《孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)》一書(shu)共七(qi)篇,是戰國(guo)(guo)時期孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)言論(lun)匯編,記錄了孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)與其他各家思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)爭辯,對弟(di)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)言傳身(shen)教,游說諸侯(hou)等內(nei)容,由孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)及其弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(萬(wan)章(zhang)等)共同編撰而成。《孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)》記錄了孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)治(zhi)國(guo)(guo)思(si)想(xiang)(xiang)、政治(zhi)策略(仁政、王霸之(zhi)辨、民本、格君心之(zhi)非,民為貴社(she)稷次之(zhi)君為輕)和(he)政治(zhi)行動,成書(shu)大約在戰國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)期,屬儒家經典(dian)著作。
其學說出發點為性善論,主張德治。南宋(song)時朱熹將《孟(meng)子》與《論語》《大學》《中庸》合(he)在一起(qi)稱(cheng)“四(si)書(shu)(shu)”。自從宋(song)、元、明、清以(yi)來(lai),都把它(ta)當(dang)做家傳(chuan)戶誦的書(shu)(shu)。就像我們的教科書(shu)(shu)一樣。
《孟子(zi)》是四(si)書(shu)中篇幅最(zui)長(chang),部頭最(zui)重的一本,有三萬(wan)五(wu)千多(duo)字,直到(dao)清(qing)末都是科舉必考內(nei)容。《孟子(zi)》這(zhe)部書(shu)的理論,不但(dan)純粹宏博(bo),文章也(ye)極雄(xiong)健優(you)美(mei)。(五(wu)經(jing):《詩》《書(shu)》《禮》《易》《春秋》)《孟子(zi)》是記(ji)錄孟軻言(yan)行的一部著作,也(ye)是儒(ru)家重要經(jing)典之一。篇目(mu)有:(一)《梁惠(hui)王(wang)》上(shang)(shang)、下,(二)《公孫丑(chou)》上(shang)(shang)、下,(三)《滕(teng)文公》上(shang)(shang)、下,(四(si))《離(li)婁》上(shang)(shang)、下,(五(wu))《萬(wan)章》上(shang)(shang)、下,(六)《告子(zi)》上(shang)(shang)、下,(七)《盡心》上(shang)(shang)、下。
《孟子(zi)》行文(wen)氣(qi)勢磅礴(bo),感情充(chong)沛,雄辯(bian)滔(tao)滔(tao),極富感染力(li),流傳后世(shi),影響深遠,成為(wei)儒(ru)家(jia)經(jing)典(dian)著作之一。
《史記·孟荀(xun)列傳》:“孟軻所(suo)如不合,退與萬章之徒(tu)序《詩(shi)》、《書(shu)》,述(shu)仲(zhong)尼之意(yi),作(zuo)《孟子》七(qi)篇。”謂《孟子》七(qi)篇由孟軻自作(zuo),趙(zhao)岐《孟子題辭》曰:“此書(shu)孟子之所(suo)作(zuo)也,故總謂之《孟子》。”又(you)曰:“于是退而論(lun)集,所(suo)與高弟(di)弟(di)子公孫丑、萬章之徒(tu),難疑答問,又(you)自撰(zhuan)其法度(du)之言,著書(shu)七(qi)篇。”此亦主孟子自撰(zhuan)。
清閻若璩(qu)《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)生卒年(nian)月考》亦以孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)自(zi)作是,且曰(yue):“《論語》成(cheng)于(yu)門人之手,故記圣人容貌(mao)甚悉。七(qi)篇成(cheng)于(yu)己手,故但記言語或出處(chu)耳。”但考諸《孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)》,孟(meng)軻(ke)所(suo)見時君如梁(liang)惠(hui)王(wang)、梁(liang)襄王(wang)、齊宣王(wang)、鄒穆(mu)公、滕(teng)文(wen)公、魯平公等皆稱謚號,恐非孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)自(zi)作時所(suo)為也;又記孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi)樂正子(zi)(zi)、公都子(zi)(zi)、屋盧子(zi)(zi)皆以“子(zi)(zi)”稱,也斷非孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)之所(suo)為,其編定者(zhe)極可能是孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)的弟子(zi)(zi)。成(cheng)書(shu)大約(yue)在戰國(guo)中(zhong)期。
《孟子》的主要注本(ben)(ben)有《孟子注疏》,《四(si)(si)部(bu)備要》本(ben)(ben)14卷(juan);《孟子集(ji)注》,《四(si)(si)部(bu)備要》本(ben)(ben)7卷(juan);《孟子正義(yi)》,《四(si)(si)部(bu)備要》本(ben)(ben)30卷(juan)。另有今人楊(yang)伯峻《孟子譯(yi)注》(中華書局本(ben)(ben))。
孟子(zi)(約公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)372年-公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)289年),名軻,字(zi)不詳(xiang)(子(zi)輿、子(zi)居等字(zi)表皆出自(zi)偽書,或后人杜撰),戰國中期魯國鄒(zou)人(今(jin)山東鄒(zou)城(cheng)人),距離孔子(zi)的故鄉曲阜不遠。
孟(meng)子(zi)是著名的(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)家(jia)(jia)、政(zheng)(zheng)治家(jia)(jia)、教育家(jia)(jia),孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)學說的(de)繼承者,儒家(jia)(jia)的(de)重要代(dai)表(biao)人物。相傳孟(meng)子(zi)是魯國貴族(zu)孟(meng)孫(sun)氏的(de)后(hou)裔,幼年喪(sang)父,家(jia)(jia)庭貧困,曾(ceng)受業于(yu)子(zi)思(孔(kong)(kong)伋(ji),孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)之(zhi)孫(sun))的(de)門人。學成以后(hou),以士的(de)身份游說諸(zhu)侯,企(qi)圖推行自己的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治主張,到過(guo)梁(魏)國、齊國、宋國、滕國、魯國。當時幾個大國都致力于(yu)富(fu)國強兵,爭取通過(guo)武力的(de)手段實現統一(yi)。而(er)他繼承了孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)“仁”的(de)思想(xiang)(xiang)并將其發展成為(wei)“仁政(zheng)(zheng)”思想(xiang)(xiang),被稱為(wei)“亞圣”。
孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)出生距孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)死(si)(公元前479)大約百年左右。關于(yu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)身世,流傳(chuan)(chuan)下來的(de)(de)(de)已很少,《韓(han)詩外(wai)傳(chuan)(chuan)》載有(you)他(ta)母親“斷織”的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi),《列(lie)女(nv)傳(chuan)(chuan)》載有(you)他(ta)母親“三(san)遷”和(he)“去齊”等故(gu)事(shi),可(ke)見他(ta)得力于(yu)母親的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育不(bu)少。據《列(lie)女(nv)傳(chuan)(chuan)》和(he)趙岐《孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)題辭》說(shuo),孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)曾受(shou)(shou)教(jiao)于(yu)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)孫子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)思(si)。但從年代(dai)推算,似乎不(bu)可(ke)信。《史記·孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)荀卿列(lie)傳(chuan)(chuan)》說(shuo)他(ta)“受(shou)(shou)業子(zi)(zi)思(si)之(zhi)門人(ren)”,這倒是有(you)可(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)。無論是受(shou)(shou)業于(yu)子(zi)(zi)思(si)也罷,子(zi)(zi)思(si)門人(ren)也罷,孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)學說(shuo)都受(shou)(shou)到孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。所(suo)以,荀子(zi)(zi)把(ba)子(zi)(zi)思(si)和(he)孟(meng)(meng)子(zi)(zi)列(lie)為一派,這就(jiu)是后(hou)世所(suo)稱儒家中的(de)(de)(de)思(si)孟(meng)(meng)學派。
和(he)孔(kong)子一(yi)樣(yang),孟(meng)子也曾帶領(ling)學(xue)(xue)生游歷魏、齊、宋、魯、滕、薛等國,并一(yi)度擔任過(guo)齊宣王的客卿(qing)。由于他的政治(zhi)主(zhu)張也與孔(kong)子的一(yi)樣(yang)不被重用,所(suo)以便回到家(jia)鄉聚徒講學(xue)(xue),與學(xue)(xue)生萬章等人著書立說,“序《詩》《書》,述(shu)仲尼(ni)之意,作《孟(meng)子》七篇(pian)。”(《史記·孟(meng)子荀卿(qing)列傳》)我們所(suo)見的《孟(meng)子》七篇(pian),每篇(pian)分(fen)為(wei)上下,約(yue)三萬五千字,一(yi)共二百六十章。
但《漢書(shu).藝(yi)文(wen)志》著錄“孟(meng)子十(shi)(shi)一篇(pian)(pian)”,比現存的《孟(meng)子》多出四篇(pian)(pian)。趙岐(qi)在(zai)為(wei)《孟(meng)子》作注(zhu)時,對十(shi)(shi)一篇(pian)(pian)進行了鑒別,認為(wei)七篇(pian)(pian)為(wei)真(zhen),七篇(pian)(pian)以外的四篇(pian)(pian)為(wei)偽(wei)篇(pian)(pian)。東漢以后,這幾(ji)篇(pian)(pian)便相繼失佚了。趙岐(qi)在(zai)《孟(meng)子題辭(ci)》中把《孟(meng)子》與《論語》相比,認為(wei)《孟(meng)子》是“擬圣而作”。所以,盡管《漢書(shu).文(wen)藝(yi)志》僅僅把《孟(meng)子》放在(zai)諸(zhu)子略(lve)中,視(shi)為(wei)子書(shu),但實(shi)際上(shang)在(zai)漢代人的心目(mu)中已(yi)經把它看作輔(fu)助“經書(shu)”的“傳”書(shu)了。
漢文(wen)帝把(ba)《論語(yu)》《孝經》《孟子》《爾雅》各置博士,便(bian)叫(jiao)“傳記(ji)博士”。到五代后蜀(shu)時(shi),后蜀(shu)主孟昶命令人(ren)楷書十一(yi)(yi)經刻石,其中包括(kuo)了(le)《孟子》,這可能是《孟子》列入“經書”的開始。后來宋(song)太宗又(you)翻刻了(le)這十一(yi)(yi)經。到南宋(song)孝宗時(shi),朱熹編《四(si)書》列入了(le)《孟子》,正式把(ba)《孟子》提到了(le)非常高(gao)的地位(wei)。元(yuan)、明以后又(you)成為科舉(ju)考試的內(nei)容,更(geng)是讀(du)書人(ren)的必讀(du)之(zhi)書了(le)。
主要封贈
