成都(dou)平原史前城(cheng)址(zhi)包括四川(chuan)省成都(dou)新津縣龍馬(ma)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)墩古(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)、郫都(dou)區(qu)(qu)古(gu)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)鄲縣古(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)、溫江(jiang)區(qu)(qu)萬春鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)魚鳧古(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)、都(dou)江(jiang)堰(yan)市青城(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)芒城(cheng)古(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)、崇州市上元鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)雙河古(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)及燎原鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)紫(zi)竹古(gu)城(cheng)址(zhi)等,是(shi)迄今所知中(zhong)國西(xi)南(nan)地區(qu)(qu)發(fa)現年代早、規模(mo)大(da)、分布密集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)史前城(cheng)址(zhi)群(qun),年代距(ju)今約4500~4000年左右(you)。
成都平原史前(qian)城址是四川(chuan)考古學上一次全新的(de)發現和突破。對(dui)于建立四川(chuan)地(di)區新石器時代到青銅時代的(de)文化發展序(xu)列、探索長江上游地(di)區文明起源等問題具(ju)有重要的(de)學術價值。
2001年,成都平原(yuan)史前城址被國(guo)務(wu)院公布為第五(wu)批(pi)全國(guo)重點文物保護單位。
位干四(si)川省成都市(shi)新(xin)津縣(xian)城(cheng)西(xi)北的(de)(de)(de)龍馬鄉寶墩村(cun),地(di)形奇特,在一(yi)馬平(ping)川的(de)(de)(de)綠色沃野上凸現出一(yi)圈不規(gui)則的(de)(de)(de)脊梁似的(de)(de)(de)黃土(tu)埂(geng)子(zi)。埂(geng)內阡陌縱橫,溝(gou)渠交錯。溝(gou)底和兩側往(wang)往(wang)會發現一(yi)些散(san)碎(sui)的(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)瓦器物(wu)。1995年(nian)(nian),成都市(shi)文物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究(jiu)所、四(si)川大(da)學考(kao)(kao)古(gu)系及日本早(zao)稻田大(da)學聯合對寶墩村(cun)進行(xing)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)發掘(jue),經四(si)個月(yue)發掘(jue)后確(que)認,黃土(tu)埂(geng)子(zi)圈起的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方是(shi)距今約四(si)、五(wu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi),散(san)碎(sui)的(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)瓦器物(wu)是(shi)蜀(shu)地(di)先(xian)民早(zao)在四(si)、五(wu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)前就進入(ru)文明的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)證(zheng),比三星堆和金(jin)沙(sha)遺(yi)址(zhi)年(nian)(nian)代還要早(zao),屬成都平(ping)原古(gu)蜀(shu)文明的(de)(de)(de)早(zao)階(jie)段。
寶墩古城遺址(zhi)系(xi)龍山時代(dai)古城遺址(zhi),對探(tan)索長江上游地區的(de)文明起源(yuan)有著極(ji)為重要(yao)的(de)意義,是繼廣漢三星堆藏坑(keng)之后,四川地區又一重要(yao)發現,在中外考(kao)古界引(yin)起了轟動,并(bing)在1996 年(nian)全國十大考(kao)古新發現中排名第三。
地處成都平(ping)原(yuan)腹(fu)心地帶(dai)的郫都區古城(cheng)鄉(xiang),當地老百姓傳(chuan)說為(wei)(wei)三國蜀漢丞相諸(zhu)葛亮養馬的“養馬城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址(zhi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)呈長方(fang)(fang)形,城(cheng)垣長650、寬(kuan)500米,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積32.5萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米;城(cheng)址(zhi)中部發(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積達550平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米的禮(li)儀性(xing)建(jian)筑。文化層堆(dui)積有(you)(you)(you)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)晚(wan)期(qi)、漢代(dai)和宋(song)代(dai)三個時(shi)期(qi)的堆(dui)積。以(yi)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)晚(wan)期(qi)文化層豐富(fu),厚達80厘米,可分上、下兩(liang)層。城(cheng)內有(you)(you)(you)房址(zhi),房址(zhi)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)起(qi)建(jian),呈方(fang)(fang)形,挖(wa)基槽,作木骨泥墻(qiang)。出土遺物主(zhu)(zhu)要是陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)和石(shi)(shi)器(qi)。下層夾砂陶(tao)(tao)和泥質陶(tao)(tao)多半,上層則以(yi)夾砂陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),褐陶(tao)(tao)多見(jian),灰陶(tao)(tao)較少,紋(wen)飾以(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)、方(fang)(fang)格紋(wen)、戳印紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),器(qi)形以(yi)外折沿花邊口(kou)罐、盤口(kou)形器(qi)、喇叭高頸罐、寬(kuan)折沿深(shen)腹(fu)罐為(wei)(wei)常見(jian),也有(you)(you)(you)少量帶(dai)耳器(qi),另有(you)(you)(you)陶(tao)(tao)紡(fang)輪。石(shi)(shi)器(qi)均磨制,有(you)(you)(you)斧、錛、鑿等。
