土工材料包含哪些

土工合成材料是土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程應(ying)用的(de)合(he)(he)成材料的(de)總稱。作為(wei)一種(zhong)(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程材料，它是以(yi)人工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)成的(de)聚合(he)(he)物(wu)（如(ru)塑料、化纖(xian)、合(he)(he)成橡膠等）為(wei)原料，制成各種(zhong)(zhong)類型的(de)產品(pin)，置(zhi)于土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)內部(bu)、表面或各種(zhong)(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)之(zhi)間，發揮加強或保護(hu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)的(de)作用。《土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)成材料應(ying)用技術規范》將土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)成材料分為(wei)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)織物(wu)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)膜、土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)特種(zhong)(zhong)材料和土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)復合(he)(he)材料，土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)網，玻纖(xian)網，土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)墊等類型。

土工合成材料原料

土工(gong)合成材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的原材(cai)料(liao)(liao)是(shi)(shi)高分子(zi)聚(ju)(ju)合物（polymer）。它們(men)是(shi)(shi)由煤、石(shi)(shi)油、天然(ran)氣或石(shi)(shi)灰石(shi)(shi)中提煉出(chu)來的化學物質(zhi)制(zhi)成，再(zai)進一步(bu)加(jia)工(gong)成纖維或合成材(cai)料(liao)(liao)片材(cai)，最(zui)后制(zhi)成各種產(chan)品(pin)。制(zhi)造(zao)土工(gong)合成材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的聚(ju)(ju)合物主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯（PE）、聚(ju)(ju)酯(zhi)（PET）、聚(ju)(ju)酰(xian)胺（PER）、聚(ju)(ju)丙烯（PP）和聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯（PVC）、氯(lv)化聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯（CPE）、聚(ju)(ju)苯乙(yi)(yi)烯（EPS）等 。

土工材料的應用

土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料的重要性土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料技(ji)術自20世紀70年代(dai)引入(ru)我國以(yi)(yi)后，在水(shui)(shui)利、土建、交通(tong)和(he)港口等領域(yu)得(de)到(dao)了普遍的應用。土坡(po)中加(jia)入(ru)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料(土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)或土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu))可以(yi)(yi)將土坡(po)填筑得(de)更陡一些。就加(jia)筋功能而言(yan)，同(tong)針刺(ci)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)相比，土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)和(he)有紡(fang)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)可以(yi)(yi)在較小的應變下發揮作用。針刺(ci)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)則具有土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)和(he)有紡(fang)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)所不具有的土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成材(cai)料平面內的透水(shui)(shui)性。

近(jin)年來(lai)，土(tu)工(gong)材料在巖石(shi)工(gong)程，尤其是在防(fang)洪搶(qiang)險(xian)工(gong)程中的(de)(de)(de)大量應用及其成效(xiao)，引起了(le)(le)廣大工(gong)程技術(shu)人員的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度重視。對于土(tu)工(gong)合(he)成材料的(de)(de)(de)應用技術(shu)，國家從防(fang)滲、反濾、排水、加筋、防(fang)護等(deng)方面，提出了(le)(le)規范性(xing)技術(shu)要求，大大加快了(le)(le)新材料的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣應用步伐。土(tu)工(gong)布與常規的(de)(de)(de)砌石(shi)及砼材料防(fang)滲效(xiao)果(guo)相比(bi)，具有(you)投資低，施工(gong)工(gong)藝簡單，工(gong)期短，防(fang)滲效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)，渠(qu)道有(you)效(xiao)利用系數(shu)高(gao)等(deng)優點。

土工材料應用的主要場合

(1)陡(dou)坡路堤加筋或(huo)挖方邊坡修復加筋，以形成較陡(dou)邊坡節省占(zhan)地或(huo)適應特定的場地要(yao)求；

(2)路(lu)基暗溝排(pai)水(shui)、支擋結構的墻背排(pai)水(shui)、路(lu)面的層間排(pai)水(shui)和邊緣排(pai)水(shui)中，起過濾和排(pai)水(shui)作用(yong)；

(3)路(lu)基(ji)邊坡(po)防(fang)護中，防(fang)止(zhi)雨水對(dui)邊坡(po)沖蝕，利(li)于(yu)植物的生長。應用(yong)于(yu)沿河路(lu)基(ji)邊坡(po)防(fang)護，防(fang)止(zhi)河流對(dui)路(lu)基(ji)的沖刷(shua)，如(ru)采用(yong)土(tu)工(gong)網墊、土(tu)工(gong)織物、土(tu)工(gong)模袋等(deng)；

(4)路(lu)基(ji)開(kai)挖場地的臨時或永(yong)久防(fang)護(hu)，防(fang)止水土(tu)流失對環境和路(lu)基(ji)路(lu)面結構的影響；

(5)舊路面罩面，防治路面反射裂縫(feng)，延(yan)緩(huan)反射裂縫(feng)的發生和發展(zhan)，應用于路面結構(gou)中，增強(qiang)路面結構(gou)強(qiang)度(du)，減少車轍(che)；

(6)柔(rou)性路面(mian)的碎(sui)石基層(ceng)或(huo)碎(sui)石底基層(ceng)中，增(zeng)強基層(ceng)或(huo)底基層(ceng)的整體強度；

(7)構筑加筋(jin)土橋(qiao)臺；

(8)軟土地(di)(di)基和有(you)問題地(di)(di)基中，加速(su)地(di)(di)基的固結、提高地(di)(di)基的強度，如(ru)采(cai)用(yong)土工(gong)格室、土工(gong)排水板、土工(gong)織物或(huo)土工(gong)格柵形成的柔(rou)性墊層等；

(9)土釘、錨桿(gan)等錨固支擋(dang)(dang)結構中，和(he)土釘、錨桿(gan)一起形成完(wan)整的(de)支擋(dang)(dang)結構；

(10)構筑(zhu)加(jia)筋土(tu)擋墻。