成都(dou)平原史前城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)包括四川省(sheng)成都(dou)新津縣(xian)龍(long)馬鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)寶墩(dun)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、郫都(dou)區(qu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)鄲縣(xian)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、溫(wen)江區(qu)萬春鎮的(de)(de)魚鳧古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、都(dou)江堰市青城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)芒城(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、崇州市上元(yuan)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)河(he)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)及燎原鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)紫竹古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)等,是(shi)迄今所知中國(guo)西南地區(qu)發現年(nian)代(dai)早、規模(mo)大、分布密(mi)集的(de)(de)史前城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)群,年(nian)代(dai)距今約4500~4000年(nian)左右(you)。
成(cheng)都平原(yuan)史前城址是四(si)川考(kao)古(gu)學上(shang)一(yi)次全新(xin)的發現和突破。對于建立(li)四(si)川地區新(xin)石器時代(dai)到青(qing)銅時代(dai)的文(wen)化發展序列(lie)、探索長江上(shang)游地區文(wen)明起源等問題具有重要的學術價(jia)值。
2001年,成都平(ping)原史前城址被國務院公布為第五(wu)批(pi)全國重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位(wei)。
位干四川(chuan)(chuan)省成都(dou)(dou)市(shi)新津縣(xian)城西北的(de)(de)龍(long)馬(ma)鄉寶(bao)墩(dun)(dun)村(cun),地(di)形奇特,在一馬(ma)平(ping)川(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)綠色沃野上凸現出一圈不(bu)規則(ze)的(de)(de)脊(ji)梁似的(de)(de)黃(huang)土埂(geng)子(zi)。埂(geng)內(nei)阡(qian)陌縱橫,溝渠交錯。溝底和兩(liang)側往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)發(fa)現一些散碎(sui)的(de)(de)磚(zhuan)瓦(wa)(wa)器(qi)物。1995年,成都(dou)(dou)市(shi)文物考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究所、四川(chuan)(chuan)大學考(kao)(kao)古(gu)系及日(ri)本早稻(dao)田大學聯(lian)合對寶(bao)墩(dun)(dun)村(cun)進行考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘,經(jing)四個月發(fa)掘后確(que)認,黃(huang)土埂(geng)子(zi)圈起(qi)的(de)(de)地(di)方是距今約四、五千年的(de)(de)古(gu)城遺址,散碎(sui)的(de)(de)磚(zhuan)瓦(wa)(wa)器(qi)物是蜀地(di)先民早在四、五千年前(qian)就(jiu)進入文明的(de)(de)物證(zheng),比三(san)星堆和金沙遺址年代還要早,屬成都(dou)(dou)平(ping)原古(gu)蜀文明的(de)(de)早階段。
寶墩古城遺(yi)(yi)址系龍山(shan)時代古城遺(yi)(yi)址,對(dui)探索長江上游地區的(de)文明起源有著極為重要的(de)意義,是繼廣漢三(san)星堆藏(zang)坑之后,四川地區又一重要發現,在中(zhong)外考古界引(yin)起了轟(hong)動,并在1996 年全國十大考古新發現中(zhong)排名第三(san)。
地處成都(dou)平原腹心地帶的郫(pi)都(dou)區古城(cheng)(cheng)鄉,當地老百姓(xing)傳說為三國(guo)蜀漢丞相(xiang)諸葛亮(liang)養(yang)馬的“養(yang)馬城(cheng)(cheng)”。城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)平面(mian)呈長方形(xing),城(cheng)(cheng)垣長650、寬(kuan)(kuan)500米(mi)(mi),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)32.5萬平方米(mi)(mi);城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)中部發現(xian)有(you)(you)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)達550平方米(mi)(mi)的禮儀性(xing)建(jian)筑。文化(hua)層(ceng)堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)有(you)(you)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代晚(wan)期(qi)、漢代和(he)(he)宋代三個(ge)時期(qi)的堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)。以(yi)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代晚(wan)期(qi)文化(hua)層(ceng)豐富,厚達80厘米(mi)(mi),可分上、下(xia)兩層(ceng)。城(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)(you)房址(zhi),房址(zhi)地面(mian)起建(jian),呈方形(xing),挖(wa)基槽,作木骨泥墻(qiang)。出土遺物(wu)主要是(shi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)。下(xia)層(ceng)夾砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)(he)泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)多半,上層(ceng)則(ze)以(yi)夾砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)為主,褐(he)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)多見,灰陶(tao)(tao)(tao)較少,紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)繩紋(wen)、方格紋(wen)、戳印紋(wen)為主,器(qi)(qi)形(xing)以(yi)外折(zhe)沿花邊口罐、盤口形(xing)器(qi)(qi)、喇叭高頸(jing)罐、寬(kuan)(kuan)折(zhe)沿深腹罐為常見,也(ye)有(you)(you)少量(liang)帶耳(er)器(qi)(qi),另有(you)(you)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)均磨制(zhi),有(you)(you)斧、錛、鑿等(deng)。
