前(qian)胡(hu)是傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)科,前(qian)胡(hu)屬(shu)多年生草本植物,高可達1米。根(gen)(gen)頸粗壯(zhuang),徑(jing)灰褐色(se),根(gen)(gen)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),莖圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),基(ji)(ji)生葉(xie)(xie)具長(chang)柄,葉(xie)(xie)片輪廓寬(kuan)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或三角(jiao)狀卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),三出式二至三回分裂,先端漸尖,基(ji)(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至截(jie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣圓(yuan)鋸齒,兩面無毛,葉(xie)(xie)鞘稍寬(kuan),邊緣膜質,復傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序多數,頂生或側生,傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序,總(zong)苞片線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);傘(san)輻(fu)不等長(chang),小傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序有花(hua);花(hua)瓣卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),白(bai)色(se);花(hua)柱短,彎曲,圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。果實卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),棕色(se),8-9月開花(hua),10-11月結果。
淳(chun)安白花前胡(Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn)農(nong)產(chan)品地理標志地理坐標為(wei):地理坐標為(wei)東(dong)經118°20′—119°20′、北緯29°11′—30°02′之間。生(sheng)產(chan)地域范圍為(wei):浙江省淳(chun)安縣所屬的千島湖鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、文(wen)(wen)昌鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、石林鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、富(fu)文(wen)(wen)鄉(xiang)、左口鄉(xiang)、里商鄉(xiang)、金峰鄉(xiang)、臨岐(qi)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、屏門鄉(xiang)、瑤山鄉(xiang)、威坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、鳩坑鄉(xiang)、王阜鄉(xiang)、宋村鄉(xiang)、姜家鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、梓桐鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、浪川鄉(xiang)、界首鄉(xiang)、汾(fen)口鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、中洲鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大墅鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、楓樹嶺鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、安陽(yang)鄉(xiang)23個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)425個行政村。現有種植面(mian)積800公頃,年產(chan)量1500余(yu)噸。除了我縣水域面(mian)積和城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中心面(mian)積,合計保護區域27000公頃。
地形地貌:淳安縣地處天目山(shan)余脈,屬(shu)浙西丘(qiu)陵(ling)山(shan)區(qu),由中低山(shan)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)、小(xiao)型盆(pen)地、谷地和千(qian)島湖組成,俗稱“八山(shan)半田(tian)分半水(shui)”,森林覆蓋率達87.5%。地勢(shi)西北高、東南(nan)低,西北部(bu)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)多在600~1000m,東部(bu)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)多在600m左右。北部(bu)主(zhu)峰千(qian)畝田(tian),海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)高1436m,南(nan)部(bu)磨心(xin)尖,海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1523m。
氣候(hou)特征:縣(xian)(xian)境位于中亞熱帶(dai)季(ji)風(feng)氣候(hou)區北緣,氣候(hou)溫和濕(shi)潤,雨量充(chong)沛,四季(ji)分明,光照充(chong)足。年平(ping)均(jun)氣溫17℃,年平(ping)均(jun)降水量1430mm,無霜期263天。受千島湖影響(xiang),形成庫區小氣候(hou),與同緯(wei)度的(de)其他地(di)(di)區比,顯得冬暖(nuan)夏涼。土壤(rang)情況:全縣(xian)(xian)石灰巖(yan)土面積(ji)近80萬畝,廣泛分布于全縣(xian)(xian)各地(di)(di),約占全縣(xian)(xian)山(shan)地(di)(di)面積(ji)的(de)1/7,占全省灰巖(yan)土壤(rang)總面積(ji)的(de)29.4%,pH值多為6.8-7.4,礫石含量較高(gao),有機質含量2.5%以上,土壤(rang)肥力較好(hao),尤其是山(shan)麓(lu)山(shan)岙土層較深厚,適宜白(bai)花前胡等作物的(de)生長。
水(shui)文(wen)情況(kuang):淳安(an)縣境內各河流(liu)統屬(shu)錢塘江水(shui)系(xi),有(you)新(xin)安(an)江、武(wu)強溪(xi)、富強溪(xi)、進賢溪(xi)、楓林港和云源港等20余(yu)條(tiao),均匯集于(yu)千島湖。保(bao)護區內地(di)表水(shui)達國家Ⅰ類(lei)水(shui)質標準(zhun)。
白花前胡外(wai)觀與氣(qi)滋味:與呈不(bu)規則的圓柱形、圓錐形或紡(fang)錘形,稍(shao)扭曲,頭大,粗壯,頭部有(you)細密橫紋,長3-15cm,直徑1-2cm,下部常有(you)分(fen)枝;表面(mian)黑(hei)褐色(se)(se)或灰黃(huang)色(se)(se),有(you)突起(qi)皮孔,質較(jiao)柔軟,斷面(mian)不(bu)整(zheng)齊,皮部白色(se)(se),散有(you)多數棕黃(huang)色(se)(se)油點,髓部奶黃(huang)色(se)(se);氣(qi)芳香,味微(wei)苦、辛。理化指標:白花前胡甲素≥1.0%,白花前胡乙素≥0.24%,含水量(liang)≤12.0%。質量(liang)安全(quan)規定:淳安白花前胡質量(liang)安全(quan)符合國家有(you)關質量(liang)安全(quan)規定。
白花(hua)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡基地(di)宜(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇坡(po)度20度~30度、海(hai)拔100米(mi)-1000米(mi),且(qie)(qie)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)疏松、有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)高(gao)的(de)(de)向陽(yang)砂(sha)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)坡(po)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)pH應(ying)為(wei)6.5-8.0,也(ye)可(ke)選(xuan)擇疏林下(xia)(xia)套(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)。品種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇:須選(xuan)擇當地(di)白花(hua)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡,于霜降后采(cai)集(ji)健(jian)壯、無(wu)病(bing)的(de)(de)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)或種(zhong)(zhong)植成熟(shu)果(guo)序,曬(shai)干(gan)(gan)擦打,使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)脫出,去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)雜(za)質(zhi)(zhi)。