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民俗介紹

馬仙信俗是(shi)2014年經國務(wu)院批準列入第四批非物質文化遺產名錄的(de)一種民俗。

馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)(su)是(shi)閩(min)(min)(min)浙民(min)眾(zhong)世代(dai)傳(chuan)承(cheng)、崇信(xin)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)傳(chuan)統民(min)間習俗(su)(su)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，又稱(cheng)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等，是(shi)閩(min)(min)(min)東北、浙東南地(di)區崇信(xin)的(de)女神(shen)。因嫁不(bu)久夫亡(wang)，數十年間，婆媳相(xiang)依為(wei)命，忍辱負重，殷(yin)勤奉(feng)姑(gu)至終老。其孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)感動天(tian)，傳(chuan)為(wei)佳話(hua)，歿后被(bei)(bei)祀(si)為(wei)神(shen)。唐肅宗時敕封為(wei)“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)氏護國夫人”，與(yu)媽祖、陳靖姑(gu)并(bing)稱(cheng)為(wei)閩(min)(min)(min)浙三大女神(shen)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)行，也(ye)被(bei)(bei)上層社會(hui)奉(feng)為(wei)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德典范，歷史人物李(li)陽(yang)冰、劉伯溫、馮夢龍等均(jun)撰文贊(zan)頌(song)之(zhi)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)仰于宋元間即傳(chuan)入(ru)柘(zhe)(zhe)榮(rong)，不(bu)僅被(bei)(bei)奉(feng)為(wei)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德楷模，而且也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)民(min)眾(zhong)祛(qu)病化厄、禳(rang)災(zai)御患的(de)精(jing)神(shen)寄托。每(mei)年舉行的(de)“迎仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”廟祭儀式，各家之(zhi)母親或婆婆則(ze)率女、媳到(dao)廟祭祀(si)，講述(shu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)道(dao)故事，傳(chuan)遞(di)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德精(jing)神(shen)，從而形成(cheng)了一套完整的(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)(su)。明(ming)清時，馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)(su)在福寧府（今閩(min)(min)(min)東）廣(guang)為(wei)流傳(chuan)，根深蒂固。柘(zhe)(zhe)榮(rong)是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)仰中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)地(di)帶，柘(zhe)(zhe)榮(rong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)(su)活(huo)動典型。其影響波及閩(min)(min)(min)、浙、贛、粵和臺灣及東南亞(ya)等地(di)，信(xin)眾(zhong)達2000多萬人。被(bei)(bei)譽為(wei)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)山”的(de)柘(zhe)(zhe)榮(rong)東獅(shi)山是(shi)閩(min)(min)(min)浙邊界(jie)信(xin)眾(zhong)朝拜馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)圣(sheng)山，傳(chuan)說山上靈巖洞是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)修煉(lian)處，中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)場(chang)所在城關仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼(yu)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)俗(su)(su)千年傳(chuan)承(cheng)留下(xia)了諸多的(de)文物名(ming)勝(sheng)，有始于宋代(dai)的(de)靈巖洞、始建于元代(dai)的(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟、明(ming)代(dai)東獅(shi)山摩崖(ya)石刻等縣級文保單位，還有明(ming)、清時期(qi)牌匾等，有百丈(zhang)巖、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人足跡(ji)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人溪、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)掌泉、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼(yu)等名(ming)勝(sheng)。

表現形式

馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信俗的主要表現(xian)形(xing)式是(shi)每年農歷七(qi)月初(chu)七(qi)起舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)游(you)(you)盛會。其活(huo)動(dong)由以下(xia)幾個環節構成(cheng)：接(jie)仙(xian)，從靈(ling)巖洞起始；獻祭、醮儀(yi)，中心場所在城(cheng)關仙(xian)嶼馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)廟；游(you)(you)境(jing)，在十三(san)境(jing)依序巡游(you)(you)；送仙(xian)，將馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)神(shen)輿隆重地(di)送回靈(ling)巖洞。同(tong)時，舉(ju)(ju)行(xing)民間藝(yi)術展演活(huo)動(dong)，主要有：臺閣(ge)、戲曲、木(mu)偶(ou)、燈(deng)藝(yi)、雜技、舞蹈、燈(deng)謎(mi)等。接(jie)仙(xian)期間，母(mu)親帶兒女、婆婆帶媳婦祭拜馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)。馬(ma)(ma)仙(xian)以孝德楷模受(shou)頂(ding)禮膜拜，逐漸演變成(cheng)為民眾祛病(bing)化厄、禳災御患(huan)、保佑平安的地(di)方保護(hu)神(shen)。