城址(zhi)位于溫(wen)江區萬(wan)春鎮魚(yu)(yu)鳧(fu)村,當地(di)(di)(di)老百(bai)姓傳說是古蜀王魚(yu)(yu)鳧(fu)的(de)都(dou)邑所(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di),習稱“魚(yu)(yu)鳧(fu)城”。城址(zhi)呈平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈不規則的(de)六邊形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)40萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)。經調查(cha)、鉆探,了解到(dao)城垣(yuan)呈西北至東(dong)南(nan)向,南(nan)垣(yuan)長(chang)約(yue)600米(mi);東(dong)垣(yuan)呈外(wai)弧形(xing),長(chang)440米(mi),西垣(yuan)長(chang)370米(mi),東(dong)北垣(yuan)長(chang)280米(mi),城址(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)2萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)。南(nan)垣(yuan)東(dong)端一(yi)處現存高3.5、頂寬15.5、腳寬30米(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)建于臺地(di)(di)(di)邊緣(yuan),墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)構筑方法為(wei)斜坡堆(dui)筑形(xing)式,墻(qiang)(qiang)下(xia)有(you)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)小(xiao)(xiao)卵(luan)石(shi)層(ceng)(ceng),可能為(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)。墻(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)側也有(you)卵(luan)石(shi)與土層(ceng)(ceng)相間(jian)的(de)層(ceng)(ceng)位。系人工所(suo)為(wei)。城址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)發現新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)晚期(qi)、漢代(dai)和唐代(dai)三個時期(qi)文化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng),以(yi)(yi)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)文化(hua)堆(dui)積(ji)豐富,集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)城址(zhi)的(de)東(dong)部和北部。所(suo)出陶器(qi)以(yi)(yi)夾砂褐(he)陶為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),夾砂灰陶、泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質灰陶和泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質褐(he)陶較少,還有(you)少量(liang)黑(hei)皮陶。夾砂陶多見繩紋(wen)(wen)裝飾(shi),另有(you)少量(liang)戳(chuo)印紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)圈(quan)足上的(de)鏤孔(kong)(kong);泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質陶主(zhu)(zhu)要飾(shi)戳(chuo)印紋(wen)(wen)、附加泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)條上戳(chuo)印、篦(bi)劃平(ping)(ping)行線紋(wen)(wen)、水(shui)波紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)少量(liang)弦紋(wen)(wen)和瓦棱紋(wen)(wen)。以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底器(qi)器(qi)底施旋轉(zhuan)樣繩紋(wen)(wen)有(you)特色。器(qi)形(xing)以(yi)(yi)夾砂花邊口(kou)(kou)罐(guan)(guan)、小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底假圈(quan)足敞口(kou)(kou)罐(guan)(guan),泥(ni)(ni)(ni)(ni)質喇叭口(kou)(kou)高領(ling)罐(guan)(guan)、寬折沿罐(guan)(guan)為(wei)代(dai)表。還有(you)少量(liang)盤口(kou)(kou)形(xing)器(qi)和帶耳器(qi),其中(zhong)(zhong)圈(quan)足器(qi)較獨特,石(shi)器(qi)以(yi)(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),多為(wei)磨制,主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)錛(ben)、斧、鑿和穿孔(kong)(kong)石(shi)器(qi)。
城(cheng)(cheng)址位(wei)于都江(jiang)堰市青城(cheng)(cheng)鄉芒城(cheng)(cheng)村,當地老(lao)百姓(xing)俗稱“芒城(cheng)(cheng)子”,傳說為(wei)明末張獻(xian)忠于匆(cong)忙(mang)中修(xiu)建的“忙(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)”。城(cheng)(cheng)址平面呈不規則的長方(fang)形(xing)(xing),為(wei)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)雙圈城(cheng)(cheng)墻,內(nei)(nei)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)墻間(jian)有壕溝(gou),面積(ji)約12萬平方(fang)米。城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)堆積(ji)有新石器時代(dai)(dai)和宋代(dai)(dai)兩大時期的文化層。