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一.產品介紹

永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)栽培歷(li)史悠久，乾隆《永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)縣志》記載“芋(yu)：大(da)者數斤，小者如(ru)卵(luan)，呼之早(zao)(zao)芋(yu)”。許多(duo)客家美食以(yi)早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)作原料，如(ru)芋(yu)子(zi)(zi)包、芋(yu)子(zi)(zi)粄等，1990年在永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)峰市鄉(xiang)泥角村發現變(bian)異株(zhu)，經(jing)過多(duo)年選育實驗(yan)，1995年定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)名“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅(hong)”早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)（閩(min)認菜2004002），“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅(hong)”早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)是我國最早(zao)(zao)成熟(shu)的(de)(de)芋(yu)子(zi)(zi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)，是永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)獨(du)具特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)地方(fang)優(you)良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。 永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅(hong)”早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)典(dian)型特點(dian)如(ru)下：該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)屬多(duo)子(zi)(zi)芋(yu)類型。株(zhu)高100厘(li)米左右，全生育期總葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)片數16-17葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)為(wei)盾形，互生，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)柄(bing)和葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)緣邊呈紫(zi)色(se)(se)，葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)脈綠色(se)(se)，單(dan)株(zhu)結芋(yu)數一(yi)般8-12個，單(dan)子(zi)(zi)芋(yu)重60克左右，子(zi)(zi)芋(yu)呈卵(luan)型，皮(pi)薄(bo)，白(bai)芽，肉乳白(bai)色(se)(se)，肉質細嫩(nen)、粘(zhan)滑(hua)，品(pin)(pin)質優(you)，商品(pin)(pin)性好。“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅(hong)”早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)獨(du)具風味，肉質細嫩(nen)、粘(zhan)滑(hua)，富含(han)(han)維(wei)(wei)生素E，維(wei)(wei)生素E含(han)(han)量5.2mg/kg以(yi)上(shang)，淀粉含(han)(han)量6.5g/100g以(yi)上(shang)，蛋白(bai)質含(han)(han)量1g/100g以(yi)上(shang)。 永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)“六(liu)月(yue)(yue)紅(hong)”早(zao)(zao)熟(shu)芋(yu)是永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)具有地方(fang)特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)，該產(chan)業能促進縣域經(jing)濟發展(zhan)，帶(dai)動(dong)農(nong)民增(zeng)收的(de)(de)優(you)勢(shi)產(chan)業，永(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)縣政(zheng)府十分重視，出(chu)臺了相關扶持政(zheng)策，加(jia)大(da)品(pin)(pin)牌建設力度，預計到2016年種(zhong)植規模為(wei)4.5萬(wan)畝(mu)，直接(jie)帶(dai)動(dong)農(nong)戶每(mei)畝(mu)增(zeng)收2500元。

二.自然生(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)人文歷史因素

1、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候情況：地處(chu)中亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)向南亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)過渡(du)地段，屬亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)海洋性季風氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候，夏無酷暑，冬無嚴寒。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫20.1℃，極(ji)端最高(gao)溫為(wei)(wei)39.2℃，極(ji)端最低溫為(wei)(wei)-4.8℃，年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)1606.9mm，最多降水(shui)量(liang)2479.8mm（1983年(nian)(nian)），最少年(nian)(nian)為(wei)(wei)1157.7mm（1958年(nian)(nian)），雨(yu)量(liang)充沛。永(yong)定縣全年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)總時(shi)數(shu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)2024.6小時(shi)，日(ri)照(zhao)百分(fen)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)46%。本縣南北緯度(du)跨越不大，日(ri)出日(ri)沒時(shi)刻(ke)相差只1～2分(fen)鐘，年(nian)(nian)有霜日(ri)數(shu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)13天。環(huan)境空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)達到(dao)國家環(huan)境空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量(liang)GB3095-1966二級以上標準。縣內地勢東(dong)(dong)北高(gao)、西南低，東(dong)(dong)南與西北部山巒(luan)重(zhong)疊，使全縣成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)典型的丘陵山地。由(you)于(yu)西北部多高(gao)山能(neng)阻擋北方寒流南下，東(dong)(dong)南部山脈可阻擋南部臺風侵襲(xi)，地勢由(you)東(dong)(dong)北向西南逐步(bu)傾斜，有利于(yu)冷(leng)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排泄和(he)海洋暖流輸入，使永(yong)定縣有優越的氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條件。 