戰國齊(qi)宣王(wang)在稷下學宮冊封(feng)的第一(yi)任“上大(da)夫”就是孟(meng)子(zi)。1083年(nian)(nian)(宋元(yuan)豐六年(nian)(nian)),升鄒(zou)國公(gong)。1330年(nian)(nian)(元(yuan)至順元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)),加(jia)贈為(wei)(wei)鄒(zou)國亞圣公(gong)。1530年(nian)(nian)(明嘉靖九年(nian)(nian)),奉(feng)為(wei)(wei)亞圣,罷公(gong)爵(jue)。明景(jing)泰二年(nian)(nian),孟(meng)子(zi)嫡派后(hou)裔被封(feng)為(wei)(wei)翰林(lin)院(yuan)五(wu)經博士(shi),子(zi)孫(sun)世襲,一(yi)直到民國3年(nian)(nian),73代翰林(lin)院(yuan)五(wu)經博士(shi)孟(meng)慶棠改封(feng)奉(feng)祀(si)官(guan),民國24年(nian)(nian)改稱亞圣奉(feng)祀(si)官(guan)。
孟子(zi)見梁(liang)惠王(wang),王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“叟,不遠(yuan)千(qian)里而(er)(er)(er)來,亦將(jiang)有(you)以利吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)乎?”孟子(zi)對曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“王(wang)何(he)必曰(yue)(yue)(yue)利?亦有(you)仁(ren)義而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)何(he)以利吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),大夫曰(yue)(yue)(yue)何(he)以利吾(wu)家,士、庶人曰(yue)(yue)(yue)何(he)以利吾(wu)身(shen),上下交征利而(er)(er)(er)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)危矣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。萬乘之(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),弒其君(jun)者(zhe),必千(qian)乘之(zhi)家;千(qian)乘之(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),弒其君(jun)者(zhe),必百乘之(zhi)家。萬取千(qian)焉,千(qian)取百焉,不為(wei)不多矣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。茍為(wei)后義而(er)(er)(er)先利,不奪不饜。未有(you)仁(ren)而(er)(er)(er)遺其親者(zhe)也,未有(you)義而(er)(er)(er)后其君(jun)者(zhe)也。王(wang)亦曰(yue)(yue)(yue)仁(ren)義而(er)(er)(er)已(yi)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),何(he)必曰(yue)(yue)(yue)利!”
孟子見梁惠王(wang),王(wang)立(li)于(yu)(yu)沼(zhao)(zhao)上,顧鴻雁麋鹿(lu)(lu)(lu),曰:“賢者亦樂(le)(le)此乎?”孟子對(dui)曰:“賢者而后(hou)樂(le)(le)此,不(bu)賢者雖(sui)有此不(bu)樂(le)(le)也(ye)。詩云:經始靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai),經之(zhi)營之(zhi),庶(shu)民(min)(min)攻(gong)之(zhi),不(bu)日(ri)成之(zhi),經始勿亟,庶(shu)民(min)(min)子來,王(wang)在靈(ling)(ling)囿,麋鹿(lu)(lu)(lu)攸伏,麋鹿(lu)(lu)(lu)濯(zhuo)濯(zhuo),白鳥鶴(he)鶴(he),王(wang)在靈(ling)(ling)沼(zhao)(zhao),于(yu)(yu)軔魚躍。文王(wang)以(yi)民(min)(min)力(li)為臺(tai)為沼(zhao)(zhao),而民(min)(min)歡(huan)樂(le)(le)之(zhi),謂其臺(tai)曰靈(ling)(ling)臺(tai),謂其沼(zhao)(zhao)曰靈(ling)(ling)沼(zhao)(zhao)。樂(le)(le)其有麋鹿(lu)(lu)(lu)魚鱉。古之(zhi)人與民(min)(min)偕樂(le)(le),故能樂(le)(le)也(ye)。湯誓曰:時日(ri)害喪,予及(ji)汝偕亡。民(min)(min)欲與之(zhi)偕亡,雖(sui)有臺(tai)池(chi)鳥獸,豈能獨樂(le)(le)哉!”
梁惠(hui)王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“寡(gua)(gua)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)國(guo)也(ye)(ye),盡心焉(yan)耳矣(yi)。河(he)(he)內兇(xiong)(xiong),則(ze)移(yi)其(qi)民于(yu)河(he)(he)東,移(yi)其(qi)粟于(yu)河(he)(he)內。河(he)(he)東兇(xiong)(xiong)亦(yi)然(ran)。察鄰(lin)(lin)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政,無(wu)(wu)如寡(gua)(gua)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)心者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。鄰(lin)(lin)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民不(bu)(bu)加少(shao),寡(gua)(gua)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民不(bu)(bu)加多(duo)。何(he)也(ye)(ye)?”孟子對曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“王(wang)好戰,請(qing)以(yi)(yi)戰喻。填然(ran)鼓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兵(bing)刃既接,棄甲曳兵(bing)而(er)走,或(huo)百(bai)步(bu)(bu)而(er)后止,或(huo)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十步(bu)(bu)而(er)后止。以(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)(wu)十步(bu)(bu)笑百(bai)步(bu)(bu),則(ze)何(he)如?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。直不(bu)(bu)百(bai)步(bu)(bu)耳,是亦(yi)走也(ye)(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“王(wang)如知(zhi)此,則(ze)無(wu)(wu)望(wang)民之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)于(yu)鄰(lin)(lin)國(guo)也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)(bu)違(wei)農時,谷不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)食(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。數罟不(bu)(bu)入污(wu)池,魚鱉(bie)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)食(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。斧斤以(yi)(yi)時入山林,材(cai)木不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)用(yong)也(ye)(ye)。谷與(yu)魚鱉(bie)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)食(shi)(shi)(shi),材(cai)木不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)勝(sheng)用(yong),是使民養生喪死無(wu)(wu)憾也(ye)(ye)。養生喪死無(wu)(wu)憾,王(wang)道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始也(ye)(ye)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宅,樹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)桑,五(wu)(wu)(wu)十者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)衣帛(bo)矣(yi)。雞(ji)豚狗(gou)彘(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)畜(chu),無(wu)(wu)失其(qi)時,七十者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)肉矣(yi)。百(bai)畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田,勿奪其(qi)時,數口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)無(wu)(wu)饑矣(yi)。謹庠序之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教,申之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)孝悌(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義,頒白者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)負戴于(yu)道(dao)路(lu)矣(yi)。七十者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)衣帛(bo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)肉,黎(li)民不(bu)(bu)饑不(bu)(bu)寒,然(ran)而(er)不(bu)(bu)王(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有也(ye)(ye)。狗(gou)彘(zhi)(zhi)食(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)食(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)檢(jian),涂有餓莩(fu)而(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)發(fa)。人(ren)死,則(ze)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):非我也(ye)(ye),歲(sui)也(ye)(ye)。是何(he)異于(yu)刺(ci)人(ren)而(er)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):非我也(ye)(ye),兵(bing)也(ye)(ye)。王(wang)無(wu)(wu)罪歲(sui),斯天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民至焉(yan)。
梁惠王曰:“寡人愿安(an)承教。”孟(meng)子對曰:“殺人以(yi)(yi)(yi)梃與刃,有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)異(yi)(yi)乎(hu)?”曰:“無(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)異(yi)(yi)也(ye)。”“以(yi)(yi)(yi)刃與政,有(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)異(yi)(yi)乎(hu)?”曰:“無(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)異(yi)(yi)也(ye)。”曰:“庖有(you)肥肉(rou),廄有(you)肥馬,民(min)有(you)饑色,野(ye)有(you)餓莩(fu),此率獸而食(shi)人也(ye)。獸相食(shi),且人惡之(zhi)。為民(min)父母,行政不(bu)免于率獸而食(shi)人,惡在其為民(min)父母也(ye)。仲尼(ni)曰:‘始作俑者,其無(wu)后乎(hu)!’為其象人而用之(zhi)也(ye)。如之(zhi)何(he),其使斯民(min)饑而死也(ye)?”
