一、汽車膠管干嘛的
汽(qi)車膠管,即汽(qi)車用(yong)膠管,是汽(qi)車中(zhong)用(yong)來(lai)傳輸各種液體和氣體(包括燃油(you)、潤(run)滑油(you)、制冷劑和水等)的專用(yong)膠管,多(duo)分布在汽(qi)車底(di)盤系統(tong)、發動(dong)機系統(tong)和車身(shen)系統(tong)三大總成系統(tong)中(zhong),發揮著輸油(you)、輸氣、供水、控制、傳遞(di)動(dong)力、冷卻(que)、供暖等作用(yong),是汽(qi)車重要的零部件。
二、汽車用膠管的種類及用途
汽車膠管的種類眾多,按照不(bu)同的使用領域,可分為以下幾種:
1、燃油膠管
在汽車燃(ran)油系(xi)統(tong)中,燃(ran)油膠管通過連(lian)接油箱(xiang)、炭罐(guan)、油泵、曲軸箱(xiang)等零部件(jian),一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面傳遞燃(ran)油至發動機燃(ran)燒做功,另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面傳遞蒸發的(de)(de)油氣、未(wei)參(can)與燃(ran)燒的(de)(de)燃(ran)油、燃(ran)油廢(fei)氣至燃(ran)油凈化系(xi)統(tong)燃(ran)燒或排放。
隨(sui)著油耗法規(gui)的(de)(de)日趨加嚴,傳統(tong)三(san)層結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)燃(ran)油膠(jiao)管用材也不(bu)斷(duan)被新的(de)(de)材料技術所替(ti)代。如要(yao)求具(ju)有低滲透率的(de)(de)內層膠(jiao),正由(you)(you)丁(ding)腈橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(NBR)逐漸向氟橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(FKM)、氟樹脂(THV)特種橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)的(de)(de)復合(he)膠(jiao)層轉變(bian);具(ju)有耐臭(chou)氧(yang)、耐油性(xing)與耐磨(mo)性(xing)的(de)(de)外層膠(jiao),也由(you)(you)氯丁(ding)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(CR)或氯磺(huang)(huang)化聚乙(yi)烯橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(CSM)轉變(bian)為乙(yi)烯丙烯酸酯橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(AEM)、氯磺(huang)(huang)化聚乙(yi)烯(CSM)、氯醚橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(ECO);4層、5層乃至更多層結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)復合(he)膠(jiao)管的(de)(de)也不(bu)斷(duan)涌現(xian)。然而,多層結(jie)構(gou)膠(jiao)管的(de)(de)出現(xian)雖然提高(gao)了膠(jiao)管的(de)(de)高(gao)強耐磨(mo)性(xing),但層間粘合(he)性(xing)差又給燃(ran)油行業(ye)帶來了新的(de)(de)困擾。
2、制動膠管
作為汽(qi)車剎車系統中(zhong)不可替代的(de)一部分,主要用(yong)于(yu)傳遞制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)至汽(qi)車制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)蹄或制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)鉗,保障制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)連續做功。根據制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液的(de)不同,制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)膠(jiao)管又有石油基(ji)與非石油基(ji)之分。
隨(sui)著對制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)能、以及(ji)節能環保法(fa)規(gui)要求的(de)(de)不(bu)斷提高,以及(ji)新(xin)型材料(liao)的(de)(de)研(yan)發應用,制(zhi)動(dong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管的(de)(de)內層(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)已多由三元乙(yi)丙(bing)(bing)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM)取代了(le)丁(ding)苯橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(SBR),制(zhi)動(dong)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管的(de)(de)內層(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料(liao)也(ye)有(you)了(le)天然膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NR)、丁(ding)腈橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NBR)、氯丁(ding)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(CR)、三元乙(yi)丙(bing)(bing)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM)、特種橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)更多的(de)(de)選(xuan)擇。通常,外(wai)層(ceng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料(liao)可(ke)選(xuan)擇天然膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NR)、氯丁(ding)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(CR)、三元乙(yi)丙(bing)(bing)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM),對應內層(ceng)選(xuan)用丁(ding)腈橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(NBR)和三元乙(yi)丙(bing)(bing)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(EPDM),中間層(ceng)用棉線、滌綸(lun)、人造絲、芳綸(lun)等(deng)增(zeng)(zeng)強材料(liao)增(zeng)(zeng)強。
3、散熱器膠管