2、水文(wen)情況：永定(ding)(ding)縣溪河(he)均屬(shu)山(shan)區(qu)河(he)流(liu)，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)屬(shu)于汀(ting)江(jiang)水系、梅河(he)水系、梅江(jiang)水系、九(jiu)龍江(jiang)水系。有四大(da)河(he)：分(fen)(fen)別(bie)是永定(ding)(ding)河(he)、金豐溪、黃潭河(he)、汀(ting)江(jiang)干流(liu)。地下水蓄量(liang)充沛，水質達(da)到國家(jia)農田灌溉水質標(biao)(biao)準GB 5084-92二(er)級以上(shang)標(biao)(biao)準。 

3、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)和植(zhi)被：全縣(xian)耕(geng)地(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)分旱地(di)和水田(tian)兩種(zhong)，旱地(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)灰紅(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)等(deng)五(wu)個類(lei)(lei)型，以紅(hong)泥土(tu)(tu)面(mian)積最(zui)大，占(zhan)(zhan)耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積3.88%；水田(tian)土(tu)(tu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)26個類(lei)(lei)型，以淺灰黃泥田(tian)面(mian)積最(zui)大，其次為黃泥田(tian)，共占(zhan)(zhan)耕(geng)地(di)面(mian)積57.66%。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)較為豐富，根據對(dui)全縣(xian)的土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)化驗分析：有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)6.6～75.0g／kg之間，平(ping)均值為38.1 g／kg。有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)豐富(>30g／kg)的樣(yang)點(dian)數占(zhan)(zhan)86.6％，而有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)缺乏(<20g／kg)的樣(yang)點(dian)數僅(jin)占(zhan)(zhan)0.87％，說明本區(qu)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)是比(bi)較豐富的。在(zai)河谷(gu)沖積地(di)帶，土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)肥(fei)沃、疏(shu)松(song)，比(bi)較適于永(yong)定(ding)“六月紅(hong)”早(zao)熟芋(yu)生(sheng)長。 永(yong)定(ding)縣(xian)植(zhi)被完好(hao)，森林覆(fu)蓋率達7３％。植(zhi)物資源(yuan)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)繁多，據調(diao)查，有(you)(you)(you)(you)山地(di)植(zhi)物162科1027種(zhong)，栽培果樹２８種(zhong)。 永(yong)定(ding)獨特的地(di)形(xing)地(di)貌形(xing)成了獨特農田(tian)生(sheng)態和氣候條件，為永(yong)定(ding)“六月紅(hong)”早(zao)熟芋(yu)的生(sheng)長提供了優(you)越的條件，造就了永(yong)定(ding)“六月紅(hong)”早(zao)熟芋(yu)特性與(yu)獨特的品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

三.地域范圍

永定(ding)縣(xian)(xian)位于(yu)福建省西(xi)南部，介(jie)于(yu)北緯(wei)24°23′～25°05′、東(dong)經116°25′～117°05′之間(jian)。東(dong)連(lian)南靖縣(xian)(xian)，東(dong)南與平(ping)和縣(xian)(xian)交界，西(xi)南與廣東(dong)省大埔縣(xian)(xian)、梅(mei)縣(xian)(xian)接壤，西(xi)北與上(shang)杭縣(xian)(xian)相連(lian)，東(dong)北與新羅區(qu)毗(pi)鄰。全境東(dong)西(xi)最寬距離(li)68公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，南北最長距離(li)80公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，總面積(ji)2223平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。地域范圍(wei)包括全縣(xian)(xian)轄(xia)10個鎮、14個鄉。永定(ding)六(liu)月紅早熟芋(yu)保護面積(ji)2223平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)，生產面積(ji)2100公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，年產量(liang)4.2萬噸(dun)，年銷售收入1億元。

四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)