以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)新石器時代(dai)(dai)文化層為(wei)主(zhu),可分5層,遺物以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)陶(tao)(tao)器為(wei)主(zhu),還有一(yi)定(ding)數(shu)量(liang)的石器。陶(tao)(tao)器種類較少,制(zhi)法以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)手制(zhi)加慢輪修(xiu)整為(wei)主(zhu),泥質陶(tao)(tao)所占比重(zhong)較大,陶(tao)(tao)色多(duo)(duo)紅褐和橙黃色,灰陶(tao)(tao)相對較少,陶(tao)(tao)質較軟,代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)性(xing)器物有喇叭(ba)口(kou)高頸(jing)罐、寬折沿(yan)(yan)盆(pen)和寬折沿(yan)(yan)罐、器蓋及少量(liang)帶柄圈足(zu)豆(dou)。器表(biao)(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)素(su)面為(wei)主(zhu),紋(wen)(wen)飾中主(zhu)要見兩三道平行(xing)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)及由劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)組(zu)合成的幾(ji)何(he)紋(wen)(wen)、少量(liang)凹(ao)弦(xian)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)。夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)中以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)褐內(nei)(nei)灰或內(nei)(nei)黑陶(tao)(tao)居多(duo)(duo),紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)繩紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu),另有戳印(yin)紋(wen)(wen),器形(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)外(wai)折沿(yan)(yan)紋(wen)(wen)唇花(hua)邊口(kou)罐和圈足(zu)器為(wei)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao),還有一(yi)定(ding)數(shu)量(liang)的盤口(kou)形(xing)(xing)器。石器均磨制(zhi),有斧、錛、鑿。
城(cheng)址位于(yu)崇(chong)州市上(shang)元(yuan)鄉芒(mang)城(cheng)村雙河場,當地(di)俗稱(cheng)“下芒(mang)城(cheng)”。古城(cheng)面積約(yue)15萬(wan)平方(fang)米(mi),城(cheng)址基本呈正(zheng)南北方(fang)向,城(cheng)垣分(fen)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)兩圈(quan)(quan),內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)圈(quan)(quan)間距約(yue)15米(mi),東垣內(nei)(nei)圈(quan)(quan)城(cheng)垣保(bao)存好(hao),長約(yue)450米(mi),城(cheng)垣最高達4米(mi),結構與都江堰芒(mang)城(cheng)相似。對該遺址進行試(shi)掘時,發現人工柱(zhu)洞14個,內(nei)(nei)有(you)礎石(shi)(shi)(shi);其平面大致呈“十”字形,面積超過60平方(fang)米(mi),與挖溝槽埋柱(zhu)的木骨泥墻式房屋有(you)較大的差別(bie)。此城(cheng)址地(di)層(ceng)堆積較薄(bo),遺物較單純(chun),陶器(qi)變(bian)化較小;較有(you)特色(se)的出土器(qi)物是(shi)一件三孔(kong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)鉞和呈透明狀(zhuang)的燧(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)質石(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)。
位于成都平(ping)(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)西部(bu)崇州市區西南13公(gong)里(li)(li)處的燎原(yuan)(yuan)鄉(xiang)紫竹村(cun),東北距(ju)西河8公(gong)里(li)(li),距(ju)岷江21公(gong)里(li)(li)。城(cheng)址(zhi)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈長方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)近20萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)。城(cheng)垣分內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)兩圈(quan), 呈“回”字(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing),與已發(fa)現的都江堰芒(mang)城(cheng)、崇州雙河古城(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)制相近。城(cheng)垣一般寬15米(mi)左右,內(nei)(nei)、外(wai)城(cheng)垣間距(ju)約(yue)10米(mi),現存高度約(yue)1——1.5米(mi)。對紫竹古城(cheng)的試掘(jue)工作(zuo),先后在(zai)城(cheng)址(zhi)內(nei)(nei)東南部(bu)、西南部(bu)布探(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)發(fa)掘(jue),并(bing)對西垣內(nei)(nei)圈(quan)、北垣內(nei)(nei)圈(quan)城(cheng)墻進行解剖,試掘(jue)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)121平(ping)(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi);清理寶墩文化(hua)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)9個,紅燒(shao)土堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)1處,柱(zhu)洞1個。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)分不規(gui)(gui)則形(xing)(xing)(xing)、長方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)幾種,其中以不規(gui)(gui)則形(xing)(xing)(xing)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)較(jiao)為(wei)常見。