什么是新材料

新(xin)(xin)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)是(shi)指新(xin)(xin)近發(fa)展或正在發(fa)展的(de)具有(you)優(you)異性(xing)能(neng)的(de)結(jie)(jie)構材(cai)料(liao)(liao)和(he)有(you)特殊性(xing)質的(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。結(jie)(jie)構材(cai)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)是(shi)利(li)用它們(men)的(de)強度、韌(ren)性(xing)、硬度、彈性(xing)等機械性(xing)能(neng)。如新(xin)(xin)型陶瓷(ci)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，非晶態合金(金屬(shu)(shu)玻(bo)璃)等。功(gong)(gong)能(neng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)是(shi)利(li)用其所具有(you)的(de)電、光、聲(sheng)、磁、熱等功(gong)(gong)能(neng)和(he)物理效(xiao)應。近幾(ji)年(nian)，世界上研究、發(fa)展的(de)新(xin)(xin)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有(you)新(xin)(xin)金屬(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，精細陶瓷(ci)和(he)光纖(xian)等等。

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新材料包括哪些

新材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)按(an)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)為金屬(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、無機(ji)非金屬(shu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)（如(ru)陶(tao)瓷、砷化(hua)(hua)鎵(jia)(jia)半導體等(deng)(deng)）、有機(ji)高(gao)(gao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、先進復合材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)四(si)大(da)類。按(an)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)性(xing)能(neng)分(fen)(fen)為結構(gou)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)和功(gong)(gong)能(neng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。結構(gou)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)主要(yao)是利用(yong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)力學(xue)和理化(hua)(hua)性(xing)能(neng)，以(yi)滿足高(gao)(gao)強度(du)、高(gao)(gao)剛度(du)、高(gao)(gao)硬度(du)、耐高(gao)(gao)溫、耐磨、耐蝕、抗輻照等(deng)(deng)性(xing)能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)；功(gong)(gong)能(neng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)主要(yao)是利用(yong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)具有的(de)(de)電(dian)、磁、聲(sheng)、光(guang)熱等(deng)(deng)效應，以(yi)實現某種(zhong)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)，如(ru)半導體材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、磁性(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、光(guang)敏材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、熱敏材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、隱(yin)身材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)和制(zhi)造原(yuan)子(zi)彈、氫彈的(de)(de)核材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)等(deng)(deng)。新材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)在國防(fang)建設上作用(yong)重大(da)。例如(ru)，超(chao)(chao)純硅、砷化(hua)(hua)鎵(jia)(jia)研制(zhi)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)，導致(zhi)大(da)規模(mo)和超(chao)(chao)大(da)規模(mo)集成(cheng)電(dian)路的(de)(de)誕(dan)生(sheng)，使(shi)計算機(ji)運算速度(du)從每(mei)秒幾十(shi)萬次提(ti)高(gao)(gao)到(dao)每(mei)秒百億次以(yi)上；航空(kong)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)工作溫度(du)每(mei)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)100℃，推力可(ke)增(zeng)大(da)24%；隱(yin)身材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)能(neng)吸(xi)收電(dian)磁波或(huo)降低武器裝備(bei)的(de)(de)紅外輻射，使(shi)敵方探測系統(tong)難以(yi)發(fa)現等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。

新材料公司都是做什么的

新材料(liao)包(bao)括（涉及）的行業(ye)有(you)：機(ji)械、鐵路、汽車、航空、船(chuan)舶、海上風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、發(fa)動機(ji)、橋梁(liang)、建筑、壓力容器(qi)、醫療、3D打印、化工設(she)備(bei)、換熱設(she)備(bei)、新能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路、新型(xing)顯(xian)示、工業(ye)廢水(shui)治理、海水(shui)淡化、薄膜光伏封(feng)裝、OLED顯(xian)示、量子(zi)(zi)點封(feng)裝、水(shui)質脫(tuo)鹽、脫(tuo)硝、鹽水(shui)分質、濃縮、共(gong)混改性劑、纖維、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜絕緣等。