梁惠王(wang)曰(yue):“晉國,天下莫強焉,叟(sou)之(zhi)所(suo)知也。及寡(gua)人(ren)之(zhi)身(shen),東敗于(yu)(yu)齊(qi),長(chang)子死(si)焉;西喪地于(yu)(yu)秦七百里;南辱(ru)于(yu)(yu)楚。寡(gua)人(ren)恥之(zhi),愿比死(si)者一灑之(zhi),如(ru)之(zhi)何(he)則可(ke)?”孟子對曰(yue):“地方百里而可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)王(wang)。王(wang)如(ru)施仁政于(yu)(yu)民(min),省刑罰(fa),薄稅(shui)斂,深耕(geng)易耨。壯者以(yi)(yi)(yi)暇日,修(xiu)其孝悌忠信,入以(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)其父(fu)兄,出以(yi)(yi)(yi)事(shi)其長(chang)上,可(ke)使(shi)制梃以(yi)(yi)(yi)撻秦楚之(zhi)堅(jian)甲利(li)兵(bing)矣。彼奪其民(min)時,使(shi)不得耕(geng)耨以(yi)(yi)(yi)養其父(fu)母(mu),父(fu)母(mu)凍(dong)餓,妻子離(li)散(san)。彼陷溺(ni)其民(min),王(wang)往而征之(zhi),夫誰與王(wang)敵?故曰(yue):‘仁者無(wu)敵’王(wang)請勿(wu)疑(yi)!”
孟(meng)子見梁襄王。出,語人(ren)(ren)曰:“望之(zhi)不似人(ren)(ren)君,就之(zhi)而不見所畏(wei)焉(yan)。卒然(ran)問曰:‘天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)惡乎(hu)定(ding)?’吾對(dui)(dui)曰:‘定(ding)于一(yi)。’‘孰(shu)(shu)能(neng)一(yi)之(zhi)?’對(dui)(dui)曰:‘不嗜(shi)殺(sha)(sha)人(ren)(ren)者能(neng)一(yi)之(zhi)。’‘孰(shu)(shu)能(neng)與之(zhi)?’對(dui)(dui)曰:‘天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)莫不與也(ye)。王知夫(fu)苗(miao)(miao)乎(hu)?七(qi)八月之(zhi)間旱,則苗(miao)(miao)槁矣。天(tian)(tian)(tian)油(you)然(ran)作云,沛(pei)然(ran)下(xia)雨(yu),則苗(miao)(miao)浡(bo)然(ran)興之(zhi)矣。其如是,孰(shu)(shu)能(neng)御(yu)之(zhi)?今夫(fu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)牧,未有不嗜(shi)殺(sha)(sha)人(ren)(ren)者也(ye),如有不嗜(shi)殺(sha)(sha)人(ren)(ren)者,則天(tian)(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)民(min),皆(jie)引領(ling)而望之(zhi)矣。誠如是也(ye),民(min)歸(gui)之(zhi),由水之(zhi)就下(xia),沛(pei)然(ran)誰能(neng)御(yu)之(zhi)?’”
齊宣王(wang)問曰:“齊桓、晉文之(zhi)事(shi)可得聞(wen)乎?”孟(meng)子對曰:“仲(zhong)尼(ni)之(zhi)徒無(wu)道桓、文之(zhi)事(shi)者,是以后(hou)世無(wu)傳焉(yan)。臣未(wei)之(zhi)聞(wen)也。無(wu)以,則王(wang)(wàng)乎?”
曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“德(de)何如,則可(ke)(ke)(ke)以王矣?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“保(bao)民(min)而(er)王,莫之(zhi)能御(yu)也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“若寡人者,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以保(bao)民(min)乎哉?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“可(ke)(ke)(ke)。”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“何由知(zhi)吾可(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣(chen)聞(wen)之(zhi)胡龁(he)(hé)曰(yue)(yue)(yue),王坐于(yu)堂上,有牽牛而(er)過(guo)堂下者,王見之(zhi),曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘牛何之(zhi)?’對曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘將以釁(xìn)鐘。’王曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘舍(she)之(zhi)!吾不忍其(qi)觳(hú)觫(sù),若無罪而(er)就(jiu)死地。’對曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘然(ran)則廢釁鐘與?’曰(yue)(yue)(yue):‘何可(ke)(ke)(ke)廢也(ye)?以羊易之(zhi)!’不識有諸?”
曰:“有之。”曰:“是心足(zu)以王(wang)矣。百姓(xing)皆以王(wang)為愛(ai)也,臣固知王(wang)之不忍(ren)也。”王(wang)曰:“然(ran)。誠有百姓(xing)者。齊(qi)國雖褊(biǎn)小,吾何愛(ai)一牛?即不忍(ren)其(qi)觳觫,若無罪(zui)而就死地,故(gu)以羊易之也。”曰:“王(wang)無異(yi)于(yu)百姓(xing)之以王(wang)為愛(ai)也。以小易大,彼惡知之?王(wang)若隱(yin)其(qi)無罪(zui)而就死地,則牛羊何擇(ze)焉?”
王笑(xiao)曰(yue):“是誠何心哉?我非(fei)愛(ai)其財。而易之(zhi)以(yi)羊也(ye),宜乎百(bai)姓之(zhi)謂我愛(ai)也(ye)。”曰(yue):“無(wu)傷也(ye),是乃仁(ren)術也(ye),見(jian)牛未見(jian)羊也(ye)。君子之(zhi)于禽獸也(ye),見(jian)其生(sheng),不忍(ren)見(jian)其死(si);聞其聲,不忍(ren)食(shi)其肉。是以(yi)君子遠庖廚(chu)也(ye)。”
王說(yuè)曰(yue):“《詩》云:‘他人有心(xin),予(yu)忖(cun)度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’夫子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂也。夫我(wo)乃行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),反而(er)(er)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不得吾心(xin)。夫子(zi)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),于(yu)我(wo)心(xin)有戚(qi)戚(qi)焉。此心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所以(yi)合(he)于(yu)王者,何也?”曰(yue):“有復于(yu)王者曰(yue):‘吾力足以(yi)舉百鈞(jun)’,而(er)(er)不足以(yi)舉一(yi)羽;‘明足以(yi)察秋毫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末’,而(er)(er)不見輿薪,則(ze)王許之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎?”
曰:“否。”“今恩足(zu)以及禽獸,而功不(bu)至于百姓(xing)者,獨何與?然(ran)則一羽之(zhi)不(bu)舉(ju),為不(bu)用(yong)力焉(yan);輿(yu)薪之(zhi)不(bu)見,為不(bu)用(yong)明(ming)焉(yan);百姓(xing)之(zhi)不(bu)見保(bao),為不(bu)用(yong)恩焉(yan)。故王(wang)之(zhi)不(bu)王(wang),不(bu)為也,非不(bu)能也。”
曰(yue):“不(bu)(bu)為者與不(bu)(bu)能(neng)者之(zhi)形何(he)以異?”曰(yue):“挾(xie)太山以超北海,語(yù)人曰(yue)‘我不(bu)(bu)能(neng)’,是誠不(bu)(bu)能(neng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。為長者折(zhe)枝,語人曰(yue)‘我不(bu)(bu)能(neng)’,是不(bu)(bu)為也(ye)(ye)(ye),非不(bu)(bu)能(neng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。故王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)王(wang)(wang),非挾(xie)太山以超北海之(zhi)類(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye);王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)王(wang)(wang),是折(zhe)枝之(zhi)類(lei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
"老(lao)吾老(lao),以(yi)及(ji)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)老(lao);幼(you)吾幼(you),以(yi)及(ji)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)幼(you)。天下可(ke)運于掌。《詩》云:‘刑于寡妻(qi),至于兄弟,以(yi)御于家邦。’言舉斯心,加(jia)諸彼而(er)已。故推恩足(zu)以(yi)保四海,不推恩無(wu)以(yi)保妻(qi)子。古之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)所(suo)以(yi)大(da)過人(ren)者,無(wu)他(ta)焉,善推其所(suo)為而(er)已矣。今恩足(zu)以(yi)及(ji)禽獸,而(er)功不至于百姓者,獨何與(yu)(yu)?權,然(ran)(ran)后知輕(qing)重;度,然(ran)(ran)后知長短。物皆然(ran)(ran),心為甚。王請度之(zhi)(zhi)!抑王興甲兵,危士臣,構(gou)怨于諸侯,然(ran)(ran)后快于心與(yu)(yu)?”
