一.產品介紹
永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)起源于(yu)野(ye)生鴻(hong)雁,是(shi)(shi)鴨科(ke)雁屬鴻(hong)雁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個變(bian)種(zhong),據《大理(li)州地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)畜(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)志》記載,1263年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)回族紇氏開始馴(xun)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)鵝(e)(e)(e)(鴻(hong)雁),迄(qi)今(jin)為(wei)(wei)止已有(you)750多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)回族農(nong)民(min)(min)(min)在(zai)(zai)特(te)(te)(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)氣(qi)候(hou)環境(jing)、飼(si)(si)料(liao)條(tiao)件、飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)下,在(zai)(zai)長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)實踐中,經精心選(xuan)(xuan)留、馴(xun)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)培育和自(zi)然(ran)選(xuan)(xuan)擇,逐步形成(cheng)了獨具特(te)(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong),具有(you)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)力強(qiang),喙、羽毛(mao)、肉瘤、頸、肉色(se)、膚色(se)、體(ti)型、生產(chan)性(xing)能、繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)穩定(ding),毛(mao)色(se)純凈、繁(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)力高(gao)、就巢性(xing)強(qiang)、早期生長速度快、耐粗飼(si)(si)、飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)成(cheng)本(ben)低、抗病(bing)力強(qiang)、肉味鮮(xian)美、鵝(e)(e)(e)肥肝大、油脂含(han)量高(gao)等(deng)特(te)(te)(te)質。1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)收錄于(yu)《大理(li)州地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)畜(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)志》,1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)收錄于(yu)《云(yun)南省家畜(chu)(chu)家禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)志》。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7月經國家畜(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)資源委員會(hui)審定(ding)、鑒定(ding)通過,將永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)優(you)良(liang)家禽(qin)(qin)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)確定(ding)為(wei)(wei)云(yun)南鵝(e)(e)(e),列入國家級畜(chu)(chu)禽(qin)(qin)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)資源名錄,并(bing)將永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)縣(xian)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)原產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中心產(chan)區(qu)。永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)中央電視臺七套(tao)《致富(fu)經》作過專(zhuan)題報(bao)道,加(jia)工產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)在(zai)(zai)昆明國際旅(lv)游節商品(pin)(pin)(pin)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)銷會(hui)上(shang)評為(wei)(wei)“名特(te)(te)(te)優(you)旅(lv)游商品(pin)(pin)(pin)獎(jiang)”;“永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)”曾(ceng)連續(xu)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲(huo)得(de)大理(li)州三月街民(min)(min)(min)族節展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)銷產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)“金花獎(jiang)”。 永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)縣(xian)屬北(bei)亞熱帶高(gao)原季(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou),由(you)于(yu)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)和地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)環境(jing)等(deng)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),“一(yi)(yi)山分(fen)四季(ji),隔里(li)不(bu)同天”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)體(ti)氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)(te)(te)征。境(jing)內河(he)流(liu)眾多(duo)(duo),水源較好(hao),自(zi)然(ran)生態條(tiao)件為(wei)(wei)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)提供了良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長環境(jing),在(zai)(zai)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1800m以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江河(he)流(liu)域、湖泊、池(chi)塘、水溝(gou)、沼澤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)水資源豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亞熱帶地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)段(duan)都(dou)有(you)大規(gui)(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)群(qun)眾飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)雛鵝(e)(e)(e)有(you)飼(si)(si)喂碎玉米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan),種(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)和雌鵝(e)(e)(e)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)糧食(shi)作物中又以(yi)(yi)玉米(mi)、麥子為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),多(duo)(duo)采(cai)取自(zi)由(you)放養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),使其在(zai)(zai)河(he)流(liu)、池(chi)塘、沼澤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、水溝(gou)邊得(de)到(dao)充分(fen)活動,并(bing)可獲(huo)得(de)較多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物質、青綠飼(si)(si)料(liao)、蟲類(lei)等(deng)天然(ran)良(liang)好(hao)飼(si)(si)料(liao)。