一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能自動跟(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)用來(lai)跟(gen)蹤太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，使(shi)集能器(qi)(qi)的(de)主光軸始(shi)終與太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光線相(xiang)平行的(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。較(jiao)常用的(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能平板式集熱(re)器(qi)(qi)和真空管式集熱(re)器(qi)(qi)均(jun)采(cai)用固定安(an)裝(zhuang)方式。這兩種集熱(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)共同(tong)(tong)缺點(dian)是(shi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽的(de)能量密度(du)(du)低(di)，因而集熱(re)溫度(du)(du)較(jiao)低(di)，一般只能提(ti)供(gong)40~70℃的(de)熱(re)水，不容(rong)易得到(dao)高(gao)溫。要提(ti)高(gao)能量密度(du)(du)則必(bi)須(xu)使(shi)集能器(qi)(qi)平面始(shi)終和太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽入射光垂直，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)還應對(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光實行聚焦。為了達到(dao)此(ci)目的(de)，在使(shi)用中(zhong)需要在方位(wei)角和高(gao)度(du)(du)角兩個方位(wei)上不斷跟(gen)蹤太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，使(shi)集能器(qi)(qi)從日(ri)出到(dao)日(ri)落始(shi)終對(dui)準太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，以提(ti)高(gao)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能的(de)利用率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤太陽的方法有(you)很多，但不外乎采用這兩種(zhong)方式：光電跟蹤和(he)根據視日運動軌跡跟蹤。后一種(zhong)跟蹤方式又可以分為雙軸跟蹤和(he)單軸跟蹤。

1、光電跟蹤

國內常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)：重(zhong)力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。這(zhe)些光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)都使用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)傳(chuan)感器，如硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠近遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，調整遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)使遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)對準太陽(yang)，硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于(yu)陰(yin)影區。當(dang)太陽(yang)西移(yi)時，遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)影隨之移(yi)動(dong)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受(shou)到(dao)(dao)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直射，輸出(chu)一定值的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，發出(chu)偏(pian)差信號，經放(fang)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路放(fang)大(da)(da)，控制跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)對準太陽(yang)，完(wan)成跟(gen)蹤(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優點(dian)是靈敏(min)度高(gao)，結構設計較為方便。其(qi)缺點(dian)是受(shou)到(dao)(dao)天氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)很(hen)大(da)(da)。如果在(zai)稍長時間段(duan)里(li)出(chu)現烏(wu)云遮(zhe)住太陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況，太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線往往不能(neng)照(zhao)到(dao)(dao)硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上，導(dao)致跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)無法(fa)對準太陽(yang)，甚至會(hui)引(yin)起執(zhi)行機構的(de)(de)(de)(de)誤動(dong)作。下面簡要介紹一下太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)經常(chang)用(yong)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩種(zhong)方法(fa)。

（1）太陽能電池板光強比較(jiao)法(fa)

把兩(liang)塊(kuai)完全(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)太陽能電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)按照(zhao)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)連接(jie)成(cheng)“人”字(zi)型，它(ta)們(men)既(ji)用作光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電轉(zhuan)化的(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，也(ye)起光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏器(qi)件的(de)(de)(de)作用。太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直照(zhao)射地面(mian)時，兩(liang)塊(kuai)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)上得(de)(de)(de)到的(de)(de)(de)太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)完全(quan)相(xiang)等，產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)大小相(xiang)等，此時控(kong)制它(ta)們(men)方位的(de)(de)(de)電動機(ji)不工作。入射太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與地面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)夾角改變時，如果(guo)甲電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)得(de)(de)(de)到太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)大于(yu)乙電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)得(de)(de)(de)到的(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)，則甲電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)就大于(yu)乙電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)強度(du)(du)，利用這一(yi)信(xin)號驅動電動機(ji)轉(zhuan)動，使得(de)(de)(de)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)與太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)夾角同(tong)(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直于(yu)地面(mian)時完全(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)。其優(you)點為(wei)調節較(jiao)為(wei)精(jing)確，電路也(ye)比較(jiao)簡(jian)單，但兩(liang)個(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)之間的(de)(de)(de)夾角始終存在，永遠(yuan)無(wu)法達到真正意(yi)義上的(de)(de)(de)垂直。