王(wang)曰:“否。吾何快(kuai)于是?將(jiang)以求(qiu)吾所大欲也。”曰:“王(wang)之(zhi)所大欲可得(de)聞(wen)與(yu)?”王(wang)笑而不言。
曰:“為肥甘不足(zu)于口與(yu)(yu)?輕暖不足(zu)于體與(yu)(yu)?抑為采色(se)不足(zu)視于目與(yu)(yu)?聲音不足(zu)聽于耳與(yu)(yu)?便(pián)嬖(bì)不足(zu)使令于前與(yu)(yu)?王之(zhi)諸(zhu)臣,皆(jie)足(zu)以供之(zhi),而王豈(qi)為是哉?”曰:“否。吾不為是也。”
曰:“然則王之(zhi)所大欲可知已。欲辟土地,朝(chao)秦楚,蒞(li)(lì)中國而撫四夷(yi)也。以(yi)若(ruo)所為(wei),求(qiu)(qiu)若(ruo)所欲,猶緣木而求(qiu)(qiu)魚也。”
王(wang)曰(yue):“若(ruo)(ruo)是其(qi)(qi)甚(shen)與(yú)?”曰(yue):“殆有(you)甚(shen)焉。緣木求(qiu)魚(yu),雖不得(de)魚(yu),無后災(zai)。以(yi)若(ruo)(ruo)所為(wei)(wei),求(qiu)若(ruo)(ruo)所欲(yu),盡(jin)心力而為(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),后必(bi)有(you)災(zai)。”曰(yue):“可得(de)聞(wen)與?”曰(yue):“鄒(zou)人與楚(chu)人戰,則(ze)王(wang)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)孰(shu)勝(sheng)?”曰(yue):“楚(chu)人勝(sheng)。”曰(yue):“然則(ze)小固(gu)不可以(yi)敵大,寡固(gu)不可以(yi)敵眾(zhong),弱固(gu)不可以(yi)敵強。海內之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di),方千里者九,齊集有(you)其(qi)(qi)一。以(yi)一服八,何以(yi)異于(yu)鄒(zou)敵楚(chu)哉?蓋(hé)亦(yi)反(fan)其(qi)(qi)本矣。今(jin)王(wang)發政施仁,使天下(xia)仕者皆(jie)(jie)欲(yu)立于(yu)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)朝,耕(geng)者皆(jie)(jie)欲(yu)耕(geng)于(yu)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)野,商賈(jia)(gǔ)皆(jie)(jie)欲(yu)藏于(yu)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市,行旅皆(jie)(jie)欲(yu)出于(yu)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)途(tu),天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu)疾其(qi)(qi)君者,皆(jie)(jie)欲(yu)赴愬(su)(sù)于(yu)王(wang)。其(qi)(qi)若(ruo)(ruo)是,孰(shu)能御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”
王曰:“吾惛(hūn),不能進于是矣(yi)。愿夫子輔吾志,明以(yi)教我(wo)。我(wo)雖不敏,請(qing)嘗試(shi)之(zhi)。”曰:“無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)恒(heng)(heng)產(chan)而(er)有恒(heng)(heng)心者,惟士為能。若民(min)(min),則無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)恒(heng)(heng)產(chan),因無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)恒(heng)(heng)心。茍無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)恒(heng)(heng)心,放辟邪(xie)侈,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不為已。及陷(xian)于罪,然后從而(er)刑(xing)之(zhi),是罔(wang)民(min)(min)也。焉有仁人(ren)在位,罔(wang)民(min)(min)而(er)可為也?是故(gu)明君制民(min)(min)之(zhi)產(chan),必使仰足以(yi)事(shi)父(fu)母,俯足以(yi)畜妻子,樂歲終身飽,兇年免(mian)于死亡。然后驅而(er)之(zhi)善,故(gu)民(min)(min)之(zhi)從之(zhi)也輕。
今(jin)也制民之(zhi)(zhi)產,仰不(bu)足以(yi)事父母,俯(fu)不(bu)足以(yi)畜(chu)妻子,樂歲終身(shen)苦,兇(xiong)年不(bu)免于死(si)亡。此惟救死(si)而(er)恐不(bu)贍,奚暇治禮義哉?王欲行(xing)之(zhi)(zhi),則盍反其本(ben)矣。五畝(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)宅(zhai),樹之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)桑,五十者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)衣帛矣;雞(ji)豚(tun)(tún)狗彘(zhì)之(zhi)(zhi)畜(chu),無失其時,七十者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)食肉矣;百畝(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)田,勿奪其時,八口(kou)之(zhi)(zhi)家可(ke)(ke)以(yi)無饑(ji)矣;謹庠序之(zhi)(zhi)教,申之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)孝悌(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)義,頒白者(zhe)不(bu)負(fu)戴于道路矣。老(lao)者(zhe)衣帛食肉,黎民不(bu)饑(ji)不(bu)寒,然(ran)而(er)不(bu)王者(zhe),未之(zhi)(zhi)有也。”
莊暴(bao)(bao)見孟子,曰(yue):“暴(bao)(bao)見于王(wang),王(wang)語(yu)暴(bao)(bao)以(yi)好(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le),暴(bao)(bao)未(wei)有以(yi)對也。”曰(yue):“好(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)何(he)如?”孟子曰(yue):“王(wang)之好(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)甚,則齊國(guo)其庶幾(ji)乎(hu)!他日,見于王(wang)曰(yue):“王(wang)嘗語(yu)莊子以(yi)好(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le),有諸?”王(wang)變乎(hu)色,曰(yue):“寡人(ren)(ren)非能好(hao)(hao)先王(wang)之樂(le)(le)也,直好(hao)(hao)世俗之樂(le)(le)耳。”曰(yue):“王(wang)之好(hao)(hao)樂(le)(le)甚,則齊其庶幾(ji)乎(hu)!今(jin)之樂(le)(le)猶古之樂(le)(le)也。”曰(yue):“可得(de)聞與(yu)?”曰(yue):“獨樂(le)(le)樂(le)(le),與(yu)人(ren)(ren)樂(le)(le)樂(le)(le),孰樂(le)(le)?”曰(yue):“不(bu)若與(yu)人(ren)(ren)。”曰(yue):“與(yu)少樂(le)(le)樂(le)(le),與(yu)眾樂(le)(le)樂(le)(le),孰樂(le)(le)?”曰(yue):“不(bu)若與(yu)眾。”
“臣請為王(wang)(wang)(wang)言樂(le)(le):今(jin)(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)鼓(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),百(bai)姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)聲,管籥之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),舉(ju)疾首蹙(cu)額而(er)相(xiang)(xiang)告曰:‘吾(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)好鼓(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le),夫何(he)(he)使我至(zhi)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)也(ye)?父(fu)子不相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)(jian)(jian),兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)妻(qi)子離散(san)(san)。’今(jin)(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田獵(lie)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),百(bai)姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)車馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),見(jian)(jian)(jian)羽旄(mao)之(zhi)(zhi)美,舉(ju)疾首蹙(cu)頞而(er)相(xiang)(xiang)告曰:‘吾(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)好田獵(lie),夫何(he)(he)使我至(zhi)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)也(ye)?父(fu)子不相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)(jian)(jian),兄(xiong)(xiong)弟(di)妻(qi)子離散(san)(san)。’此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)無他,不與(yu)(yu)民同(tong)樂(le)(le)也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)鼓(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),百(bai)姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)聲,管籥之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),舉(ju)欣欣然(ran)有喜色(se)而(er)相(xiang)(xiang)告曰:‘吾(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)庶幾無疾病與(yu)(yu)?何(he)(he)以(yi)能鼓(gu)(gu)樂(le)(le)也(ye)?’今(jin)(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)田獵(lie)于(yu)此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),百(bai)姓(xing)聞王(wang)(wang)(wang)車馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)音(yin),見(jian)(jian)(jian)羽旄(mao)之(zhi)(zhi)美,舉(ju)欣欣然(ran)有喜色(se)而(er)相(xiang)(xiang)告曰:‘吾(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)庶幾無疾病與(yu)(yu)?何(he)(he)以(yi)能田獵(lie)也(ye)?’此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)無他,與(yu)(yu)民同(tong)樂(le)(le)也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)(yu)百(bai)姓(xing)同(tong)樂(le)(le),則王(wang)(wang)(wang)矣。”
齊宣王問(wen)曰(yue)(yue):“文王之(zhi)(zhi)囿(you)方(fang)(fang)七(qi)十(shi)里(li),有(you)諸?”孟子對曰(yue)(yue):“于傳有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)。”曰(yue)(yue):“若是(shi)其大乎(hu)?”曰(yue)(yue):“民(min)(min)猶以(yi)為(wei)小也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue):“寡人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)囿(you)方(fang)(fang)四(si)十(shi)里(li),民(min)(min)猶以(yi)為(wei)大,何也(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue):“文王之(zhi)(zhi)囿(you)方(fang)(fang)七(qi)十(shi)里(li),芻蕘(rao)者往焉,雉兔者往焉,與民(min)(min)同之(zhi)(zhi)。民(min)(min)以(yi)為(wei)小,不亦宜乎(hu)?臣始至于境,問(wen)國之(zhi)(zhi)大禁(jin),然后敢入(ru)。臣聞郊關之(zhi)(zhi)內有(you)囿(you)方(fang)(fang)四(si)十(shi)里(li),殺其麋鹿(lu)者如殺人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。則是(shi)方(fang)(fang)四(si)十(shi)里(li),為(wei)阱于國中。民(min)(min)以(yi)為(wei)大,不亦宜乎(hu)?”
