在古(gu)長安(an)(an)的(de)唐興(xing)(xing)慶宮遺址的(de)南面建設交(jiao)通大學(xue)。與(yu)此同時(shi),西安(an)(an)市(shi)政府(fu)決定(ding)在唐興(xing)(xing)慶宮的(de)遺址上,建立西安(an)(an)市(shi)較大的(de)公(gong)園——興(xing)(xing)慶公(gong)園。這真是珠聯璧合(he)(he),把培(pei)養現代高科技知識人才的(de)高等學(xue)府(fu)交(jiao)通大學(xue)與(yu)盛(sheng)唐時(shi)代的(de)文化遺址興(xing)(xing)慶宮綜合(he)(he)在一起。
1957年(nian),陜西(xi)省文物管理委員會對(dui)興慶(qing)宮(gong)做(zuo)了比較(jiao)全面的考古勘察。
1958年初,中國(guo)科學院(yuan)考古研究所(suo)協助西安市文物管理委(wei)員會(hui),進行(xing)了以西南部(bu)建筑遺址為主的(de)發掘(jue),配合“興慶公園”建設,清理出(chu)十七座建筑遺址。
1958年春天(tian),西(xi)安市(shi)決定動工(gong)建(jian)設(she)興慶公園,公園占地48.6公頃(qing)。開渠引水(shui),挖湖疊山,植樹(shu)種花(hua),根據歷史遺跡,興建(jian)亭(ting)臺樓(lou)閣,如(ru)沉香亭(ting)、南薰(xun)閣、花(hua)萼相輝樓(lou)等(deng)等(deng)。全市(shi)黨政軍民學,男女(nv)老少,踴躍(yue)參(can)加興慶公園義(yi)務(wu)勞動累計達17萬人次。交大人與西(xi)安市(shi)各界人民一起,多次參(can)加勞動 。