一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)自動(dong)跟蹤(zong)裝置是用來跟蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，使(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)器的(de)(de)主光(guang)(guang)軸始(shi)終(zhong)與(yu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)線相平(ping)行的(de)(de)裝置。較(jiao)常用的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)平(ping)板式(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)器和真空(kong)管式(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)器均采用固定安裝方(fang)式(shi)。這兩種集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)器的(de)(de)共同缺點是太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽的(de)(de)能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)低(di)，因而(er)集(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)溫度(du)較(jiao)低(di)，一般只(zhi)能(neng)提(ti)(ti)供40~70℃的(de)(de)熱(re)水，不容易得(de)到(dao)(dao)高溫。要(yao)提(ti)(ti)高能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)則(ze)必須使(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)器平(ping)面始(shi)終(zhong)和太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽入射光(guang)(guang)垂直(zhi)，同時還應對(dui)(dui)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)實行聚焦。為了達到(dao)(dao)此目的(de)(de)，在使(shi)(shi)用中需要(yao)在方(fang)位(wei)角和高度(du)角兩個方(fang)位(wei)上不斷跟蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，使(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)器從日(ri)出到(dao)(dao)日(ri)落始(shi)終(zhong)對(dui)(dui)準太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽，以提(ti)(ti)高太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)的(de)(de)利(li)用率。

該圖片由注冊用戶"淺嘗不止—"提供，版權聲明反饋

二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤太陽的方(fang)法(fa)有很多，但(dan)不(bu)外乎采用這兩種方(fang)式：光電跟蹤和(he)根(gen)據視日運動軌跡跟蹤。后一種跟蹤方(fang)式又可以分(fen)為雙軸跟蹤和(he)單軸跟蹤。

1、光電跟蹤

國(guo)內(nei)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)有：重力式(shi)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)磁式(shi)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)動式(shi)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。這些光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)都使用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)(min)傳感(gan)器，如(ru)硅光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)管，光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)管靠近遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)，調(diao)整遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)使遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，硅光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)池處于陰(yin)影區。當太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)西(xi)移時(shi)(shi)，遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)陰(yin)影隨之移動，光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)管受到(dao)(dao)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)直(zhi)射，輸出(chu)一定值(zhi)的(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)流，發出(chu)偏差(cha)信(xin)號，經放大(da)電(dian)(dian)路放大(da)，控制(zhi)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，完成跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)優點是靈敏(min)(min)度高，結構(gou)設計較為方便。其缺點是受到(dao)(dao)天氣的(de)(de)影響(xiang)很大(da)。如(ru)果在稍長時(shi)(shi)間段里(li)出(chu)現烏云遮(zhe)住太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)情況，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)往往不能(neng)照到(dao)(dao)硅光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)管上，導致跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)無法對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)，甚至會引起執行機(ji)構(gou)的(de)(de)誤動作。下(xia)(xia)面簡要(yao)介紹(shao)一下(xia)(xia)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)經常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)兩種方法。

（1）太陽能(neng)電池板光強比較法

把兩塊完全相(xiang)同的(de)(de)太陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)按照一定的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)連接成“人”字型，它(ta)們(men)既(ji)用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)轉化的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，也(ye)起光(guang)敏器件的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)垂(chui)直照射(she)地(di)面時，兩塊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)的(de)(de)能流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)完全相(xiang)等，產生的(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小相(xiang)等，此時控制它(ta)們(men)方位(wei)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)不(bu)工作(zuo)(zuo)。入射(she)太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)與地(di)面的(de)(de)夾角(jiao)改變時，如果甲(jia)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)得(de)到(dao)(dao)太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)的(de)(de)能流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)大于乙(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)能流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)，則(ze)甲(jia)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)產生的(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)度(du)就大于乙(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)強(qiang)度(du)，利用(yong)這一信(xin)號驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)，使得(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)的(de)(de)夾角(jiao)同光(guang)垂(chui)直于地(di)面時完全相(xiang)同。其優(you)點為(wei)調(diao)節較為(wei)精確，電(dian)(dian)路也(ye)比較簡(jian)單(dan)，但兩個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)夾角(jiao)始終存在，永遠無法(fa)達到(dao)(dao)真正意(yi)義上的(de)(de)垂(chui)直。

