一、保險絲的種類有哪些
1、按保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護形式分(fen)(fen),可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei):過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護與過熱(re)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護。用(yong)于過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)就(jiu)是平常說的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)(也叫限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si))。用(yong)于過熱(re)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)一般被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)"溫(wen)度(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)"。溫(wen)度(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)又分(fen)(fen)為(wei)低熔(rong)點(dian)合金形與感溫(wen)觸(chu)發形還(huan)有記(ji)憶合金形等(deng)等(deng)(溫(wen)度(du)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)是防(fang)止(zhi)發熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器或易發熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器溫(wen)度(du)過高(gao)而(er)進(jin)行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de),例如:電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吹(chui)風(feng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熨斗、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)飯鍋、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爐、變壓器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)等(deng)等(deng);它響應(ying)于用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器溫(wen)升的(de)(de)升高(gao),不(bu)會理會電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大小。其工(gong)作原理不(bu)同于"限(xian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(si)")。
2、按使用(yong)范圍分(fen),可(ke)分(fen)為(wei):電力(li)保(bao)險絲(si)、機床(chuang)保(bao)險絲(si)、電器(qi)儀表保(bao)險絲(si)(電子保(bao)險絲(si))、汽車保(bao)險絲(si)。
3、按體積分(fen)(fen),可分(fen)(fen)為:大型、中型、小(xiao)型及(ji)微型。
4、按額定電壓分(fen),可(ke)分(fen)為:高壓保險(xian)絲、低(di)壓保險(xian)絲和安全電壓保險(xian)絲。
5、按分(fen)斷能力(li)分(fen),可(ke)分(fen)為(wei):高、低分(fen)斷能力(li)保險絲。
6、按形狀(zhuang)分(fen),可(ke)分(fen)為:平(ping)頭管狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)(又可(ke)分(fen)為內焊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)與外焊保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si))、尖(jian)頭管狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)、鍘刀式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)、螺(luo)旋(xuan)式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)、插片式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)、平(ping)板式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)、裹(guo)敷(fu)式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)、貼片式保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)(si)。
7、按熔斷(duan)速度(du)分(fen),可(ke)分(fen)為:特(te)慢速保險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用TT表(biao)示(shi))、慢速保險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用T表(biao)示(shi))、中(zhong)速保險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用M表(biao)示(shi))、快(kuai)速保險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用F表(biao)示(shi))、特(te)快(kuai)速保險(xian)(xian)(xian)絲(si)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用FF表(biao)示(shi))。
8、按標(biao)準分(fen),可分(fen)為:歐規(gui)保(bao)(bao)險絲、美規(gui)保(bao)(bao)險絲、日規(gui)保(bao)(bao)險絲。
9、按類型(xing)(xing)分,可(ke)分為:電流保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(貼(tie)片保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、微(wei)型(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、插片保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)、管狀(zhuang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)),溫(wen)度保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(RH[方(fang)塊型(xing)(xing)]、RP[電阻型(xing)(xing)]、RY[金(jin)屬殼]),自恢復保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)絲(si)(插件、疊片、貼(tie)片)。
10、按尺(chi)寸可分為:貼片型(xing)0603,0805,1206,1210,1812,2016,2920;非(fei)貼片型(xing)Φ2.4×7,Φ3×7,Φ3.6×10,Φ4.5×15,Φ5.0×20,Φ5.16×20,Φ6×25,Φ6×30,Φ6×32,Φ8.5×8,Φ8.5×8×4,Φ10×38,Φ14×51。
二、保險絲的主要參數及含義
1、電壓額定值(VOLTAGERatings)