白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)回民(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),鵝(e)(e)(e)油亦是(shi)(shi)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)回民(min)(min)(min)攝取脂肪(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要途徑之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回民(min)(min)(min)傳(chuan)統習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)是(shi)(shi)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月陸續(xu)宰(zai)后腌制成(cheng)臘鵝(e)(e)(e),作為(wei)(wei)訪(fang)友待(dai)客(ke)或禮品(pin)(pin)(pin)相送(song)。加(jia)上(shang)回族群(qun)眾宗教信仰(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin),有(you)“只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)回民(min)(min)(min)中可買賣或外賣,但卻(que)不(bu)與漢人買”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan),進行自(zi)繁(fan)自(zi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。經過長期選(xuan)(xuan)育,一(yi)(yi)些優(you)良(liang)基因(yin)得(de)到(dao)擴大、發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、優(you)良(liang)性(xing)狀(zhuang)得(de)到(dao)遺(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)和純化。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)過程中,在(zai)(zai)永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)特(te)(te)(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)氣(qi)候(hou)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)環境(jing)下,通過當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)和人工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇培育,最(zui)終形成(cheng)了永(yong)(yong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)這一(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)良(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)廣泛養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi),全縣(xian)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)較大,回民(min)(min)(min)戶均常年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)鵝(e)(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)200只(zhi)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。由(you)于(yu)鵝(e)(e)(e)是(shi)(shi)草食(shi)水禽(qin)(qin),方(fang)便飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),鵝(e)(e)(e)肉營(ying)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)豐富(fu),味道鮮(xian)美,在(zai)(zai)本(ben)縣(xian)水源較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢族村莊也大量仿效飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),有(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)存欄(lan)15萬只(zhi)。
二.自然生態環(huan)境和人(ren)文歷史(shi)因(yin)素
1、 地(di)質地(di)貌:養(yang)殖區(qu)域(yu)最高海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2979.1m,最低海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1120m,平均海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1670m,適宜養(yang)殖區(qu)域(yu)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)為1200—1800m的(de)壩區(qu)、半山區(qu)、低熱河谷地(di)帶(dai)。土(tu)(tu)壤類型主要是紫(zi)色土(tu)(tu)壤、紅色土(tu)(tu)壤、黃棕(zong)土(tu)(tu)壤和沖積土(tu)(tu)壤。
2、 水文情況:養殖區有銀(yin)江(jiang)河、倒流(liu)河、六米(mi)河、上村(cun)河及其支流(liu)河穿(chuan)境而過,歸屬瀾滄江(jiang)水系。水資源(yuan)豐富(fu),無(wu)污染,水質清潔。
3、 氣候特點:養殖區域屬北亞熱帶季風氣候,具(ju)有冬干夏濕山地溫(wen)涼的氣候特點,冬無嚴寒(han),夏無酷暑(shu),干濕度分(fen)明的立(li)體氣候。一般雨(yu)季主要集中(zhong)在7~9月,最(zui)(zui)高(gao)年降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)1342.9㎜,最(zui)(zui)低(di)年降(jiang)雨(yu)量(liang)為697.3㎜,年均降(jiang)水量(liang)1043mm,年最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣溫(wen)33.2℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)氣溫(wen)-4.4℃,平均氣溫(wen)15.8℃,無霜(shuang)期262天,年平均日(ri)照時數2030h。
三.地域范圍
永平(ping)白(bai)鵝產地位于云南省大理白(bai)族(zu)自治(zhi)州永平(ping)縣境內,涉及博南鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、龍街鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、杉(shan)陽鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、廠街鄉(xiang)、水泄鄉(xiang)、龍門鄉(xiang)、北(bei)斗鄉(xiang)七(qi)個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。地理坐標為:東經99°17′~99°56′,北(bei)緯(wei)25°03′~25°45′之間(jian),南北(bei)長56.25㎞, 東西寬51.25㎞,養殖(zhi)區域范圍2884㎞2。年存欄(lan)15萬只。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、外部特(te)征永平白鵝(e)成年鵝(e)羽(yu)毛(mao)為純白色(se),雛鵝(e)為淡黃(huang)色(se),成年體重為3.5—5.5公斤,呈橢圓形,屬肉脂兼用(yong)中小型鵝(e)種(zhong);公鵝(e)頸稍(shao)長(chang),母鵝(e)頸偏短(duan),鵝(e)的喙(hui)、肉瘤、趾、蹼(pu)為桔黃(huang)色(se),脛為桔紅色(se),且短(duan)而粗壯有力,耐粗飼,抗(kang)逆(ni)性強、就巢(chao)性強。18月齡以(yi)上的種(zhong)公鵝(e)肉瘤大而圓稍(shao)往前突,視(shi)覺(jue)(jue)、味覺(jue)(jue)、觸覺(jue)(jue)靈敏,嗅覺(jue)(jue)發達,叫聲(sheng)宏亮,耐粗飼,以(yi)自(zi)然放牧(mu)并適當(dang)補(bu)飼,即能滿(man)足(zu)正常生長(chang)需要,抗(kang)病(bing)力強,抗(kang)逆(ni)性好。
2、內在品質指標永平白(bai)鵝油脂含量高,肉質細嫩、味(wei)道鮮美、鵝肥肝大,風味(wei)獨特(te),營(ying)養豐(feng)富(fu)。其(qi)中,育肥鵝粗脂肪≥35g/100g,蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)質≥10.6g/100g,富(fu)含多種(zhong)氨基酸(人體(ti)所(suo)需氨基酸17種(zhong));鵝肝中粗脂肪含量≥53g/100g,蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)質≥5g/100g,水(shui)份≤35g/100g。
3、 質(zhi)(zhi)量安(an)全規(gui)定(ding) 永平白(bai)鵝養殖(zhi)和(he)銷(xiao)售遵(zun)守(shou)《中(zhong)華人民(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)動物防(fang)疫(yi)法(fa)》和(he)《中(zhong)華人民(min)共(gong)和(he)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量安(an)全法(fa)》等有(you)關法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)的規(gui)定(ding),產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量嚴格(ge)按NY5030-2006《無公害食品畜禽飼(si)養獸(shou)藥使用準則》, NY5032-2006《無公害食品畜禽飼(si)料和(he)飼(si)料添加劑使用準則》的規(gui)定(ding)執行。