齊宣王(wang)問曰(yue):“交(jiao)鄰國有(you)道乎?”孟子對曰(yue):“有(you)。惟仁者(zhe)(zhe)為能(neng)以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)小,是故湯事(shi)(shi)葛(ge),文王(wang)事(shi)(shi)昆夷;惟智者(zhe)(zhe)為能(neng)以(yi)小事(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da),故大(da)(da)(da)王(wang)事(shi)(shi)獯鬻,句踐事(shi)(shi)吳(wu)。以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)(shi)小者(zhe)(zhe),樂天者(zhe)(zhe)也;以(yi)小事(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)者(zhe)(zhe),畏天者(zhe)(zhe)也。樂天者(zhe)(zhe)保(bao)天下,畏天者(zhe)(zhe)保(bao)其國。詩云:‘畏天之威(wei),于時保(bao)之。’”王(wang)曰(yue):“大(da)(da)(da)哉言矣!寡(gua)人(ren)有(you)疾(ji),寡(gua)人(ren)好(hao)勇(yong)。”對曰(yue):“王(wang)請無好(hao)小勇(yong)。夫撫(fu)劍疾(ji)視曰(yue),‘彼惡敢當我哉’!此匹夫之勇(yong),敵一人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)也。王(wang)請大(da)(da)(da)之!
詩云:‘王(wang)(wang)赫斯怒(nu),爰整其(qi)旅,以遏徂莒,以篤周祜,以對于天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)。’此文(wen)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)勇也(ye)(ye)。文(wen)王(wang)(wang)一怒(nu)而(er)安(an)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)。書曰:‘天(tian)(tian)降(jiang)下(xia)(xia)民(min),作之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun),作之(zhi)(zhi)師。惟曰其(qi)助上帝,寵(chong)之(zhi)(zhi)四(si)方。有(you)罪無(wu)罪,惟我(wo)在,天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)曷敢有(you)越厥志?’一人(ren)衡行于天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia),武王(wang)(wang)恥之(zhi)(zhi)。此武王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)勇也(ye)(ye)。而(er)武王(wang)(wang)亦一怒(nu)而(er)安(an)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)。今王(wang)(wang)亦一怒(nu)而(er)安(an)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min),民(min)惟恐(kong)王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)好(hao)勇也(ye)(ye)。”
齊(qi)宣(xuan)王(wang)(wang)見孟子(zi)于(yu)雪宮(gong)。王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“賢者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)有此樂(le)乎?”孟子(zi)對曰(yue):“有。人不(bu)(bu)得,則非其上矣。不(bu)(bu)得而(er)(er)非其上者(zhe)(zhe),非也(ye);為民(min)(min)上而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)與民(min)(min)同樂(le)者(zhe)(zhe),亦(yi)非也(ye)。樂(le)民(min)(min)之樂(le)者(zhe)(zhe),民(min)(min)亦(yi)樂(le)其樂(le);憂(you)民(min)(min)之憂(you)者(zhe)(zhe),民(min)(min)亦(yi)憂(you)其憂(you)。樂(le)以天(tian)(tian)下,憂(you)以天(tian)(tian)下,然(ran)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)(zhe),未之有也(ye)。昔(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)齊(qi)景公(gong)問于(yu)晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)曰(yue):‘吾(wu)欲觀于(yu)轉(zhuan)附、朝(chao)儛,遵(zun)海而(er)(er)南,放于(yu)瑯邪。吾(wu)何(he)修而(er)(er)可(ke)以比于(yu)先(xian)王(wang)(wang)觀也(ye)?’晏(yan)(yan)子(zi)對曰(yue):‘善哉(zai)問也(ye)!天(tian)(tian)子(zi)適諸(zhu)侯曰(yue)巡狩,巡狩者(zhe)(zhe)巡所守也(ye);諸(zhu)侯朝(chao)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)子(zi)曰(yue)述(shu)職,述(shu)職者(zhe)(zhe)述(shu)所職也(ye)。無非事(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)。春省(sheng)耕而(er)(er)補(bu)不(bu)(bu)足,秋省(sheng)斂(lian)而(er)(er)助(zhu)不(bu)(bu)給。
夏(xia)諺曰:“吾(wu)王不游(you),吾(wu)何(he)以休?吾(wu)王不豫(yu),吾(wu)何(he)以助(zhu)?一(yi)游(you)一(yi)豫(yu),為諸侯(hou)度。”今也不然:師行而(er)糧食(shi),饑者弗食(shi),勞者弗息(xi)。睊(juan)睊(juan)胥讒,民乃(nai)作慝(ni)。方命虐民,飲食(shi)若流(liu)(liu)(liu)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)連荒亡(wang),為諸侯(hou)憂(you)。從流(liu)(liu)(liu)下而(er)忘(wang)反(fan)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu),從流(liu)(liu)(liu)上而(er)忘(wang)反(fan)謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)連,從獸無厭謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)荒,樂(le)酒無厭謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)亡(wang)。先王無流(liu)(liu)(liu)連之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le),荒亡(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)行。惟君(jun)所行也。’景公說(shuo),大戒于國,出(chu)舍于郊。于是(shi)始興發補不足。召大師曰:‘為我作君(jun)臣相說(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)樂(le)!’蓋征招角招是(shi)也。其詩曰:‘畜君(jun)何(he)尤?’畜君(jun)者,好君(jun)也。”
齊宣王(wang)問曰(yue)(yue):“人(ren)皆謂我(wo)毀明堂(tang)。毀諸(zhu)?已乎(hu)?”孟子(zi)對(dui)曰(yue)(yue):“夫明堂(tang)者(zhe),王(wang)者(zhe)之堂(tang)也。王(wang)欲行王(wang)政,則勿(wu)毀之矣。”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)政可得聞(wen)與?”對(dui)曰(yue)(yue):“昔者(zhe)文(wen)(wen)王(wang)之治岐也,耕(geng)者(zhe)九一,仕者(zhe)世祿(lu),關市譏而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)征,澤梁(liang)無(wu)禁,罪(zui)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)孥(nu)。老(lao)而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)妻(qi)曰(yue)(yue)鰥。老(lao)而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)夫曰(yue)(yue)寡。老(lao)而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)子(zi)曰(yue)(yue)獨。幼(you)而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)父曰(yue)(yue)孤。此(ci)四者(zhe),天(tian)下之窮民而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)告者(zhe)。文(wen)(wen)王(wang)發(fa)政施仁,必先斯四者(zhe)。詩云:‘哿矣富人(ren),哀此(ci)煢獨。’”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue):“善哉言乎(hu)!”曰(yue)(yue):“王(wang)如善之,則何為(wei)不(bu)(bu)行?”
王(wang)(wang)曰(yue):“寡人(ren)(ren)有疾,寡人(ren)(ren)好貨云:‘乃積乃倉,乃裹糇(hou)糧,于橐(tuo)于囊。思戢(ji)用光(guang)。弓矢斯張,干戈戚揚(yang),爰方啟行。’故居者有積倉,行者有裹糧也,然后可以爰方啟行。王(wang)(wang)如好貨,與百姓同(tong)之,于王(wang)(wang)何有?”
王(wang)曰:“寡人(ren)有疾,寡人(ren)好色(se)(se)。”對(dui)曰:“昔者大(da)王(wang)好色(se)(se),愛厥妃。詩云:‘古公亶甫(fu),來朝走馬,率西水滸,至于(yu)岐(qi)下。爰及姜女,聿來胥宇。’當(dang)是時也,內(nei)無(wu)怨女,外無(wu)曠夫。王(wang)如好色(se)(se),與百姓同之(zhi),于(yu)王(wang)何有?”
孟子謂(wei)齊宣王(wang)曰(yue):“王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣有(you)托其(qi)妻子于其(qi)友,而(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楚游者(zhe)。比(bi)其(qi)反也(ye),則(ze)(ze)凍餒其(qi)妻子,則(ze)(ze)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”王(wang)曰(yue):“棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”曰(yue):“士師不(bu)能治(zhi)士,則(ze)(ze)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”王(wang)曰(yue):“已之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”曰(yue):“四境之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)不(bu)治(zhi),則(ze)(ze)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”王(wang)顧(gu)左右(you)而(er)言他。
孟子見齊宣王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“所謂(wei)故國(guo)(guo)者,非(fei)謂(wei)有喬木之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye),有世臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。王(wang)無親(qin)臣(chen)矣,昔(xi)者所進(jin)(jin),今日不(bu)(bu)(bu)知其亡也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”王(wang)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾何以識其不(bu)(bu)(bu)才而舍(she)之(zhi)(zhi)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“國(guo)(guo)君(jun)進(jin)(jin)賢(xian)(xian),如不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)已,將使(shi)卑(bei)逾尊(zun),疏逾戚,可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎與(yu)?與(yu),平聲。如不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)已,言謹之(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)(ye)。蓋尊(zun)尊(zun)親(qin)親(qin),禮之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)或尊(zun)者親(qin)者未必賢(xian)(xian),則必進(jin)(jin)疏遠之(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)(xian)而用之(zhi)(zhi)。是使(shi)卑(bei)者逾尊(zun),疏者逾戚,非(fei)禮之(zhi)(zhi)常(chang),故不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)謹也(ye)(ye)(ye)。左右(you)皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)賢(xian)(xian),未可(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye);諸(zhu)大(da)夫皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)賢(xian)(xian),未可(ke)(ke)(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye);國(guo)(guo)人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)賢(xian)(xian),然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)察之(zhi)(zhi);見賢(xian)(xian)焉,然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)用之(zhi)(zhi)。左右(you)皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke),勿聽;諸(zhu)大(da)夫皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke),勿聽;國(guo)(guo)人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke),然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)察之(zhi)(zhi);見不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)焉,然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)去之(zhi)(zhi)。左右(you)皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha),勿聽;諸(zhu)大(da)夫皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha),勿聽;國(guo)(guo)人(ren)皆(jie)(jie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha),然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)察之(zhi)(zhi);見可(ke)(ke)(ke)殺(sha)焉,然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)。故曰(yue)(yue)(yue),國(guo)(guo)人(ren)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。如此(ci),然(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以為(wei)民父母。”
齊宣王問曰:“湯放(fang)桀,武王伐紂,有諸?”孟子對曰:“于傳有之(zhi)。”曰:“臣弒(shi)其君(jun)可乎(hu)?”曰:“賊仁者謂之(zhi)賊,賊義者謂之(zhi)殘,殘賊之(zhi)人(ren)謂之(zhi)一夫。聞(wen)誅(zhu)一夫紂矣(yi),未(wei)聞(wen)弒(shi)君(jun)也。”
孟子見(jian)齊宣王(wang)曰(yue):“為巨(ju)室,則(ze)必使工(gong)師(shi)求大木。工(gong)師(shi)得大木。則(ze)王(wang)喜(xi),以為能勝其任(ren)也。匠人(ren)斲而小之,則(ze)王(wang)怒,以為不勝其任(ren)矣。夫人(ren)幼而學(xue)之,壯(zhuang)而欲行之。王(wang)曰(yue)‘姑舍女所(suo)學(xue)而從我(wo)’,則(ze)何(he)如?今有(you)璞玉(yu)于此(ci),雖萬鎰,必使玉(yu)人(ren)雕琢之。至于治國家,則(ze)曰(yue)‘姑舍女所(suo)學(xue)而從我(wo)’,則(ze)何(he)以異于教玉(yu)人(ren)雕琢玉(yu)哉?”