關鍵技術:按(an)照DB330127/T045—2008《無(wu)公害(hai)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)技術規(gui)(gui)程》操作(zuo),為(wei)保證其(qi)品質(zhi)(zhi)特色(se)和(he)(he)(he)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)安全,基地(di)選(xuan)擇:按(an)產(chan)(chan)地(di)要求選(xuan)擇海(hai)拔100米(mi)-1000米(mi)、土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)疏松、有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)高(gao)、排水良好向陽(yang)坡(po)地(di),以(yi)石灰巖土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)宜(yi)(yi),也(ye)可(ke)選(xuan)擇在疏林下(xia)(xia)套(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡種(zhong)(zhong)植:種(zhong)(zhong)植時(shi)(shi)(shi)間以(yi)每(mei)年(nian)11月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)~翌年(nian)1月(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)冬播(bo)(bo)(bo)為(wei)宜(yi)(yi),也(ye)可(ke)在2月(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)~3月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)春播(bo)(bo)(bo)。連(lian)片種(zhong)(zhong)植一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),每(mei)667m2用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)1.5kg~2kg。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)宜(yi)(yi)整(zheng)地(di)作(zuo)畦(qi)(qi),施(shi)入基肥(fei),在整(zheng)好地(di)的(de)(de)畦(qi)(qi)面上(shang)按(an)規(gui)(gui)格以(yi)30cm~40cm的(de)(de)行(xing)距開播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)溝,溝深2cm~3cm,溝底平(ping)坦,土(tu)(tu)細(xi)碎(sui),然(ran)(ran)后種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)撒(sa)在溝內,覆蓋3cm細(xi)土(tu)(tu),稍壓(ya)實,澆(jiao)水保濕。可(ke)于疏林及(ji)其(qi)它中(zhong)藥材地(di)帶套(tao)種(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo),將前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)在土(tu)(tu)中(zhong),然(ran)(ran)后用(yong)(yong)(yong)竹枝或掃帚(zhou)輕輕拂動(dong),每(mei)667m2用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)可(ke)為(wei)平(ping)地(di)種(zhong)(zhong)植的(de)(de)1/2-1/3。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長管(guan)理(li):苗(miao)(miao)期應(ying)保持土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)濕潤(run),遇干(gan)(gan)旱(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)澆(jiao)水,澆(jiao)水時(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)噴淋方式(shi)。幼苗(miao)(miao)長至(zhi)3cm~5cm高(gao)時(shi)(shi)(shi),進行(xing)中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)(chu)草,并(bing)拔除(chu)(chu)(chu)過密和(he)(he)(he)過細(xi)苗(miao)(miao),按(an)株(zhu)距4cm左右定苗(miao)(miao)(密度約45000~50000株(zhu)/667m2);6月(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)~7月(yue)上(shang)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)進行(xing)第二次(ci)中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)(chu)草,淺鋤。施(shi)肥(fei)以(yi)基肥(fei)為(wei)主,增施(shi)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)。夏秋季久(jiu)旱(han)時(shi)(shi)(shi),宜(yi)(yi)在清(qing)晨或傍晚進行(xing)澆(jiao)水;梅雨季節要及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)排水防(fang)(fang)(fang)漬(zi)。6月(yue)~7月(yue)間,對產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)莖的(de)(de)植株(zhu),可(ke)結合(he)(he)中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)(chu)草去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)。病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi):根(gen)(gen)據病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)規(gui)(gui)律和(he)(he)(he)預報(bao),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)加強管(guan)理(li)、培育(yu)壯苗(miao)(miao)、提高(gao)植株(zhu)抗(kang)逆性、及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)清(qing)理(li)田間雜(za)草和(he)(he)(he)病(bing)株(zhu)集(ji)中(zhong)處理(li)、殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)燈等農業(ye)、物(wu)(wu)理(li)和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)等綠色(se)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)方式(shi)進行(xing)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)綜合(he)(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)。采(cai)收與初(chu)加工:于霜降后植株(zhu)枯萎(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)至(zhi)第二年(nian)春分前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)采(cai)收。采(cai)收時(shi)(shi)(shi)全株(zhu)挖起,抖去(qu)(qu)泥土(tu)(tu),去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)葉(xie)莖,曬(shai)干(gan)(gan)或低溫烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)。制干(gan)(gan)中(zhong),須根(gen)(gen)干(gan)(gan)燥而主根(gen)(gen)未干(gan)(gan)時(shi)(shi)(shi),應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)除(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu)(qu)須根(gen)(gen)后再干(gan)(gan)燥至(zhi)全干(gan)(gan)。加工后的(de)(de)成品前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)胡藥材宜(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)凈(jing)麻(布)袋裝,并(bing)置于陰涼干(gan)(gan)燥處保存,貯藏環境應(ying)整(zheng)潔干(gan)(gan)燥,且(qie)(qie)應(ying)定期檢查(cha),發(fa)現吸潮、返軟時(shi)(shi)(shi),應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)晾曬(shai)干(gan)(gan)燥處理(li)。