光(guang)纜是什(shen)么 光(guang)纜有什(shen)么用 光(guang)纜的一般(ban)分(fen)類(lei)

光(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(optical fiber cable)是(shi)為(wei)了滿足(zu)光(guang)學、機械或環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)性能規范(fan)而制造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)，它是(shi)利(li)用(yong)置(zhi)于包覆護(hu)套中的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)根(gen)或多根(gen)光(guang)纖作為(wei)傳(chuan)輸(shu)媒質并可(ke)以單獨或成(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)(zu)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信線(xian)(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)組(zu)(zu)件。光(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)主要是(shi)由(you)光(guang)導(dao)纖維（細(xi)如頭發的(de)(de)(de)玻璃(li)絲）和(he)塑料保護(hu)套管(guan)及塑料外(wai)(wai)(wai)皮構成(cheng)(cheng)，光(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)沒有(you)金(jin)、銀(yin)、銅鋁等金(jin)屬，一(yi)般(ban)無回收(shou)價值。光(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是(shi)一(yi)定數量的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)纖按照一(yi)定方式(shi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)心，外(wai)(wai)(wai)包有(you)護(hu)套，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)還包覆外(wai)(wai)(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)，用(yong)以實現光(guang)信號(hao)傳(chuan)輸(shu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)通(tong)信線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。 即：由(you)光(guang)纖（光(guang)傳(chuan)輸(shu)載體）經過一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)而形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。光(guang)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)結構一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)由(you)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)芯、加強鋼絲、填充物和(he)護(hu)套等幾部分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，另(ling)外(wai)(wai)(wai)根(gen)據需要還有(you)防水層(ceng)、緩沖層(ceng)、絕緣金(jin)屬導(dao)線(xian)(xian)等構件。

特別光纜特別用途

1、帶狀光纜

以(yi)多個(ge)單(dan)根光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通(tong)過著(zhu)色、堆疊成帶(dai)和(he)二次套塑的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)為(wei)單(dan)元加工成的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)有(you)(you)兩種，即包封型(xing)和(he)邊粘型(xing)，前(qian)者能(neng)承受橫向壓(ya)力，后者厚(hou)度(du)(du)較薄。每帶(dai)內可(ke)有(you)(you)4、8、12或16根光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。帶(dai)內光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)間距為(wei)0．28mm（對于4、8）和(he)0．3mm（對于12和(he)16），整齊(qi)排(pai)列，垂(chui)直(zhi)方向上有(you)(you)平面度(du)(du)，即偏離度(du)(du)要求(qiu)，不(bu)得大于如30、40、50um（依帶(dai)內光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)數(shu)而定），以(yi)便于集(ji)群（熔接）接續。帶(dai)內光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)序地使用(yong)色譜，利于檢修(xiu)和(he)接續時認別(bie)無誤。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)帶(dai)體積小，可(ke)提高(gao)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纜中光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的集(ji)裝密度(du)(du)，可(ke)構成芯數(shu)很大的，如320直(zhi)至(zhi)3456芯。適(shi)用(yong)于當前(qian)發展(zhan)迅速的光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)接入(ru)網(wang)。

2、全介質自承式光纜

簡稱ADSS（＝All Dielectric self-support）光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)，其中(zhong)抗(kang)張力的加強元不是(shi)金屬而(er)是(shi)芳綸紗(sha)和(he)玻璃纖維增強塑料（FRP）。主要應用在強電(dian)場(chang)合，如(ru)電(dian)力和(he)鐵路通信系統；同時(shi)，在跨江過河(he)或復雜(za)地形等大跨距場(chang)合。ADSS光(guang)(guang)纜(lan)可以不停電(dian)施工，耐電(dian)痕，溫度范圍寬。

3、地線復合光纜

簡(jian)稱OPGW（＝Optical Power Grounded Waveguide），又稱光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)架空地線(xian)，電力傳輸線(xian)路(lu)中地線(xian)中含有供(gong)通(tong)信(xin)用的光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)單元。該種(zhong)光(guang)纜做到兩全(quan)，即地線(xian)的電性(xing)能(neng)和機械性(xing)能(neng)不因設置了光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)而受(shou)到損害，光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)單元也要適當地受(shou)到保護而不致(zhi)損傷。有鉛骨(gu)架型(xing)(xing)、不銹鋼管型(xing)(xing)以及海底光(guang)纜型(xing)(xing)等幾種(zhong)。

4、海底光纜

鋪設于海(hai)底(di)的(de)光(guang)纜(lan)，有淺海(hai)和(he)深(shen)海(hai)應用。這種光(guang)纜(lan)的(de)特(te)點；一是耐受很大(da)的(de)靜水壓(ya)力(li)(li) （每深(shen)10m增(zeng)加壓(ya)力(li)(li)為1噸。）和(he)施(shi)放過程中的(de)拖曳力(li)(li)；二是能(neng)防止氫入侵光(guang)纖。已經證實，氫會導(dao)致光(guang)纖增(zeng)大(da)衰減；三(san)是中繼段(duan)跨距(ju)大(da)。在(zai)海(hai)纜(lan)中光(guang)纖單(dan)元(yuan)都放置于纜(lan)的(de)中心并在(zai)專制的(de)不(bu)銹鋼管(guan)(guan)中。該管(guan)(guan)外(wai)繞高強度拱形(xing)結(jie)構的(de)鋼絲。鋼絲層又包上銅管(guan)(guan)，供作遠供，又使得光(guang)纜(lan)敷設時不(bu)發(fa)生微／宏(hong)彎。然后(hou)擠塑外(wai)護(hu)套。還(huan)可能(neng)銷裝(zhuang)，以防利器(qi)傷害，其中包括鯊魚咬噬。在(zai)我國上海(hai)、青(qing)島、汕(shan)頭(tou)已有洋(yang)際海(hai)底(di)光(guang)纜(lan)著(zhu)陸。