1、外在感(gan)官特征(zheng)：永定(ding)六月(yue)紅早熟芋(yu)屬多子芋(yu)類型。株高100厘米左右(you)(you)，全生育(yu)期(qi)總葉(xie)片(pian)數16-17葉(xie)，葉(xie)為盾形(xing)，互(hu)生，葉(xie)柄(bing)和葉(xie)緣邊呈(cheng)紫色(se)，葉(xie)脈(mo)綠色(se)，單(dan)株結芋(yu)數一般8-12個，單(dan)子芋(yu)重60克(ke)左右(you)(you)，子芋(yu)呈(cheng)卵型，皮薄(bo)，白芽(ya)，肉乳白色(se)。 

2、內(nei)在品(pin)質指標：永定六(liu)月(yue)紅早熟芋獨具風味，肉質細(xi)嫩、粘滑。六(liu)月(yue)紅早熟芋富含(han)維生素(su)E，維生素(su)E含(han)量(liang)5.2mg/kg以上(shang)，淀粉含(han)量(liang)6.5g/100g以上(shang)，蛋白(bai)質含(han)量(liang)1g/100g以上(shang)。 

3、安全要求(qiu)：永定六月(yue)紅早熟芋執行《NY5221-2005無(wu)公害食(shi)品(pin)薯芋類(lei)蔬菜》標準。

五.特定生產方式

1、種植(zhi)準備 整(zheng)地(di)作畦(qi)：芋(yu)田應(ying)(ying)選擇土壤肥沃、透(tou)水性好的水田或者旱地(di)。芋(yu)田應(ying)(ying)進行深翻、曬白(bai)，整(zheng)畦(qi)前每畝施消石灰(hui)50～75kg，作畦(qi)規格為(wei)(wei)(wei)畦(qi)帶溝130cm ，畦(qi)高25cm以上(shang)。基肥每畝用腐熟有機(ji)肥1500kg，硫(liu)酸鎂3～5kg，硼(peng)砂1kg，硫(liu)酸鉀10kg，過磷酸鈣50kg，拌勻堆漚7～10天(tian)，采取穴施。每畝種植(zhi)3000株，即株距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)35 cm，行距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)65cm。定植(zhi)時間為(wei)(wei)(wei)11月(yue)上(shang)旬至1月(yue)上(shang)旬。 

2、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)曬2～4天，并(bing)去(qu)除(chu)芽(ya)頂(ding)部的(de)(de)鱗片毛。剔除(chu)病(bing)蟲危害(hai)(hai)或(huo)機械傷的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芽(ya)大(da)小分(fen)級種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)殺蟲、滅菌處(chu)理(li)：將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)放入40%樂果乳(ru)劑(ji)一(yi)份加50%多菌靈可(ke)濕(shi)性粉劑(ji)一(yi)份配成800倍藥液中，浸泡5～8分(fen)鐘(zhong)撈起晾干即(ji)可(ke)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)度(du)8～10cm。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)蓋(gai)土(tu)(tu)至芽(ya)頂(ding)2cm。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)全(quan)園噴灑除(chu)草劑(ji)，每畝(mu)用(yong)(yong)50%丁草胺乳(ru)油100ml加水(shui)噴霧，畦面過干應(ying)加大(da)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)量。芋(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)畦連邊地膜覆(fu)蓋(gai)。 科學管(guan)水(shui)：采用(yong)(yong)獨特的(de)(de)水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)促控技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。5葉前(qian)保持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)表土(tu)(tu)干，3cm以下見濕(shi)。結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)及(ji)子(zi)(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)膨大(da)期(qi)保持畦面見黑(hei)不(bu)見白(bai)。子(zi)(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)成熟期(qi)保持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)表土(tu)(tu)見白(bai)不(bu)見黑(hei)，溝底見黑(hei)不(bu)見白(bai)。 中耕(geng)、除(chu)草、培土(tu)(tu)：第(di)8～9葉期(qi)，結合追(zhui)施(shi)(shi)結芋(yu)(yu)(yu)肥(fei)(fei)，中耕(geng)除(chu)草清(qing)除(chu)地膜，填平種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴。第(di)11～13葉期(qi)，結合施(shi)(shi)子(zi)(zi)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)膨大(da)肥(fei)(fei)，中耕(geng)除(chu)草，培土(tu)(tu)高(gao)度(du)5cm。第(di)11～15葉期(qi)，中耕(geng)除(chu)草，除(chu)壓(ya)側(ce)芽(ya)，培土(tu)(tu)高(gao)至10cm。 病(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)防治：從無病(bing)、健壯(zhuang)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)田(tian)中選留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芋(yu)(yu)(yu)。要(yao)(yao)求水(shui)旱輪作，旱地要(yao)(yao)求隔年(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。發(fa)病(bing)初期(qi)，發(fa)現病(bing)株立即(ji)拔(ba)掉病(bing)株，集中燒毀，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)石灰對病(bing)穴及(ji)周圍(wei)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)進(jin)行清(qing)毒。施(shi)(shi)足基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)充分(fen)腐熟有有機肥(fei)(fei)，避免(mian)偏施(shi)(shi)氮肥(fei)(fei)，加強(qiang)肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)管(guan)理(li)，采用(yong)(yong)高(gao)畦栽培，清(qing)溝排(pai)漬。主要(yao)(yao)病(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)有芋(yu)(yu)(yu)疫病(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)污斑病(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)軟腐病(bing)、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)炭疽病(bing)、蚜蟲、芋(yu)(yu)(yu)單線天蛾、蠐螬(cao)。農藥不(bu)得使用(yong)(yong)無公害(hai)(hai)蔬菜禁用(yong)(yong)農藥。 