齊(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)伐(fa)燕,勝之(zhi)(zhi)。宣王問曰(yue):“或(huo)謂寡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)勿取(qu)(qu),或(huo)謂寡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)萬(wan)(wan)乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)伐(fa)萬(wan)(wan)乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),五旬(xun)而舉之(zhi)(zhi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)力不(bu)至于此。不(bu)取(qu)(qu),必有天殃(yang)。取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi),何如(ru)?”孟子對曰(yue):“取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)而燕民悅,則取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)。古之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有行之(zhi)(zhi)者,武王是也(ye)。取(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)而燕民不(bu)悅,則勿取(qu)(qu)。古之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)有行之(zhi)(zhi)者,文王是也(ye)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)萬(wan)(wan)乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)伐(fa)萬(wan)(wan)乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),簞(dan)食壺漿,以(yi)(yi)(yi)迎王師。豈有他哉(zai)?避(bi)水(shui)火(huo)也(ye)。如(ru)水(shui)益深,如(ru)火(huo)益熱(re),亦運(yun)而已矣。”
齊人(ren)伐燕(yan),取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)。諸(zhu)侯將(jiang)謀救燕(yan)。宣王(wang)曰:“諸(zhu)侯多謀伐寡(gua)人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),何(he)以(yi)待之(zhi)(zhi)?”孟子(zi)對曰:“臣聞七十(shi)里為政于(yu)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),湯(tang)是也(ye)(ye)。未聞以(yi)千(qian)里畏人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。書(shu)曰:‘湯(tang)一征(zheng)(zheng),自葛始。’天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)。‘東面而(er)征(zheng)(zheng),西夷怨;南面而(er)征(zheng)(zheng),北狄(di)怨。曰,奚(xi)為后我?’民望之(zhi)(zhi),若(ruo)大(da)旱之(zhi)(zhi)望云霓也(ye)(ye)。歸(gui)市者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)止,耕者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)變。誅其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)而(er)吊其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)民,若(ruo)時雨降(jiang),民大(da)悅。書(shu)曰:‘徯我后,后來其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)蘇(su)。’今燕(yan)虐(nve)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)民,王(wang)往而(er)征(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)。民以(yi)為將(jiang)拯己于(yu)水火之(zhi)(zhi)中也(ye)(ye),簞食壺漿,以(yi)迎王(wang)師。若(ruo)殺其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)父(fu)兄,系累其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)子(zi)弟,毀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)宗(zong)廟(miao),遷(qian)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)器,如(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)何(he)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)也(ye)(ye)?天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)固畏齊之(zhi)(zhi)強也(ye)(ye)。今又倍地而(er)不(bu)行仁政,是動天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)兵也(ye)(ye)。王(wang)速出(chu)令,反其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旄倪,止其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)器,謀于(yu)燕(yan)眾,置(zhi)君(jun)而(er)后去之(zhi)(zhi),則猶(you)可(ke)及止也(ye)(ye)。”
鄒與(yu)魯哄。穆公問曰:“吾(wu)有(you)(you)司死(si)者(zhe)(zhe)三十三人(ren),而(er)(er)(er)民莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)也。誅(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)不可(ke)勝誅(zhu);不誅(zhu),則(ze)疾視其長上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)而(er)(er)(er)不救,如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)則(ze)可(ke)也?”孟子(zi)對曰:“兇年饑歲,君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民老弱轉(zhuan)乎(hu)溝壑,壯者(zhe)(zhe)散(san)而(er)(er)(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四方者(zhe)(zhe),幾千人(ren)矣;而(er)(er)(er)君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)倉廩實,府庫充,有(you)(you)司莫以告,是(shi)上慢而(er)(er)(er)殘下也。曾(ceng)子(zi)曰:‘戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戒(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)!出乎(hu)爾(er)者(zhe)(zhe),反(fan)乎(hu)爾(er)者(zhe)(zhe)也。’夫民今而(er)(er)(er)后得反(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也。君(jun)(jun)無尤焉。君(jun)(jun)行仁政,斯民親其上、死(si)其長矣。”
滕文公問曰(yue):“滕,小國(guo)也(ye),間于齊(qi)楚(chu)。事(shi)齊(qi)乎(hu)?事(shi)楚(chu)乎(hu)?”孟子對曰(yue):“是謀非吾所能及(ji)也(ye)。無已,則有一焉:鑿(zao)斯池(chi)也(ye),筑斯城也(ye),與民守(shou)之,效死而(er)民弗去(qu),則是可為(wei)也(ye)。”
滕文公(gong)問曰:“齊人將筑薛,吾甚恐。如之(zhi)何(he)則可(ke)?”孟子(zi)對(dui)曰:“昔者大王居邠,狄人侵之(zhi),去之(zhi)岐山之(zhi)下居焉。非擇而(er)取之(zhi),不得已也(ye)(ye)。茍為(wei)善(shan),后世(shi)子(zi)孫必有王者矣。君(jun)子(zi)創(chuang)業垂統,為(wei)可(ke)繼也(ye)(ye)。若夫成功(gong),則天也(ye)(ye)。君(jun)如彼何(he)哉?強為(wei)善(shan)而(er)已矣。”
滕文公問曰:“滕,小國也(ye)。竭力(li)以(yi)事大國,則不(bu)得免焉。如(ru)(ru)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何(he)則可?”孟子(zi)(zi)對曰:“昔者(zhe)大王居(ju)邠(bin),狄人侵(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)皮(pi)幣,不(bu)得免焉;事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)犬(quan)馬,不(bu)得免焉;事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)珠玉,不(bu)得免焉。乃屬(shu)其耆(qi)老而告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:‘狄人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)欲(yu)者(zhe),吾土地也(ye)。吾聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye):君(jun)(jun)子(zi)(zi)不(bu)以(yi)其所(suo)以(yi)養人者(zhe)害(hai)人。二三子(zi)(zi)何(he)患乎無君(jun)(jun)?我將去(qu)(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。’去(qu)(qu)邠(bin),逾梁(liang)山,邑于岐山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下居(ju)焉。邠(bin)人曰:‘仁人也(ye),不(bu)可失也(ye)。’從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)如(ru)(ru)歸市(shi)。或曰:‘世守也(ye),非身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)能為也(ye)。效(xiao)死勿去(qu)(qu)。’君(jun)(jun)請(qing)擇(ze)于斯(si)二者(zhe)。”
魯平(ping)公(gong)(gong)將出。嬖人臧(zang)倉者請(qing)曰(yue)(yue):“他(ta)日君(jun)(jun)出,則必命有(you)(you)司所(suo)(suo)之。今乘輿已駕矣(yi),有(you)(you)司未(wei)知所(suo)(suo)之。敢請(qing)。”公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“將見(jian)(jian)(jian)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)。”曰(yue)(yue):“何哉(zai)?君(jun)(jun)所(suo)(suo)為輕身(shen)以(yi)先于匹夫(fu)者,以(yi)為賢(xian)乎?禮義由(you)賢(xian)者出。而(er)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)之后(hou)喪逾前(qian)(qian)喪。君(jun)(jun)無見(jian)(jian)(jian)焉(yan)!”公(gong)(gong)曰(yue)(yue):“諾。”樂正子(zi)(zi)入見(jian)(jian)(jian),曰(yue)(yue):“君(jun)(jun)奚為不(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孟(meng)軻也(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue):“或告寡人曰(yue)(yue),‘孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)之后(hou)喪逾前(qian)(qian)喪’,是以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)往(wang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue):“何哉(zai)君(jun)(jun)所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)逾者?前(qian)(qian)以(yi)士(shi),后(hou)以(yi)大夫(fu);前(qian)(qian)以(yi)三鼎,而(er)后(hou)以(yi)五鼎與?”曰(yue)(yue):“否。謂(wei)棺(guan)槨衣衾之美也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue):“非所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)逾也(ye),貧富(fu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)也(ye)。”樂正子(zi)(zi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孟(meng)子(zi)(zi),曰(yue)(yue):“克告于君(jun)(jun),君(jun)(jun)為來見(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)。嬖人有(you)(you)臧(zang)倉者沮(ju)君(jun)(jun),君(jun)(jun)是以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)果來也(ye)。”曰(yue)(yue):“行(xing)或使之,止(zhi)或尼之。行(xing)止(zhi),非人所(suo)(suo)能(neng)也(ye)。吾(wu)之不(bu)(bu)(bu)遇魯侯,天也(ye)。臧(zang)氏(shi)之子(zi)(zi)焉(yan)能(neng)使予不(bu)(bu)(bu)遇哉(zai)?”
