一、食品機械的發展歷程分為哪幾個階段
我國食品(pin)工(gong)業及(ji)食品(pin)機械的發展(zhan)歷程大致可分為(wei)三(san)個階段(duan)。
1、第一階段
20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代以前,食(shi)(shi)(shi)品的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)主要以手工(gong)操作為主,基本屬于傳統作坊生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式。僅在(zai)沿海一些大城市有少量工(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方式的(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品加工(gong)廠,所用的(de)設備幾乎(hu)全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)外設備。而糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)加工(gong)廠情(qing)況略好(hao)于食(shi)(shi)(shi)品加工(gong)廠。此階段(duan)的(de)工(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)加工(gong)廠主要是(shi)以面粉的(de)工(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)為主。但同樣,面粉廠所用的(de)設備也幾乎(hu)全(quan)是(shi)國(guo)外設備。可以說50年(nian)代以前全(quan)國(guo)幾乎(hu)沒有一家(jia)像樣的(de)專門(men)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品機(ji)械的(de)工(gong)廠。
2、第二階段
50-70年代,食品加工業及食品機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)業得(de)到很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),全國(guo)(guo)(guo)各地新建一(yi)(yi)第二階(jie)段大(da)批食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang),尤其是面(mian)粉、大(da)米、食(shi)(shi)(shi)用油的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。在多數主要的(de)(de)(de)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)中(zhong)基(ji)本上實現(xian)了初(chu)步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方式。但同期的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)尚處于半機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)半手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方式,機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)僅用于一(yi)(yi)些關鍵(jian)主要的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序中(zhong),而其他生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序仍沿用傳統的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)方式。與此(ci)階(jie)段食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業發(fa)展(zhan)相(xiang)適應(ying),食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業也得(de)到了快速發(fa)展(zhan),全國(guo)(guo)(guo)各地新建了一(yi)(yi)大(da)年的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),使得(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)批專門生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)和食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)制造廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業經過近30年的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),是的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)基(ji)本能滿足我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)需求,為此(ci)階(jie)段實現(xian)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)做出了重大(da)貢獻,食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業已(yi)初(chu)步(bu)(bu)形(xing)成了一(yi)(yi)個獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業。
3、第三階段
80年(nian)代以后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革年(nian)代以后(hou),食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)得到(dao)迅猛發(fa)(fa)展。這(zhe)(zhe)得益(yi)于進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入第三(san)階段(duan),開放政策,隨著外資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引入,出現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)很多(duo)外商獨(du)資(zi)、合資(zi)等形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)些企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)將(jiang)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)術引進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),也將(jiang)大量先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)引入國(guo)內。受此(ci)影響(xiang),再(zai)加(jia)上社(she)會對(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量、品(pin)(pin)(pin)種、數量要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),極(ji)大地推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)(le)我國(guo)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)及食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)程及速(su)度。此(ci)階段(duan),通過消(xiao)化吸收(shou)(shou)國(guo)外先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術,使我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展水平得到(dao)很大提高(gao)。80年(nian)代中期(qi),我國(guo)糧食(shi)(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)施了(le)(le)(le)第一輪(lun)大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程。經(jing)過這(zhe)(zhe)一輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程,食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)全(quan)面實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化和(he)自動化。