土工材料包含哪些
土工合成材料是(shi)土(tu)木工程(cheng)應(ying)用的合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)的總稱。作為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)土(tu)木工程(cheng)材(cai)料(liao),它是(shi)以人工合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)的聚合(he)物(如塑(su)料(liao)、化纖(xian)、合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)橡膠等)為(wei)原料(liao),制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)各種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的產(chan)品,置于土(tu)體內部、表面或各種(zhong)土(tu)體之間,發揮加強或保護土(tu)體的作用。《土(tu)工合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)應(ying)用技術規范》將土(tu)工合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材(cai)料(liao)分為(wei)土(tu)工織物、土(tu)工膜(mo)、土(tu)工特種(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)和土(tu)工復合(he)材(cai)料(liao),土(tu)工網(wang),玻纖(xian)網(wang),土(tu)工墊等類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。
土工合成材料原料
土(tu)(tu)工合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)的原材料(liao)是高分(fen)子聚(ju)合(he)(he)物(polymer)。它們是由煤、石油(you)、天然氣或(huo)石灰石中提煉出來的化學(xue)物質制成(cheng)(cheng),再進一(yi)步加工成(cheng)(cheng)纖維或(huo)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)片(pian)材,最后制成(cheng)(cheng)各(ge)種產品。制造土(tu)(tu)工合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)材料(liao)的聚(ju)合(he)(he)物主要有聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(PE)、聚(ju)酯(zhi)(PET)、聚(ju)酰胺(PER)、聚(ju)丙烯(xi)(PP)和聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(PVC)、氯(lv)化聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(CPE)、聚(ju)苯乙烯(xi)(EPS)等 。
土工材料的應用
土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)重要性土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)技術(shu)自(zi)20世(shi)紀70年代(dai)引入我國(guo)以后,在水(shui)利(li)、土建、交通(tong)和港口等領(ling)域得(de)到了(le)普(pu)遍的(de)(de)(de)應用。土坡(po)中加入土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材料(liao)(土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格(ge)(ge)柵(zha)或土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu))可(ke)以將(jiang)土坡(po)填(tian)筑得(de)更陡一些。就(jiu)加筋功能(neng)而言(yan),同針(zhen)刺(ci)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)相比(bi),土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格(ge)(ge)柵(zha)和有紡(fang)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)可(ke)以在較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)應變下發(fa)揮作用。針(zhen)刺(ci)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)則具(ju)有土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)格(ge)(ge)柵(zha)和有紡(fang)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu)所(suo)不具(ju)有的(de)(de)(de)土工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合成(cheng)材料(liao)平面內的(de)(de)(de)透水(shui)性。
近年來(lai),土工(gong)(gong)材(cai)料在(zai)巖石工(gong)(gong)程(cheng),尤其是在(zai)防(fang)洪搶險工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)大(da)量應(ying)用(yong)(yong)及(ji)(ji)其成效(xiao),引起了(le)廣(guang)大(da)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術(shu)(shu)人員(yuan)的(de)高度重(zhong)視(shi)。對于土工(gong)(gong)合成材(cai)料的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)技術(shu)(shu),國家從防(fang)滲、反(fan)濾、排水、加(jia)筋、防(fang)護等方面,提出(chu)了(le)規范性(xing)技術(shu)(shu)要求,大(da)大(da)加(jia)快了(le)新材(cai)料的(de)推(tui)廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)步伐。土工(gong)(gong)布(bu)與常規的(de)砌石及(ji)(ji)砼材(cai)料防(fang)滲效(xiao)果相(xiang)比,具有投資(zi)低,施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝簡單(dan),工(gong)(gong)期(qi)短,防(fang)滲效(xiao)果好,渠道有效(xiao)利用(yong)(yong)系數(shu)高等優點。
土工材料應用的主要場合
(1)陡坡路(lu)堤加筋(jin)或(huo)挖方邊坡修復(fu)加筋(jin),以形成較(jiao)陡邊坡節省占(zhan)地(di)或(huo)適應特(te)定的場(chang)地(di)要求;
(2)路(lu)基暗溝(gou)排水、支擋結構的墻背(bei)排水、路(lu)面的層(ceng)間排水和邊緣排水中,起過濾和排水作用;
(3)路基(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡防(fang)(fang)護中,防(fang)(fang)止雨(yu)水對(dui)邊(bian)(bian)坡沖蝕,利于植物(wu)的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)。應用(yong)于沿河路基(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡防(fang)(fang)護,防(fang)(fang)止河流對(dui)路基(ji)的(de)沖刷,如采用(yong)土工網墊、土工織物(wu)、土工模袋等;
(4)路(lu)基(ji)開挖場地的(de)臨時或永久防(fang)(fang)護,防(fang)(fang)止水土流失(shi)對環境(jing)和路(lu)基(ji)路(lu)面結構的(de)影響;
(5)舊路(lu)面(mian)罩面(mian),防治(zhi)路(lu)面(mian)反(fan)射裂(lie)縫,延緩反(fan)射裂(lie)縫的發(fa)生和(he)發(fa)展,應用于(yu)路(lu)面(mian)結構中,增強路(lu)面(mian)結構強度,減少(shao)車轍;
(6)柔性路面的(de)碎石(shi)基(ji)層(ceng)或碎石(shi)底(di)基(ji)層(ceng)中,增(zeng)強基(ji)層(ceng)或底(di)基(ji)層(ceng)的(de)整體強度;
(7)構筑加筋土橋臺;
(8)軟(ruan)土地基(ji)和有問(wen)題地基(ji)中,加速地基(ji)的固結、提(ti)高地基(ji)的強度,如采(cai)用(yong)土工格室、土工排水板、土工織(zhi)物(wu)或土工格柵(zha)形(xing)成的柔(rou)性(xing)墊(dian)層等;
(9)土(tu)(tu)釘(ding)(ding)、錨(mao)桿(gan)(gan)等錨(mao)固支(zhi)擋結(jie)構中,和土(tu)(tu)釘(ding)(ding)、錨(mao)桿(gan)(gan)一起形(xing)成完整的支(zhi)擋結(jie)構;
(10)構筑加筋土擋墻。