城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)溫(wen)江(jiang)區萬(wan)春鎮(zhen)魚鳧村,當地(di)老百(bai)姓傳(chuan)說是(shi)古蜀(shu)王魚鳧的(de)都邑所(suo)在(zai)地(di),習稱(cheng)“魚鳧城(cheng)(cheng)”。城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)呈(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面呈(cheng)不規則的(de)六邊形(xing),面積40萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。經調查(cha)、鉆探,了解到城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)呈(cheng)西北(bei)至東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)向,南(nan)(nan)垣(yuan)長(chang)約(yue)600米;東(dong)(dong)垣(yuan)呈(cheng)外弧形(xing),長(chang)440米,西垣(yuan)長(chang)370米,東(dong)(dong)北(bei)垣(yuan)長(chang)280米,城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)面積約(yue)2萬(wan)平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米。南(nan)(nan)垣(yuan)東(dong)(dong)端一處現(xian)存(cun)高3.5、頂寬15.5、腳寬30米,墻建于(yu)臺(tai)地(di)邊緣,墻的(de)構筑(zhu)方(fang)法為(wei)(wei)斜坡堆筑(zhu)形(xing)式,墻下有(you)一層(ceng)小(xiao)(xiao)卵石(shi)(shi)層(ceng),可能為(wei)(wei)墻基。墻外側(ce)也有(you)卵石(shi)(shi)與土層(ceng)相間的(de)層(ceng)位。系(xi)人工所(suo)為(wei)(wei)。城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)中發(fa)現(xian)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代晚期、漢代和(he)唐代三個時(shi)期文化(hua)層(ceng),以(yi)新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)代文化(hua)堆積豐富,集(ji)中在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)和(he)北(bei)部(bu)。所(suo)出陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)夾(jia)砂褐陶(tao)(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),夾(jia)砂灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)、泥(ni)質(zhi)灰(hui)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和(he)泥(ni)質(zhi)褐陶(tao)(tao)(tao)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao),還有(you)少(shao)(shao)量黑(hei)皮陶(tao)(tao)(tao)。夾(jia)砂陶(tao)(tao)(tao)多(duo)見繩紋(wen)裝(zhuang)飾,另有(you)少(shao)(shao)量戳印紋(wen)及圈(quan)足(zu)上的(de)鏤孔;泥(ni)質(zhi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)主(zhu)要飾戳印紋(wen)、附加泥(ni)條上戳印、篦劃平(ping)(ping)行線紋(wen)、水波(bo)紋(wen)及少(shao)(shao)量弦(xian)紋(wen)和(he)瓦棱紋(wen)。以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底器(qi)(qi)(qi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)底施(shi)旋轉樣繩紋(wen)有(you)特(te)色。器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)以(yi)夾(jia)砂花邊口(kou)罐(guan)(guan)(guan)、小(xiao)(xiao)平(ping)(ping)底假圈(quan)足(zu)敞口(kou)罐(guan)(guan)(guan),泥(ni)質(zhi)喇(la)叭口(kou)高領罐(guan)(guan)(guan)、寬折沿罐(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)代表(biao)。還有(you)少(shao)(shao)量盤口(kou)形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)帶(dai)耳器(qi)(qi)(qi),其中圈(quan)足(zu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)獨特(te),石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)型為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),多(duo)為(wei)(wei)磨制,主(zhu)要有(you)錛、斧(fu)、鑿和(he)穿孔石(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
城(cheng)址位于(yu)都江堰(yan)市青城(cheng)鄉芒(mang)城(cheng)村,當地老百姓俗稱(cheng)“芒(mang)城(cheng)子”,傳說為(wei)明(ming)末張(zhang)獻忠于(yu)匆忙中(zhong)(zhong)修建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)“忙城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址平面(mian)(mian)呈不規(gui)則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)方(fang)形,為(wei)內(nei)外雙(shuang)圈(quan)城(cheng)墻(qiang),內(nei)外城(cheng)墻(qiang)間(jian)有(you)壕溝,面(mian)(mian)積約12萬平方(fang)米。