馬仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是祈求(qiu)國泰民安、人壽年豐(feng)的(de)(de)愿景，十三(san)境(jing)社(she)境(jing)和(he)諧(xie)的(de)(de)聯誼(yi)、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)道(dao)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)與現(xian)代文明的(de)(de)融(rong)合，以及(ji)民間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)展(zhan)演。馬仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)中(zhong)提倡侍(shi)母孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)姑、和(he)睦鄰里、行善濟世，具(ju)有道(dao)德(de)(de)教育價(jia)值(zhi)；其通過十三(san)境(jing)聯誼(yi)、對建(jian)(jian)構(gou)和(he)諧(xie)社(she)會(hui)(hui)，具(ju)有重(zhong)要(yao)現(xian)實(shi)啟(qi)示價(jia)值(zhi)。馬仙(xian)廟祭(ji)期間，各家(jia)庭母親帶兒女(nv)、婆(po)(po)婆(po)(po)帶媳婦祭(ji)拜馬仙(xian),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)揚馬仙(xian)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)順公婆(po)(po)的(de)(de)美徳，使傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)教化(hua)(hua)代代相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),促進家(jia)庭和(he)諧(xie)，有利(li)于幸福家(jia)庭和(he)文明社(she)會(hui)(hui)建(jian)(jian)設(she)。“迎(ying)仙(xian)”儀式中(zhong)，信(xin)(xin)眾以孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)、和(he)諧(xie)、健康、平安理念(nian)貫穿活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)全程，特別是倡導(dao)和(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播婆(po)(po)媳和(he)諧(xie)、鄰里和(he)睦、勤儉(jian)持家(jia)等(deng)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)，具(ju)有社(she)會(hui)(hui)道(dao)德(de)(de)深(shen)層(ceng)教化(hua)(hua)特征，值(zhi)得(de)在(zai)當(dang)代效仿和(he)推行。在(zai)當(dang)代對傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)教育缺失之影(ying)響下，馬仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗(su)所倡導(dao)的(de)(de)孝(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)德(de)(de)、和(he)諧(xie)、健康、平安等(deng)理念(nian)，不(bu)僅符合中(zhong)華民族的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)美德(de)(de)，也(ye)契合當(dang)今社(she)會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)教育，對弘揚傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文化(hua)(hua)，建(jian)(jian)構(gou)和(he)諧(xie)社(she)會(hui)(hui)有重(zhong)要(yao)現(xian)實(shi)意(yi)義(yi)和(he)主(zhu)流(liu)價(jia)值(zhi)。馬俗(su)信(xin)(xin)仰活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為柘榮民間文化(hua)(hua)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)提供了一個載體的(de)(de)作用，許多(duo)民間藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)如提線(xian)木偶戲(xi)、布(bu)袋戲(xi)、地坪戲(xi)、抬閣裝(zhuang)飾(shi)、燈(deng)飾(shi)剪紙等(deng)技藝(yi)，在(zai)儀式活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)得(de)以傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)和(he)鞏固，并為為藝(yi)人的(de)(de)技藝(yi)創(chuang)作及(ji)發展(zhan)創(chuang)造(zao)機會(hui)(hui)；馬俗(su)信(xin)(xin)仰活動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，為政(zheng)府了解和(he)保護非物(wu)質遺產的(de)(de)保護提供了完整的(de)(de)資(zi)料(liao)，為當(dang)代現(xian)代文化(hua)(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)仍具(ju)有重(zhong)要(yao)啟(qi)示意(yi)義(yi)及(ji)參考價(jia)值(zhi)。