主要用于汽車發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)散熱(re)(re)系統(tong)中(zhong)傳輸冷(leng)卻液(ye),一方面(mian)將(jiang)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)工作產(chan)生的(de)熱(re)(re)量傳遞至散熱(re)(re)器降(jiang)溫、傳遞至暖風(feng)機(ji)(ji)喂駕駛艙供熱(re)(re),另一方面(mian)將(jiang)散熱(re)(re)后(hou)的(de)冷(leng)卻液(ye)傳送回發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)進行下一個(ge)熱(re)(re)量循環。目(mu)前發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)燃(ran)燒控(kong)制先進技術的(de)不斷應(ying)(ying)用,使(shi)得(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)艙內的(de)溫度由原來的(de)110~125℃上(shang)升到125~150℃,甚(shen)至高(gao)達175℃,以(yi)往硫(liu)磺硫(liu)化體(ti)系的(de)散熱(re)(re)器膠管已(yi)經(jing)不再(zai)適應(ying)(ying)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)溫度,過(guo)氧化物體(ti)系的(de)膠管應(ying)(ying)用日趨廣泛。
4、空調膠管
用于(yu)汽車空調制冷系(xi)統,通過傳(chuan)輸不同(tong)壓力、氣液狀態的制冷劑(ji)完成(cheng)制冷循(xun)環,分純(chun)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)、橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)-樹(shu)脂(zhi)復(fu)合(he)材(cai)料、純(chun)樹(shu)脂(zhi)材(cai)料結(jie)構三種(zhong)。目前采(cai)用最多(duo)的是(shi)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)-樹(shu)脂(zhi)復(fu)合(he)結(jie)構,這種(zhong)膠(jiao)(jiao)管內層膠(jiao)(jiao)由一層樹(shu)脂(zhi)和一層橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)組成(cheng),曾(ceng)被認為是(shi)新型(xing)汽車空調制冷劑(ji)R134a的最佳選擇。
5、助力轉向膠管
應用于汽車(che)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),連(lian)接(jie)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油(you)壺、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油(you)泵(beng)等(deng)主要零部件,通過(guo)傳(chuan)輸不同壓力的助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油(you),實現(xian)對助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器的控制,從(cong)而提高來自方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)盤的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)力。汽車(che)的助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)主要分為機械式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(已(yi)被淘汰)、液(ye)壓助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)子液(ye)壓助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)動助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)四(si)種。目前大部分新款乘用車(che)均(jun)配置了(le)電(dian)(dian)動助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),由于該助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)由助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)機直接(jie)提供(gong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力,省去了(le)液(ye)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)部分,因此不含有助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)軟管,但在汽車(che)維修后(hou)市(shi)場(chang)助(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)力轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)膠管仍有較大需(xu)求。
6、動力轉向膠管
接(jie)觸介質(zhi)是礦(kuang)物油(you),要求(qiu)耐(nai)(nai)熱性(xing)能(neng)好、接(jie)頭部位牢(lao)固。國外汽車動(dong)力(li)轉向(xiang)系統最近發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢是采用高壓泵(beng)、以(yi)及實現(xian)泵(beng)的小型化和高出力(li)化,要求(qiu)膠(jiao)(jiao)管提高耐(nai)(nai)熱性(xing)和耐(nai)(nai)久(jiu)性(xing),內膠(jiao)(jiao)層具有(you)良好的耐(nai)(nai)油(you)性(xing)能(neng),外膠(jiao)(jiao)層耐(nai)(nai)磨、耐(nai)(nai)熱(150℃以(yi)上)、耐(nai)(nai)氣候(hou)。
這種膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管的(de)內外(wai)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)材料(liao)過去一(yi)(yi)般選(xuan)用丁(ding)腈橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和氯丁(ding)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),現在向(xiang)氫(qing)化(hua)丁(ding)腈橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(HNBR)、氯磺化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、氯化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)、丙烯(xi)(xi)酸酯橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)方(fang)向(xiang)發展。液(ye)壓轉(zhuan)向(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管新結構一(yi)(yi)般采用HNBR作內膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng),尼龍66作增強層(ceng),氯磺化(hua)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)作外(wai)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)。與(yu)傳統(tong)的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管相比,這種膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管的(de)使(shi)用壽(shou)命在140℃條件(jian)下可提(ti)高(gao)2倍以(yi)上(shang)。為(wei)提(ti)高(gao)耐熱性(xing)能,動力轉(zhuan)向(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管也有(you)使(shi)用氟(fu)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de),但由(you)于氟(fu)橡(xiang)(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)容易與(yu)油(you)中某些添加(jia)劑起反應,因而應用受到一(yi)(yi)定的(de)限制(zhi)。