城(cheng)內(nei)堆積有(you)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)和(he)宋代(dai)(dai)兩大(da)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)層(ceng)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)文化(hua)層(ceng)為(wei)主,可分5層(ceng),遺物以(yi)(yi)(yi)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)主,還(huan)有(you)一定(ding)數量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)種類較(jiao)少(shao),制法(fa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)手制加慢輪修整為(wei)主,泥質陶(tao)所(suo)占比(bi)重(zhong)較(jiao)大(da),陶(tao)色多紅褐和(he)橙黃(huang)色,灰陶(tao)相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)少(shao),陶(tao)質較(jiao)軟,代(dai)(dai)表(biao)性(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物有(you)喇叭口(kou)高頸罐、寬折沿盆和(he)寬折沿罐、器(qi)(qi)(qi)蓋及(ji)少(shao)量(liang)(liang)帶柄圈(quan)足豆。器(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)素面(mian)(mian)為(wei)主,紋(wen)(wen)飾中(zhong)(zhong)主要見兩三(san)道平行(xing)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)由(you)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)組合(he)成的(de)(de)(de)幾何紋(wen)(wen)、少(shao)量(liang)(liang)凹弦紋(wen)(wen)等。夾(jia)砂陶(tao)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)外褐內(nei)灰或內(nei)黑陶(tao)居(ju)多,紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)主,另(ling)有(you)戳(chuo)印紋(wen)(wen),器(qi)(qi)(qi)形以(yi)(yi)(yi)外折沿紋(wen)(wen)唇花邊口(kou)罐和(he)圈(quan)足器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)表(biao),還(huan)有(you)一定(ding)數量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)盤口(kou)形器(qi)(qi)(qi)。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均(jun)磨(mo)制,有(you)斧、錛、鑿。
城(cheng)址位于崇州市上元鄉芒(mang)城(cheng)村雙(shuang)河場(chang),當(dang)地俗稱“下芒(mang)城(cheng)”。古(gu)城(cheng)面(mian)積約15萬平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)址基本(ben)呈正南北方向,城(cheng)垣(yuan)分內(nei)外兩圈,內(nei)、外圈間距約15米(mi)(mi),東垣(yuan)內(nei)圈城(cheng)垣(yuan)保存好(hao),長約450米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)垣(yuan)最高(gao)達4米(mi)(mi),結(jie)構與都江(jiang)堰芒(mang)城(cheng)相似(si)。對該(gai)遺(yi)址進行試掘時,發現人(ren)工柱洞(dong)14個,內(nei)有(you)礎石(shi);其平(ping)面(mian)大致呈“十(shi)”字形,面(mian)積超過60平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),與挖溝槽埋柱的木骨泥墻式房屋有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大的差別(bie)。此城(cheng)址地層(ceng)堆積較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)薄,遺(yi)物較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)單純(chun),陶器(qi)變化(hua)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao);較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)有(you)特色的出土器(qi)物是一(yi)件三孔石(shi)鉞和呈透明狀的燧(sui)石(shi)質(zhi)石(shi)片石(shi)器(qi)。
位于成都平(ping)原(yuan)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)崇州市(shi)區西(xi)(xi)南13公里(li)(li)處的(de)(de)燎原(yuan)鄉(xiang)紫竹村,東(dong)北距(ju)(ju)西(xi)(xi)河8公里(li)(li),距(ju)(ju)岷(min)江21公里(li)(li)。城(cheng)址(zhi)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)近(jin)20萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)內(nei)、外(wai)兩圈, 呈(cheng)“回”字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),與(yu)已發現的(de)(de)都江堰芒城(cheng)、崇州雙河古城(cheng)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制相(xiang)近(jin)。城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)一般寬15米(mi)(mi)左右,內(nei)、外(wai)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)間距(ju)(ju)約10米(mi)(mi),現存高度約1——1.5米(mi)(mi)。對紫竹古城(cheng)的(de)(de)試(shi)掘工作(zuo),先后(hou)在城(cheng)址(zhi)內(nei)東(dong)南部(bu)、西(xi)(xi)南部(bu)布探(tan)方(fang)發掘,并對西(xi)(xi)垣(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)圈、北垣(yuan)(yuan)內(nei)圈城(cheng)墻進(jin)行解(jie)剖,試(shi)掘面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)121平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi);清(qing)(qing)理寶(bao)墩文化(hua)(hua)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)9個(ge),紅燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)堆積(ji)(ji)1處,柱洞1個(ge)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀分(fen)不(bu)規則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)幾種,其(qi)中以不(bu)規則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)較為(wei)常見。