公孫(sun)丑問曰(yue)(yue):“夫子(zi)當(dang)路(lu)于(yu)齊,管仲晏子(zi)之(zhi)功,可復許乎?”孟子(zi)曰(yue)(yue):“子(zi)誠(cheng)齊人也(ye)(ye)(ye),知管仲晏子(zi)而已矣。或(huo)問乎曾西曰(yue)(yue):’吾(wu)(wu)子(zi)與子(zi)路(lu)孰(shu)賢?’曾皙(xi)蹙然(ran)曰(yue)(yue):’吾(wu)(wu)先(xian)子(zi)之(zhi)所畏也(ye)(ye)(ye)。’曰(yue)(yue):’然(ran)則吾(wu)(wu)子(zi)與管仲孰(shu)賢?’曾皙(xi)怫然(ran)不悅曰(yue)(yue):’爾(er)何(he)(he)曾比予(yu)于(yu)管仲?管仲得(de)君如(ru)彼(bi)其奪也(ye)(ye)(ye),行乎國政,如(ru)彼(bi)其久也(ye)(ye)(ye),功烈,如(ru)彼(bi)其卑(bei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。爾(er)何(he)(he)曾比予(yu)于(yu)是?’曰(yue)(yue):“管仲,曾皙(xi)之(zhi)所不為也(ye)(ye)(ye),而子(zi)為我愿之(zhi)乎?”
曰:“管(guan)仲以(yi)其君(jun)(jun)霸,晏子(zi)(zi)以(yi)其君(jun)(jun)顯,管(guan)仲晏子(zi)(zi)猶不足(zu)為與(yu)(yu)?”曰:“以(yi)齊王(wang),由反手也。”曰:“若(ruo)是,則(ze)弟子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)惑滋甚。且(qie)以(yi)文(wen)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)德(de),百年(nian)而后(hou)崩,猶未洽于天下(xia),武(wu)王(wang)周公繼之(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)大行。今(jin)言(yan)王(wang)若(ruo)易(yi)然,則(ze)文(wen)王(wang)不足(zu)法(fa)與(yu)(yu)?”曰:“文(wen)王(wang)何可當也。由湯(tang)至于武(wu)丁(ding)(ding),賢圣之(zhi)(zhi)君(jun)(jun)六(liu)七作,天下(xia)歸(gui)殷(yin)久(jiu)矣,久(jiu)則(ze)難(nan)變也。武(wu)丁(ding)(ding)朝諸侯有天下(xia),猶運之(zhi)(zhi)掌(zhang)也。紂之(zhi)(zhi)去武(wu)丁(ding)(ding),未久(jiu)也。其故家遺俗流風善政,猶有存(cun)者。又有微(wei)丁(ding)(ding)微(wei)仲王(wang)子(zi)(zi)比干(gan)箕子(zi)(zi)膠鬲(li),皆賢人也,相(xiang)與(yu)(yu)輔相(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi),故久(jiu)而后(hou)失之(zhi)(zhi)也。
尺(chi)地(di)(di)莫非其(qi)(qi)有(you)也(ye)(ye),一(yi)民莫非其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)也(ye)(ye)。然而(er)文王猶方百(bai)里(li)起,是(shi)以難也(ye)(ye)。齊(qi)人有(you)言(yan)曰:雖有(you)智慧,不如乘勢;雖有(you)嵫基(ji),不如待(dai)時。今(jin)時則易然也(ye)(ye)。夏后殷周之盛(sheng),地(di)(di)未有(you)過千里(li)者也(ye)(ye),而(er)齊(qi)有(you)其(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)矣(yi)。雞鳴狗(gou)吠相聞(wen),而(er)達乎(hu)四(si)境(jing),而(er)齊(qi)有(you)其(qi)(qi)民矣(yi)。地(di)(di)不改辟矣(yi),民不改聚矣(yi),行仁政而(er)王,莫之能御也(ye)(ye)。
且王者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)不作,未有疏于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)時者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye);民之(zhi)(zhi)憔悴于(yu)(yu)虐政,未有甚于(yu)(yu)此(ci)(ci)時者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。饑者(zhe)(zhe)易為食,渴者(zhe)(zhe)易為飲。孔子曰:’德之(zhi)(zhi)流行,速于(yu)(yu)置郵(you)而(er)傳(chuan)命。’當今之(zhi)(zhi)時,萬(wan)乘之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo),行仁政,民之(zhi)(zhi)悅之(zhi)(zhi),猶(you)解倒懸也(ye)。故事半古之(zhi)(zhi)人,功(gong)必(bi)倍之(zhi)(zhi)。惟(wei)此(ci)(ci)時為然。”
公孫(sun)丑(chou)問曰:“夫(fu)子(zi)加齊之(zhi)卿相,得行道焉(yan),雖由此(ci)霸王不異矣(yi)。如此(ci)則(ze)(ze)動(dong)心(xin)否乎(hu)?”孟子(zi)曰:“否。我(wo)(wo)四十不動(dong)心(xin)。”曰:“若是,則(ze)(ze)夫(fu)子(zi)過孟賁(bi)遠矣(yi)。”曰:“是不難,告子(zi)先我(wo)(wo)不動(dong)心(xin)。”
曰(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)動(dong)心有(you)(you)道乎?”曰(yue)(yue):“有(you)(you)。北宮(gong)黝之(zhi)養勇也,不(bu)(bu)(bu)膚撓,不(bu)(bu)(bu)目逃,思以一(yi)毫(hao)挫(cuo)于人,若(ruo)撻(ta)之(zhi)于市朝。不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)于褐寬博,亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)受(shou)于萬乘之(zhi)君(jun)(jun)。視(shi)(shi)刺萬乘之(zhi)君(jun)(jun),若(ruo)刺褐夫。無嚴諸侯,惡聲(sheng)至,必反之(zhi)。孟(meng)施舍(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)所養勇也。曰(yue)(yue):’視(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)勝(sheng),猶勝(sheng)也。量敵而(er)(er)(er)后進,慮(lv)勝(sheng)而(er)(er)(er)后會,是(shi)畏三軍(jun)者也。舍(she)(she)(she)豈(qi)能為必勝(sheng)哉?能無懼而(er)(er)(er)已矣。’孟(meng)施舍(she)(she)(she)似(si)曾(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),北宮(gong)黝似(si)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏。夫二子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)勇,未知(zhi)其孰賢,然而(er)(er)(er)孟(meng)施舍(she)(she)(she)守約(yue)也。昔者曾(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)謂子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)襄曰(yue)(yue):’子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)好勇乎?吾嘗(chang)聞大勇于夫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)矣。自反而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)縮,雖褐寬博,吾不(bu)(bu)(bu)惴(zhui)焉;自反而(er)(er)(er)縮,雖千(qian)萬人,吾往矣。’孟(meng)施舍(she)(she)(she)之(zhi)守氣,又不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)曾(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)守約(yue)也。”
曰(yue):“敢問夫子之不(bu)(bu)動心(xin),與(yu)(yu)告子之不(bu)(bu)動心(xin),可(ke)得(de)聞(wen)與(yu)(yu)?”“告子曰(yue):’不(bu)(bu)得(de)于(yu)(yu)言(yan),勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)心(xin),不(bu)(bu)得(de)于(yu)(yu)心(xin),勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)。’’不(bu)(bu)得(de)于(yu)(yu)心(xin),勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)’,可(ke);’不(bu)(bu)得(de)于(yu)(yu)言(yan),勿求(qiu)于(yu)(yu)心(xin)’,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)。夫志(zhi)(zhi),氣(qi)之帥(shuai)也(ye)(ye);氣(qi),體之充(chong)也(ye)(ye)。夫志(zhi)(zhi)至焉(yan)(yan),氣(qi)次焉(yan)(yan)。故曰(yue)持(chi)其(qi)志(zhi)(zhi),無(wu)暴(bao)其(qi)氣(qi)。”“既曰(yue)志(zhi)(zhi)至焉(yan)(yan),氣(qi)次焉(yan)(yan),又曰(yue)持(chi)其(qi)志(zhi)(zhi),無(wu)暴(bao)其(qi)氣(qi)者,何也(ye)(ye)?”曰(yue):“志(zhi)(zhi)壹則動氣(qi),氣(qi)一則動志(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)夫蹶者趨者,是氣(qi)也(ye)(ye),而反動其(qi)心(xin)。”
“敢(gan)問夫子(zi)惡乎長(chang)?”曰:“我(wo)知(zhi)言,我(wo)善養吾浩然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣。”“敢(gan)問何謂(wei)浩然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣?”曰:“難言也(ye)(ye)。其為(wei)氣也(ye)(ye),至大至剛,以(yi)(yi)直養而(er)(er)(er)無害,則塞于(yu)天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間。其為(wei)氣也(ye)(ye),配義(yi)(yi)與道,無是(shi)(shi),餒也(ye)(ye)。是(shi)(shi)集(ji)義(yi)(yi)所生(sheng)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),非義(yi)(yi)襲而(er)(er)(er)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。行有(you)(you)不兼于(yu)心,則餒矣。我(wo)故(gu)曰告子(zi)未嘗知(zhi)義(yi)(yi),以(yi)(yi)其外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。必有(you)(you)事焉而(er)(er)(er)勿(wu)正,心勿(wu)忘,勿(wu)助(zhu)長(chang)也(ye)(ye)。無若宋人然。宋人有(you)(you)閔其苗(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不長(chang)而(er)(er)(er)揠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),芒芒然歸,謂(wei)其人曰:’今日病矣,予(yu)助(zhu)苗(miao)長(chang)矣。’其子(zi)趨而(er)(er)(er)往視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),苗(miao)則槁矣。天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不助(zhu)苗(miao)長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)寡矣。以(yi)(yi)為(wei)無益而(er)(er)(er)舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),不耘苗(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye);助(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),揠苗(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。非徒無益,而(er)(er)(er)又害之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”