保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)額定值必(bi)須大(da)于或者等于斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)電(dian)路的(de)最大(da)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。由于保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)阻值非(fei)常低,只(zhi)有(you)當保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)試圖(tu)熔斷(duan)時(shi),保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)額定值才變得(de)重要。當熔絲(si)元件(jian)熔化(hua)后,保險(xian)(xian)絲(si)必(bi)須能迅(xun)速(su)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai),熄滅電(dian)弧,并且阻止開(kai)(kai)路電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)通過(guo)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)的(de)熔絲(si)元件(jian)再次觸發電(dian)弧。
2、電流額定值(CurrentRatings)
電流(liu)額定值表(biao)明了保險(xian)絲(si)在一套測試條件下(xia)的(de)電流(liu)承載能力。每只(zhi)保險(xian)絲(si)都會注明電流(liu)額定值,這個值可以(yi)是數(shu)字,字母或(huo)顏色(se)標記(ji)。可以(yi)通(tong)過產品數(shu)據(ju)表(biao)找到每種標記(ji)的(de)意義。
3、分斷能力(BreakingCapacity/InterruptingRating)
保險絲必須(xu)能(neng)在不(bu)破壞周圍(wei)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)情況下(xia)斷開(kai)故障電(dian)路(lu)(lu)。分斷能(neng)力(li)就(jiu)是(shi)指在額定電(dian)壓下(xia),保險絲能(neng)夠(gou)安全斷開(kai)電(dian)路(lu)(lu),并(bing)且不(bu)發生(sheng)破損時的(de)最大電(dian)流(liu)值。保險絲的(de)分斷能(neng)力(li)必須(xu)等于(yu)或大于(yu)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的(de)可能(neng)發生(sheng)的(de)最大故障電(dian)流(liu)。
4、熔斷積分(MeltingIntegral)
保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)斷積分(fen),是熔(rong)斷這一(yi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)絲(si)(si)元件所需的(de)(de)(de)能量,也稱之為熔(rong)斷值(zhi)I2t。熔(rong)絲(si)(si)元件的(de)(de)(de)結構、材(cai)料和橫(heng)截面積決(jue)定了(le)這個值(zhi)。每一(yi)系列(lie)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)根(gen)據額定電流(liu)值(zhi)不同,使(shi)用了(le)不同的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料和元件配置,因此確定每只(zhi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)I2t非常必要。通(tong)(tong)常在直(zhi)流(liu)電路(lu)中,采用10倍(bei)的(de)(de)(de)額定電流(liu)作為故障電流(liu),使(shi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)(si)在極(ji)短的(de)(de)(de)時間內斷開,通(tong)(tong)過(guo)高速(su)示波儀和積分(fen)程序來測得非常精確的(de)(de)(de)I2t。
5、環境溫度(AmbientTemperature)
環(huan)境溫度是直接(jie)接(jie)觸在保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)周圍的空(kong)氣溫度,不是指室溫。保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)的電(dian)特(te)性在25°C環(huan)境溫度中是額定(ding)的標準(zhun)值(zhi)。無論高(gao)于或低于這個溫度都會影響保(bao)險(xian)絲(si)的斷開時(shi)間和電(dian)流承(cheng)載特(te)性。
6、快斷保險絲和慢斷保險絲(FastActingFuse&TimeDelayFuse)
快(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保(bao)險絲在過(guo)載和短路時(shi)斷(duan)(duan)開地非常迅速。UL標準(zhun)規定:快(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保(bao)險絲在承受200%~250%的(de)額定電(dian)流時(shi),應該在最多5秒鐘之內斷(duan)(duan)開。IEC對于快(kuai)斷(duan)(duan)保(bao)險絲的(de)規定有兩種:
F=快(kuai)斷,當10倍(bei)額定(ding)電流時在0.001~0.01秒內(nei)斷開
FF=超快斷(duan),當10倍(bei)額定電流時(shi)小(xiao)于0.001秒斷(duan)開
慢斷保險絲(si)可以允許(xu)暫時的、無害(hai)的浪涌電流通(tong)過而不斷開(kai),但是(shi)當(dang)持續(xu)過載(zai)或(huo)短路時,它就會斷開(kai)。UL標準規(gui)定:慢斷保險絲(si)在(zai)承受200%~250%的額定電流時,應(ying)該在(zai)最多2分鐘之內斷開(kai)。IEC對于快斷保險絲(si)的規(gui)定也有兩(liang)種(zhong):
T=慢斷,當10倍額(e)定電(dian)流時在(zai)0.01~0.1秒內(nei)斷開
TT=超(chao)慢(man)斷,當10倍額定電流時在(zai)0.1~1秒內(nei)斷開
7、浪涌和脈沖電流特性(SurgeandPulseCurrentCharacteristics)
有(you)些(xie)使(shi)用場合會產生浪涌電(dian)流,這(zhe)樣就要(yao)求保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)能(neng)夠使(shi)這(zhe)些(xie)浪涌電(dian)流通過而不發生誤斷開動作或(huo)損(sun)傷(shang)熔(rong)絲(si)元件。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)能(neng)夠承受(shou)浪涌電(dian)流是設計(ji)電(dian)路中非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)環(huan)節。脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)流可以產生熱能(neng),雖然不一定使(shi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)斷開,但可能(neng)使(shi)熔(rong)絲(si)受(shou)到(dao)損(sun)傷(shang),影響保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)壽命,所以我們要(yao)考慮(lv)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)熔(rong)斷積分值(zhi)I2t。保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)絲(si)的(de)I2t值(zhi)要(yao)大于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)于(yu)脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)流I2t乘以一個脈沖(chong)(chong)(chong)系數Fp。
8、國際標準(STANDARD)
北美標準UL/CSA和歐洲標準IEC對于保險絲的時間、電流特性的定義是不完全相同的,因此這兩種標準的保險絲是不可以互換(huan)的(de)。在亞(ya)洲主要(yao)的(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)有(you)日(ri)本的(de)METI和中國的(de)CCC等(deng)。由于保險(xian)絲的(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)不同,因此(ci)注意(yi)采(cai)用不同國際(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)保險(xian)絲對于電路設計者是非常(chang)重要(yao)的(de)。