6號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)坑(keng)(keng)口(kou)為(wei)第(di)(di)(di)3層(ceng)所壓(ya),7號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)打(da)破(po)(po)6號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng),6號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)打(da)破(po)(po)生(sheng)土(tu)(tu)。平(ping)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀為(wei)不(bu)規則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),西(xi)(xi)部(bu)有(you)一近(jin)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)淺坑(keng)(keng)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)長328厘米(mi)(mi)、寬200厘米(mi)(mi),坑(keng)(keng)口(kou)距(ju)(ju)地表深25厘米(mi)(mi)、距(ju)(ju)坑(keng)(keng)底(di)(di)深46——80厘米(mi)(mi)。坑(keng)(keng)壁不(bu)規整,有(you)直(zhi)壁、亦有(you)斜壁,底(di)(di)大致平(ping)。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)黑色(se)填(tian)土(tu)(tu),濕潤(run),略呈(cheng)沙(sha)性;雜有(you)較多(duo)炭屑。灰(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)坑(keng)(keng)周邊壁、底(di)(di)結(jie)合處,有(you)內(nei)凹的(de)(de)小坑(keng)(keng),或為(wei)腳窩。出土(tu)(tu)物(wu)極為(wei)豐富(fu),有(you)寶(bao)墩文化(hua)(hua)陶圈足尊、夾砂矮圈足、喇叭口(kou)高領罐、繩(sheng)紋花(hua)邊罐、篦劃紋泥(ni)質陶壺底(di)(di)片、橋形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)耳、紡(fang)輪和石(shi)錛(ben)等(deng)遺物(wu)。紅燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)堆積(ji)(ji)位于1號(hao)(hao)探(tan)方(fang)西(xi)(xi)北角,為(wei)第(di)(di)(di)3層(ceng)所疊壓(ya),打(da)破(po)(po)第(di)(di)(di)4層(ceng)。平(ping)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀略呈(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直(zhi)徑約2米(mi)(mi),堆積(ji)(ji)厚約15厘米(mi)(mi)。該堆積(ji)(ji)全由紅燒(shao)土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)組成,土(tu)(tu)塊(kuai)堅硬,經火燒(shao)烤時間較長,可能是一灶坑(keng)(keng)所在。清(qing)(qing)理部(bu)分(fen)沒有(you)其(qi)它文化(hua)(hua)遺物(wu)出土(tu)(tu)。
成都平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)原史前城址于(yu)20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)、80年(nian)代(dai)考古(gu)(gu)調查時相(xiang)繼發(fa)(fa)現。發(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)用于(yu)防御(yu)的(de)(de)高聳城墻、禮(li)儀性大房址、干欄式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、木骨或竹骨泥墻房址、長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)豎穴土(tu)(tu)坑墓和種(zhong)類多(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)灰坑,出土(tu)(tu)了(le)大量磨制精(jing)細的(de)(de)石器和裝飾精(jing)美的(de)(de)陶器。這些古(gu)(gu)城址建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)技術相(xiang)同,文化性質(zhi)單(dan)一,是寶墩文化的(de)(de)中心聚落遺(yi)址。寶墩古(gu)(gu)城平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)達60萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。郫縣古(gu)(gu)城地處成都平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)原腹心地帶,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)也(ye)呈(cheng)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)30余(yu)萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),城址中部發(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)達550平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)禮(li)儀性建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。魚鳧古(gu)(gu)城,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈(cheng)六邊形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)40萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。芒(mang)城古(gu)(gu)城,為(wei)內外(wai)雙圈城墻,內外(wai)城墻間有(you)(you)壕溝(gou),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)11萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。雙河古(gu)(gu)城、紫(zi)竹古(gu)(gu)城,其(qi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)也(ye)均(jun)呈(cheng)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)分別為(wei)11萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)、20萬平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。