7、渦輪增壓橡膠管
應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)汽車發(fa)動機進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)系(xi)統,連接增壓(ya)器(qi)、中冷器(qi)、進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)(guan)等(deng)主要零部件(jian),將經過渦(wo)輪增壓(ya)器(qi)增壓(ya)的(de)熱空氣(qi)(qi)傳遞(di)至中冷器(qi)降溫后傳遞(di)至進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)(guan),為發(fa)動機燃(ran)燒提供(gong)充足(zu)的(de)空氣(qi)(qi),增加燃(ran)燒效率。在國外,渦(wo)輪增壓(ya)器(qi)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)管(guan)(guan)目前采用(yong)(yong)全(quan)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)結構(gou),內膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)由氟橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和耐熱性好的(de)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)組(zu)成,增強層(ceng)用(yong)(yong)高強度(du)芳酰胺纖維針織而(er)成,外膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)層(ceng)采用(yong)(yong)硅橡(xiang)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。
三、各類汽車膠管的性能要求及檢測項目
汽車膠管必須具有(you)(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)挺性(xing)(xing)和(he)柔(rou)性(xing)(xing),一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)耐高低溫、壓力、天候、輸(shu)送(song)液體及(ji)機(ji)械振動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)能力。汽車膠管可分為燃油膠管,空(kong)調(diao)膠管,制動(dong)(dong)膠管,冷卻管,動(dong)(dong)力轉向管和(he)空(kong)氣輸(shu)送(song)管等,不同用(yong)途的(de)(de)(de)膠管又有(you)(you)一(yi)些不同要求,一(yi)般需要通過以下檢測項目:
1、燃油膠管
檢測項(xiang)目:耐液(ye)體(C液(ye)體、含氧燃油(you)(you)、氧化燃油(you)(you)、3號(hao)油(you)(you))、氣密性(xing)、爆(bao)破壓(ya)力、粘著強度、C液(ye)體抽出后臭氧試驗(yan)、低溫(wen)曲撓、清潔度和(he)萃取物(wu)、燃油(you)(you)滲透(tou)、真空試驗(yan)、膠管拉伸永(yong)久(jiu)變形和(he)撕裂、含氧燃油(you)(you)長期循環試驗(yan)、耐燃性(xing)、加速老(lao)化、銅片沉積。
2、制動膠管
檢測項(xiang)目:液壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、縮頸試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、容積膨脹(zhang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、爆破壓(ya)力試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、制動(dong)液相(xiang)溶試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、曲撓疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、拔脫試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、吸水(shui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、低溫彎(wan)曲試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、動(dong)態臭氧試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、高溫脈沖(chong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗、鹽霧試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。
3、散熱器膠管
檢測項目:粘(zhan)合強度(du)(du)、爆(bao)破壓(ya)力、外徑變化(hua)(hua)、脆性溫(wen)度(du)(du)、臭氧老化(hua)(hua)、熱老化(hua)(hua)(耐冷(leng)卻液充冷(leng)卻液老化(hua)(hua)后的爆(bao)破壓(ya)力、彎曲(qu)試驗、低溫(wen)柔(rou)性、壓(ya)縮永久變形(xing)、脈(mo)沖強度(du)(du)、電化(hua)(hua)學(xue)腐(fu)蝕(shi))。
4、空調膠管
檢測項目:制冷劑(ji)泄(xie)漏和滲透試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、老(lao)化(hua)(hua)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、低溫曲撓(nao)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、真空試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、靜壓(ya)長(chang)度變化(hua)(hua)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)爆破壓(ya)力、R134a抽出試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐(nai)R134a試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐(nai)臭氧(yang)、清(qing)潔(jie)度、脈沖試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、濕氣進入試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、整體密封(feng)性、壓(ya)變。
5、動力轉向膠管
檢測項目:脈沖試驗(yan)、爆破壓(ya)力(li)、液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)長度(du)變化試驗(yan)、低溫(wen)曲撓、粘合強度(du)、耐臭氧、容積膨脹、清潔(jie)度(du)、接頭腐蝕、耐液(ye)(ye)性(xing)、振動(dong)疲勞(lao)。