（2）光(guang)敏(min)電阻光(guang)強(qiang)比(bi)較法

利(li)用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照時(shi)(shi)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值發生變化(hua)的(de)原理，將(jiang)兩個完全相(xiang)同的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)分(fen)別(bie)放置(zhi)于一(yi)(yi)塊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板東西方向(xiang)(xiang)邊(bian)沿處的(de)下方（光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂直時(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)半可接(jie)收(shou)(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，一(yi)(yi)半在(zai)下邊(bian)）。如(ru)果(guo)太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直照射太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板時(shi)(shi)，兩個光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)到的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照強(qiang)度(du)相(xiang)同，所以它們的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值完全相(xiang)等(deng)，此時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機不轉(zhuan)動(dong)。當太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)方向(xiang)(xiang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂直方向(xiang)(xiang)有夾(jia)角時(shi)(shi)，接(jie)收(shou)(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)多的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值減小，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機轉(zhuan)動(dong)，直至兩個光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)上的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照強(qiang)度(du)相(xiang)同。其(qi)優點(dian)在(zai)于控(kong)制較精確，且(qie)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)也(ye)比較容易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)一般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)以(yi)下(xia)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)：傾斜(xie)布(bu)置(zhi)東(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)南北(bei)(bei)水平布(bu)置(zhi)，東(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)東(dong)西(xi)水平布(bu)置(zhi)，南北(bei)(bei)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)基本上(shang)都是(shi)單(dan)軸(zhou)轉動的南北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)或東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)，工作原理基本相(xiang)似(si)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系(xi)統的轉軸(zhou)（或焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)）系(xi)東(dong)西(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)布(bu)置(zhi)。然后根(gen)據(ju)太陽(yang)(yang)赤(chi)緯角(jiao)的變化使柱形(xing)拋物面(mian)反射(she)鏡繞轉軸(zhou)作俯仰轉動，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽(yang)(yang)。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)時(shi)，一天(tian)之中只有(you)正午(wu)時(shi)刻(ke)太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)與柱形(xing)拋物面(mian)的母(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)相(xiang)垂直，此(ci)時(shi)熱流最大。而在早上(shang)或下(xia)午(wu)太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)都是(shi)斜(xie)射(she)，所以(yi)一天(tian)之中熱流的變化比較大。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)單(dan)軸(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的特點是(shi)結(jie)構簡單(dan)，但是(shi)由(you)于入射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)不能始終(zhong)與主光(guang)(guang)軸(zhou)平行，從(cong)收集太陽(yang)(yang)能來說(shuo)并不理想。如果(guo)能夠(gou)在太陽(yang)(yang)高度(du)和赤(chi)緯角(jiao)的變化上(shang)都能夠(gou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽(yang)(yang)就可以(yi)獲(huo)得最多的太陽(yang)(yang)能，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即雙軸(zhou)就是(shi)根(gen)據(ju)這(zhe)樣的要求而設計(ji)的。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)蹤又可以(yi)分為兩種方(fang)(fang)式(shi)：極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤和高度(du)角(jiao)—方(fang)(fang)位角(jiao)式(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤。極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)全(quan)跟(gen)蹤原理(li)：聚光鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向(xiang)天球北(bei)極(ji)(ji)，即與(yu)地球自(zi)轉軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相平行，故(gu)稱(cheng)(cheng)為極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另(ling)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱(cheng)(cheng)為赤緯(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作時反(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)(jing)面(mian)只(zhi)須繞極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用(yong)與(yu)地球自(zi)轉角(jiao)速度(du)大小相同方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)相反(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)固定轉速，以(yi)跟(gen)蹤太(tai)陽的(de)(de)視日運(yun)動(dong)。此外再按照(zhao)季節的(de)(de)變化間斷地將(jiang)反(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)(jing)圍繞赤緯(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作俯仰轉動(dong)以(yi)適應赤緯(wei)角(jiao)的(de)(de)變化。這(zhe)種跟(gen)蹤方(fang)(fang)式(shi)并不(bu)(bu)復雜，只(zhi)是反(fan)(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)重(zhong)量并不(bu)(bu)通過極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支承裝置的(de)(de)設計比較困難(nan)。