進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入90年(nian)代以后(hou),又進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)新(xin)一輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)改(gai)中,許多(duo)糧食(shi)(shi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠和(he)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠對(dui)設(she)備(bei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)(le)更新(xin)換代,或直接引進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)全(quan)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)外先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei),或采用國(guo)內廠家消(xiao)化吸收(shou)(shou)生(sheng)產(chan)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備(bei)。可以說(shuo)這(zhe)(zhe)兩(liang)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)改(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程對(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展起了(le)(le)(le)極(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)作用,食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已完全(quan)形(xing)成了(le)(le)(le)一個獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。
二、食品機械行業未來發展趨勢是什么
1、食品機械產品更加多樣化、系列化、成套化
隨著人們的(de)生活水(shui)平的(de)日益提高,食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)進一步發展(zhan)(zhan),對食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械也提出了更高的(de)要求。除傳統(tong)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)外,方便(bian)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(如(ru)方便(bian)飯、方便(bian)面、方便(bian)水(shui)餃(jiao)等(deng)(deng))、功能食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(如(ru)嬰幼兒(er)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、老年人食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、野外軍用食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、適合糖尿病(bing)人的(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng))、保健食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)的(de)蓬勃發展(zhan)(zhan),必將使食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械的(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種更加(jia)(jia)豐富(fu),同時食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械設(she)備系列化、標準化程度(du)更高,成套(tao)性更強,較(jiao)少單(dan)機操作,如(ru)從(cong)果(guo)(guo)皮(pi)中(zhong)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)果(guo)(guo)膠的(de)果(guo)(guo)膠加(jia)(jia)工(gong)成套(tao)設(she)備、蔬(shu)菜(cai)深加(jia)(jia)工(gong)技術、果(guo)(guo)汁香味回(hui)(hui)收(shou)設(she)備將在國內廣泛采用。
2、生產自動化、管理智能化
在(zai)食(shi)品(pin)機械(xie)企業的(de)生產上,將廣泛采用全自動的(de)制造系統,生產過程程序化,對生產過程的(de)產品(pin)進行在(zai)線檢測,大大降低廢品(pin)率。實行自上而下的(de)調度、數(shu)據(ju)的(de)采集、處理(li)、輸出等計算機管(guan)理(li),提高產品(pin)質量(liang),保證產品(pin)性能(neng)的(de)穩定。
3、高新技術廣泛應用
未來(lai)的(de)(de)食品(pin)機械(xie)是集光、電(dian)(dian)、聲、磁(ci)、化(hua)、生等于一體的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、高(gao)(gao)智能(neng)產(chan)品(pin),其技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)優(you)勢(shi)主要(yao)體現在(zai)產(chan)品(pin)高(gao)(gao)度自動化(hua)、生產(chan)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)率(lv)、食品(pin)資源高(gao)(gao)利用化(hua)、產(chan)品(pin)高(gao)(gao)度節能(neng)化(hua)和高(gao)(gao)新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)實用化(hua)。如:超濾或反(fan)滲透的(de)(de)膜分離技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、超臨界萃(cui)取技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(用于天(tian)然食品(pin)色素、香料、香精(jing)等的(de)(de)生產(chan))、超微粉碎技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、食品(pin)冷(leng)殺菌(jun)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(如短時(shi)脈沖高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓殺菌(jun)、電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)殺菌(jun))、微膠囊化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。
4、生物技術與食品機械的結合應用
生物(wu)技(ji)術與食(shi)(shi)品(pin)機械(xie)相結(jie)合,拓寬了食(shi)(shi)品(pin)機械(xie)的(de)(de)應用(yong)范圍。如(ru)用(yong)含有纖(xian)維素酶和半纖(xian)維素酶的(de)(de)粗果(guo)(guo)膠酶制劑(ji)作用(yong)于果(guo)(guo)實皮(pi)層,使之皮(pi)層細(xi)胞(bao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離,結(jie)構(gou)破壞而脫落,這種酶工程(cheng)技(ji)術與傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)機械(xie)脫皮(pi)機相比,裝備不(bu)但簡單,而且脫皮(pi)效果(guo)(guo)好。又如(ru):一種生物(wu)傳(chuan)感器由固定(ding)化并具有化學分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)識別功能的(de)(de)生物(wu)材料(酶、細(xi)胞(bao)、抗體等)、換能器件及信號放大裝置構(gou)成的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析工具或系統(tong),將取代(dai)傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)復雜的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)儀器(設(she)備),可快速檢(jian)測(ce)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)鮮度、滋味、熟度,同時可用(yong)于食(shi)(shi)品(pin)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(如(ru)檢(jian)測(ce)蛋白質、氨(an)基酸(suan)、糖(tang)含量等),用(yong)于食(shi)(shi)品(pin)衛生檢(jian)測(ce)(如(ru)測(ce)定(ding)細(xi)菌、病原菌、毒素、殘留(liu)農(nong)藥、食(shi)(shi)品(pin)添加劑(ji))。