一、食品機械的發展歷程分為哪幾個階段

我國食品(pin)工(gong)業及食品(pin)機械的發(fa)展歷(li)程大致可分(fen)為三(san)個階段。

1、第一階段

20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代以(yi)(yi)前，食(shi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)(yi)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)操作(zuo)為(wei)主(zhu)，基本屬(shu)于傳統作(zuo)坊生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式。僅在(zai)沿海一些大城市(shi)有少量工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠，所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)幾乎(hu)(hu)全是國(guo)外設(she)(she)備(bei)。而糧食(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠情(qing)況略好于食(shi)品加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠。此階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糧食(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠主(zhu)要(yao)是以(yi)(yi)面粉的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)主(zhu)。但同樣，面粉廠所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)也幾乎(hu)(hu)全是國(guo)外設(she)(she)備(bei)。可以(yi)(yi)說50年(nian)代以(yi)(yi)前全國(guo)幾乎(hu)(hu)沒有一家像樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)專門生(sheng)產(chan)食(shi)品機械的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠。

2、第二階段

50-70年代，食品加工業及食品機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)得(de)到(dao)很大(da)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，全國各地(di)新建一(yi)(yi)第二階(jie)段大(da)批(pi)(pi)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)，尤其是面粉、大(da)米、食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)油的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)。在(zai)多數主要的(de)(de)糧食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)中基本(ben)上實現了初步的(de)(de)機械化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)方式。但同期(qi)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)尚(shang)處(chu)于半機械半手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方式，機械加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)僅(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于一(yi)(yi)些關鍵主要的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序中，而(er)其他(ta)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序仍沿用(yong)(yong)(yong)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操(cao)作方式。與此階(jie)段食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)相適(shi)應，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)也(ye)得(de)到(dao)了快速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，全國各地(di)新建了一(yi)(yi)大(da)年的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，使(shi)得(de)國產(chan)批(pi)(pi)專(zhuan)門(men)生(sheng)產(chan)糧食(shi)(shi)和食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械的(de)(de)制(zhi)造廠(chang)。國內的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)經過近(jin)30年的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，是的(de)(de)國產(chan)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械基本(ben)能滿足(zu)我國食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)，為此階(jie)段實現食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)做出了重(zhong)大(da)貢獻(xian)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)已初步形成了一(yi)(yi)個獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)。

3、第三階段

80年代以后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)年代以后(hou)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)得到迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)。這(zhe)(zhe)得益(yi)于進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)第三階(jie)段，開放(fang)政策，隨著外(wai)資的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引入(ru)(ru)，出現(xian)了(le)很多(duo)外(wai)商獨(du)(du)資、合資等形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)。這(zhe)(zhe)些企業(ye)(ye)在將(jiang)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)引進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)國內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時，也(ye)將(jiang)大量先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械引入(ru)(ru)國內。受(shou)此(ci)影響，再加上社會對(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量、品(pin)(pin)種、數(shu)量要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，極(ji)大地(di)推進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)了(le)我國食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)及(ji)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械制(zhi)造業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)程(cheng)及(ji)速度。此(ci)階(jie)段，通過消化(hua)(hua)吸收國外(wai)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，使我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)水平得到很大提高。80年代中期，我國糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)和食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)施了(le)第一輪(lun)大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。經過這(zhe)(zhe)一輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)全面實(shi)(shi)現(xian)了(le)機(ji)械化(hua)(hua)和自動化(hua)(hua)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)90年代以后(hou)，又(you)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)新(xin)一輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)改造工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。在這(zhe)(zhe)一輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)改中，許多(duo)糧(liang)食(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)和食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)對(dui)設備進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行了(le)更新(xin)換代，或(huo)直接(jie)引進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)全套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國外(wai)先(xian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備，或(huo)采用(yong)(yong)國內廠(chang)家消化(hua)(hua)吸收生產出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)機(ji)械設備。可(ke)以說這(zhe)(zhe)兩輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)改工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)對(dui)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)起了(le)極(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)作用(yong)(yong)，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)已完全形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一個獨(du)(du)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)。