（2）光敏電阻光強比(bi)較(jiao)法(fa)

利用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電阻(zu)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)阻(zu)值發生變化的原理(li)，將兩(liang)個(ge)完全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)同的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電阻(zu)分別放置于一(yi)塊電池板東(dong)西方向(xiang)邊沿處的下方（光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與(yu)電池板垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)一(yi)半(ban)可接(jie)收(shou)(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，一(yi)半(ban)在(zai)下邊）。如果太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)照(zhao)射太陽能(neng)電池板時(shi)，兩(liang)個(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電阻(zu)接(jie)收(shou)(shou)到(dao)的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強(qiang)度(du)相(xiang)同，所以它們(men)的阻(zu)值完全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)等，此時(shi)電動機不轉動。當太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)方向(xiang)與(yu)電池板垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)方向(xiang)有夾角時(shi)，接(jie)收(shou)(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強(qiang)多的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電阻(zu)阻(zu)值減小(xiao)，驅動電動機轉動，直(zhi)(zhi)至兩(liang)個(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏電阻(zu)上的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強(qiang)度(du)相(xiang)同。其優點在(zai)于控制(zhi)較精(jing)確，且電路也比較容(rong)易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)一(yi)般(ban)采用以(yi)下(xia)三種跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方式(shi)(shi)：傾斜布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)西跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，東(dong)西跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)東(dong)西水(shui)(shui)平(ping)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)三種方式(shi)(shi)基本(ben)上都是(shi)(shi)單軸(zhou)(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)方向或東(dong)西方向跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)，工作原理基本(ben)相似(si)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)（或焦(jiao)線(xian)(xian)）系東(dong)西方向布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然后根(gen)據太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)赤緯角的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)使柱形拋物(wu)面(mian)反射鏡繞轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)作俯(fu)仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)。采用這(zhe)種跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方式(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)，一(yi)天之中只有正(zheng)午時(shi)(shi)刻太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光與(yu)(yu)柱形拋物(wu)面(mian)的(de)(de)母線(xian)(xian)相垂直，此時(shi)(shi)熱流最(zui)大。而(er)在早上或下(xia)午太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光線(xian)(xian)都是(shi)(shi)斜射，所以(yi)一(yi)天之中熱流的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)比較大。采用單軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)方式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)結構簡(jian)單，但是(shi)(shi)由于入射光線(xian)(xian)不能始(shi)終與(yu)(yu)主光軸(zhou)(zhou)平(ping)行(xing)，從收(shou)集太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能來說并不理想。如果能夠(gou)在太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)高度和赤緯角的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)上都能夠(gou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)就可(ke)以(yi)獲得最(zui)多的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能，全跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)即雙軸(zhou)(zhou)就是(shi)(shi)根(gen)據這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)要求而(er)設計的(de)(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙(shuang)軸(zhou)(zhou)跟蹤(zong)又可以分為(wei)(wei)兩種(zhong)方式(shi)：極軸(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)全跟蹤(zong)和高(gao)度角(jiao)—方位角(jiao)式(shi)全跟蹤(zong)。極軸(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)全跟蹤(zong)原理(li)：聚光鏡(jing)的(de)一(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)指向(xiang)天球(qiu)北極，即與(yu)地(di)球(qiu)自(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)平行，故稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)極軸(zhou)(zhou)。另一(yi)軸(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)極軸(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)赤(chi)緯(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)。工作時反(fan)射鏡(jing)面(mian)只須繞(rao)極軸(zhou)(zhou)用與(yu)地(di)球(qiu)自(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)角(jiao)速度大(da)小相(xiang)同(tong)方向(xiang)相(xiang)反(fan)的(de)固定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，以跟蹤(zong)太陽的(de)視日運動(dong)。此外再按照(zhao)季節的(de)變(bian)(bian)化間斷地(di)將反(fan)射鏡(jing)圍繞(rao)赤(chi)緯(wei)軸(zhou)(zhou)作俯仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)以適應赤(chi)緯(wei)角(jiao)的(de)變(bian)(bian)化。這種(zhong)跟蹤(zong)方式(shi)并不(bu)復雜，只是反(fan)射鏡(jing)的(de)重量并不(bu)通過(guo)極軸(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)線，使極軸(zhou)(zhou)支承裝置的(de)設計比較困(kun)難(nan)。