6號(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)口為(wei)第(di)(di)3層(ceng)所壓,7號(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)打(da)破6號(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng),6號(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)打(da)破生土。平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)為(wei)不規(gui)(gui)則形(xing)(xing)(xing),西部(bu)有(you)一近方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的淺坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)長328厘(li)米(mi)、寬200厘(li)米(mi),坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)口距(ju)地(di)表深25厘(li)米(mi)、距(ju)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底深46——80厘(li)米(mi)。坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)壁(bi)(bi)不規(gui)(gui)整,有(you)直(zhi)壁(bi)(bi)、亦有(you)斜壁(bi)(bi),底大致平(ping)(ping)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)黑色填土,濕潤,略呈沙性(xing);雜有(you)較(jiao)多炭屑(xie)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)周邊壁(bi)(bi)、底結(jie)合處,有(you)內(nei)(nei)凹的小坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng),或為(wei)腳窩。出土物(wu)極為(wei)豐(feng)富,有(you)寶墩文化(hua)陶(tao)圈(quan)足(zu)尊、夾砂(sha)矮圈(quan)足(zu)、喇叭口高領罐、繩紋(wen)花邊罐、篦劃紋(wen)泥質陶(tao)壺底片、橋形(xing)(xing)(xing)耳(er)、紡輪和石(shi)錛等(deng)遺物(wu)。紅燒(shao)土堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)位于1號(hao)探(tan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)西北角,為(wei)第(di)(di)3層(ceng)所疊壓,打(da)破第(di)(di)4層(ceng)。平(ping)(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)略呈圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑(jing)約(yue)2米(mi),堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)厚(hou)約(yue)15厘(li)米(mi)。該堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)全由紅燒(shao)土塊組成,土塊堅硬,經火(huo)燒(shao)烤時間較(jiao)長,可能是一灶(zao)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)所在(zai)。清理部(bu)分沒有(you)其它文化(hua)遺物(wu)出土。
成都(dou)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)原史前城(cheng)址(zhi)于20世(shi)紀(ji)60年(nian)代、80年(nian)代考古(gu)(gu)(gu)調查(cha)時相繼發現(xian)。發現(xian)有(you)用于防御的高聳城(cheng)墻(qiang)、禮(li)儀性大房址(zhi)、干欄式(shi)建筑、木骨(gu)或竹骨(gu)泥(ni)墻(qiang)房址(zhi)、長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)豎(shu)穴土(tu)坑(keng)墓和種類(lei)多樣的灰坑(keng),出土(tu)了(le)大量磨(mo)制(zhi)精(jing)細的石器(qi)和裝飾精(jing)美的陶(tao)器(qi)。這些古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)建筑技術相同(tong),文化性質單一(yi),是寶(bao)墩文化的中(zhong)心聚落遺(yi)址(zhi)。寶(bao)墩古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積達60萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。郫縣(xian)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)地(di)(di)處成都(dou)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)原腹心地(di)(di)帶,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)也呈長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),總面(mian)積30余萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi),城(cheng)址(zhi)中(zhong)部發現(xian)有(you)面(mian)積達550平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)的禮(li)儀性建筑。魚(yu)鳧古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)呈六邊形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積40萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。芒城(cheng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng),為內外雙(shuang)圈城(cheng)墻(qiang),內外城(cheng)墻(qiang)間有(you)壕(hao)溝,面(mian)積11萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。雙(shuang)河古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)、紫竹古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng),其平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)也均(jun)呈長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積分別為11萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)、20萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。