二、食品機械行業未來發展趨勢是什么

1、食品機械產品更加多樣化、系列化、成套化

隨(sui)著(zhu)人們的(de)生活(huo)水平的(de)日益提高，食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業的(de)進(jin)一步發展，對食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)也提出(chu)了更(geng)高的(de)要求。除傳統食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業外(wai)，方(fang)(fang)便(bian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)（如方(fang)(fang)便(bian)飯、方(fang)(fang)便(bian)面、方(fang)(fang)便(bian)水餃(jiao)等）、功能食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)（如嬰幼兒食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、老年人食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、野外(wai)軍用食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)、適合糖尿病人的(de)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等）、保健(jian)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)等等的(de)蓬勃發展，必(bi)將使食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)的(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)更(geng)加豐富(fu)，同時(shi)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)系列化、標準化程度更(geng)高，成(cheng)套性更(geng)強，較少單機(ji)操作，如從果皮中回收(shou)果膠(jiao)的(de)果膠(jiao)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)套設(she)備(bei)、蔬菜深加工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術、果汁香味回收(shou)設(she)備(bei)將在國內(nei)廣(guang)泛采用。

2、生產自動化、管理智能化

在食品機(ji)械企業(ye)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)上，將廣(guang)泛采用全(quan)自動(dong)的(de)(de)制造系統，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程程序化，對生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品進行在線(xian)檢測，大大降(jiang)低廢品率。實行自上而下的(de)(de)調度(du)、數據(ju)的(de)(de)采集、處理(li)、輸出等計算機(ji)管理(li)，提高(gao)產(chan)(chan)品質量，保證產(chan)(chan)品性能的(de)(de)穩定。

3、高新技術廣泛應用

未來(lai)的食品機械(xie)是集光、電、聲、磁、化、生等于(yu)一體的高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)技(ji)術、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)智能(neng)產品，其技(ji)術優勢主要體現在產品高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度自動化、生產高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)效率、食品資源(yuan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)利用化、產品高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)度節(jie)能(neng)化和高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術實(shi)用化。如:超濾(lv)或反滲透的膜分(fen)離技(ji)術、超臨界萃(cui)取技(ji)術（用于(yu)天然食品色素、香(xiang)料、香(xiang)精等的生產）、超微粉碎技(ji)術、食品冷殺菌(jun)(jun)技(ji)術（如短時脈(mo)沖高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)電壓殺菌(jun)(jun)、電磁場殺菌(jun)(jun)）、微膠囊化技(ji)術。

4、生物技術與食品機械的結合應用

生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物技術與食品(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)相結合(he)，拓(tuo)寬了(le)食品(pin)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)的應用(yong)范圍。如用(yong)含有纖(xian)維素酶和半纖(xian)維素酶的粗果(guo)膠(jiao)酶制(zhi)劑作用(yong)于(yu)果(guo)實皮層，使之皮層細胞(bao)分離，結構破壞而脫(tuo)(tuo)落(luo)，這種酶工程技術與傳統(tong)的機(ji)械(xie)(xie)脫(tuo)(tuo)皮機(ji)相比，裝備(bei)不但簡單，而且(qie)脫(tuo)(tuo)皮效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)。又如：一種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物傳感器(qi)(qi)由(you)固定化并(bing)具(ju)有化學分子識別功能的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物材料（酶、細胞(bao)、抗體等(deng)）、換能器(qi)(qi)件及信號放大裝置構成的分析工具(ju)或系統(tong)，將(jiang)取(qu)代傳統(tong)的復雜的檢測(ce)儀器(qi)(qi)(設備(bei))，可快速檢測(ce)食品(pin)鮮度(du)、滋(zi)味、熟度(du)，同時可用(yong)于(yu)食品(pin)分析（如檢測(ce)蛋白質、氨(an)基酸、糖含量等(deng)），用(yong)于(yu)食品(pin)衛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)檢測(ce)（如測(ce)定細菌、病(bing)原菌、毒素、殘(can)留農藥(yao)、食品(pin)添加劑）。