3、芋(yu)田管理(li) 破膜(mo)引苗：芋(yu)出苗后在每株(zhu)芽頂(ding)的膜(mo)上用(yong)小刀劃開(kai)(kai)一(yi)個(ge)小口(kou)引苗伸(shen)出，并(bing)隨即(ji)用(yong)泥(ni)土(tu)封嚴揭口(kou)。 肥(fei)(fei)料施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)：全期(qi)肥(fei)(fei)料參考用(yong)量(liang)即(ji)尿(niao)素26kg，過磷(lin)酸鈣50kg，硫酸鉀(jia)24kg。第(di)1～2葉展開(kai)(kai)時，施(shi)(shi)(shi)提苗肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)占氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)總(zong)量(liang)的20%，水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)澆施(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)5～6葉期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)發棵肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)占氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)總(zong)量(liang)30%水(shui)肥(fei)(fei)澆施(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)8～9葉期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)結芋(yu)肥(fei)(fei)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)占氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)總(zong)量(liang)50%，芋(yu)株(zhu)外9cm二(er)邊開(kai)(kai)溝施(shi)(shi)(shi)。第(di)11～13葉期(qi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)子(zi)芋(yu)膨大肥(fei)(fei)，以鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)，除基肥(fei)(fei)外，其余鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)全部施(shi)(shi)(shi)下，在芋(yu)株(zhu)外12～15cm 二(er)邊開(kai)(kai)溝施(shi)(shi)(shi)。 

4、產(chan)品(pin)收(shou)獲(huo)及產(chan)后處理：根(gen)據子(zi)芋產(chan)量(liang)及市場行(xing)情和顧(gu)客對產(chan)品(pin)的要求進行(xing)適(shi)時采收(shou)。芋葉全部變黃衰敗，母芋、子(zi)芋根(gen)系枯萎是子(zi)芋成熟的標志。選擇晴(qing)天采收(shou)，除去殘根(gen)、須根(gen)和泥土，晾干表面(mian)水分。同批產(chan)品(pin)可按大(da)(每顆100g以上)、中(50～100g)、小(xiao)(小(xiao)于50g)分級，或按購銷合同定級。 

5、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產記錄：永定“六(liu)月紅”早熟芋的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產全過程，要建立(li)田間生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產檔案，全面記載(zai)并妥善保存，以備查閱。不(bu)得(de)施(shi)用國家明(ming)令禁(jin)止使用的(de)高毒(du)、高殘(can)留和淘汰的(de)農業投(tou)入品，嚴禁(jin)任何(he)單位和個人在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產基地推(tui)廣未經國家審(shen)定、登記、批準生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)農業投(tou)入品，以確保產品的(de)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與質量安全。