“何(he)謂知言(yan)?”曰(yue):“陂辭(ci)(ci)(ci)知其所(suo)蔽,淫辭(ci)(ci)(ci)知其所(suo)陷(xian),邪(xie)辭(ci)(ci)(ci)知其所(suo)離,遁辭(ci)(ci)(ci)知其所(suo)窮。生于其心,害于其政,害于其事。圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人復起,必從吾(wu)(wu)言(yan)矣(yi)。”“宰我(wo)子貢(gong),善為說辭(ci)(ci)(ci);冉牛(niu)閔(min)子顏(yan)淵,善言(yan)德(de)行,孔(kong)子兼之,曰(yue):’我(wo)于辭(ci)(ci)(ci)命,則(ze)(ze)不(bu)能也。’然則(ze)(ze)夫子既圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣(yi)乎(hu)?”曰(yue):“惡,是(shi)何(he)言(yan)也?昔(xi)者(zhe)子貢(gong)問(wen)于孔(kong)子曰(yue):’夫子圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣(yi)乎(hu)?’孔(kong)子曰(yue):’圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)則(ze)(ze)吾(wu)(wu)不(bu)能。我(wo)學不(bu)厭(yan)而(er)教不(bu)倦也。’子貢(gong)曰(yue):’學不(bu)厭(yan),智(zhi)也;教不(bu)倦,仁也。仁且智(zhi),夫子既圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)矣(yi)。’夫圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),孔(kong)子不(bu)居。是(shi)何(he)言(yan)也!”
“昔(xi)者竊聞之(zhi),子夏(xia)子游子張,皆有圣人(ren)之(zhi)一體(ti);冉牛閔(min)子顏淵,則具體(ti)而微,敢問(wen)所(suo)安(an)?”曰(yue):“姑舍是。”曰(yue):“伯(bo)夷伊(yi)(yi)尹何(he)如?”曰(yue):“不(bu)同(tong)道。非其君不(bu)事,非其民不(bu)使(shi),治則進,亂則退(tui),伯(bo)夷也(ye)。何(he)事非君,何(he)使(shi)非民,治亦(yi)進,亂亦(yi)進,伊(yi)(yi)尹也(ye)。可(ke)以(yi)(yi)仕(shi)則仕(shi),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)止則止,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)久則久,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)速則速,孔子也(ye)。皆古圣人(ren)也(ye),吾未能有行焉。乃(nai)所(suo)愿,則學孔子也(ye)。”
“伯夷伊尹(yin)于孔(kong)子,若(ruo)是(shi)班乎?”曰(yue):“否。自有(you)生民以來,未有(you)孔(kong)子也(ye)。”曰(yue):“然則有(you)同與?”曰(yue):“有(you)。得百里之地而(er)君之,皆(jie)能以朝諸侯有(you)天下(xia)。行一(yi)不(bu)(bu)義,殺一(yi)不(bu)(bu)辜(gu),而(er)得天下(xia),皆(jie)不(bu)(bu)為也(ye)。是(shi)則同。
”曰(yue):“敢(gan)問(wen)其(qi)所以(yi)異?”曰(yue):“宰(zai)我、子(zi)貢、有若,智(zhi)足(zu)以(yi)知(zhi)圣人(ren),污不至阿其(qi)所好。宰(zai)我曰(yue):’以(yi)予觀于(yu)(yu)夫子(zi),賢于(yu)(yu)堯舜遠矣。’子(zi)貢曰(yue):’見其(qi)禮而知(zhi)其(qi)政,問(wen)其(qi)樂而知(zhi)其(qi)德,由百世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后,等百世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)王,莫之(zhi)(zhi)能違也。自生民以(yi)來(lai),未有夫子(zi)也。’有若曰(yue):’豈惟民哉(zai),麒麟之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)走(zou)獸(shou),鳳凰之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)飛鳥,泰山之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)丘垤,河海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)行(xing)潦(liao),類也。圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)民,亦類也。出(chu)于(yu)(yu)其(qi)類,拔乎(hu)其(qi)萃。自生民以(yi)來(lai),未有盛于(yu)(yu)孔子(zi)也。’”
孟子曰:“以力假(jia)仁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)霸,霸必有(you)大國。以德行仁者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)王,王不待大。湯以七(qi)十(shi)里,文王以百里。以力服(fu)人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),非心服(fu)也(ye),力不贍也(ye)。以德服(fu)人(ren)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),中心悅而(er)誠(cheng)服(fu)也(ye)。如七(qi)十(shi)子之(zhi)服(fu)孔子也(ye)。詩(shi)云:自(zi)西自(zi)東,自(zi)南自(zi)北,無思不服(fu)。此之(zhi)謂也(ye)。”
孟子曰(yue):“仁則榮,不(bu)仁則辱。今惡辱而(er)居不(bu)仁,是猶惡濕而(er)居下(xia)也。如惡之(zhi)(zhi),莫(mo)如貴(gui)德(de)而(er)尊士。賢者在位(wei),能者在職,國(guo)家閑(xian)暇,及(ji)是時(shi)明其(qi)政刑,雖大國(guo)必(bi)畏(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)矣。詩(shi)云(yun):迨天之(zhi)(zhi)未陰雨(yu),撤(che)彼(bi)桑土,綢(chou)繆牖戶,今此(ci)下(xia)民,或敢(gan)侮予(yu)。孔(kong)子曰(yue):為此(ci)詩(shi)者,其(qi)知道乎?能治其(qi)國(guo)家,誰敢(gan)侮之(zhi)(zhi)?今國(guo)家閑(xian)暇,及(ji)是時(shi),般樂怠敖,是自(zi)求禍也。禍福(fu)(fu)無不(bu)自(zi)己求之(zhi)(zhi)者。詩(shi)云(yun):永言配命,自(zi)求多福(fu)(fu)。太(tai)甲曰(yue):天作孽(nie),猶可違,自(zi)作孽(nie),不(bu)可活。此(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)也。”
孟子曰:“天(tian)(tian)時不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)地利,地利不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)人和(he)。三里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)城(cheng),七里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郭,環(huan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)。夫環(huan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),必(bi)有(you)得天(tian)(tian)時者矣;然而(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)者,是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)時不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)地利也。城(cheng)非(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高也,池非(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)深也,兵革非(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)堅利也,米粟非(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo)也;委而(er)(er)(er)(er)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)地利不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)人和(he)也。故曰:域民不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)封疆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)界,固國(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)山(shan)溪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,威天(tian)(tian)下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)兵革之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利。得道(dao)(dao)者多(duo)助,失道(dao)(dao)者寡助。寡助之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi),親戚(qi)畔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);多(duo)助之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi),天(tian)(tian)下(xia)順之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以(yi)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所順,攻親戚(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所畔;故君子有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰,戰必(bi)勝(sheng)矣。”
孟子將朝王(wang)(wang),王(wang)(wang)使(shi)人來曰(yue):“寡(gua)人如就見者也(ye),有寒疾,不(bu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)風。朝,將視朝,不(bu)識可(ke)(ke)使(shi)寡(gua)人得見乎(hu)?”對(dui)曰(yue):“不(bu)幸而(er)有疾,不(bu)能造朝。”明(ming)日,出吊于東郭氏。公(gong)孫丑(chou)曰(yue):“昔者辭以(yi)病,今日吊,或(huo)者不(bu)可(ke)(ke)乎(hu)?”曰(yue):“昔者疾,今日愈,如之(zhi)何不(bu)吊?”
王(wang)使(shi)(shi)人問疾,醫來。孟仲子對曰(yue):“昔者(zhe)有(you)王(wang)命,有(you)采薪之憂,不能造朝。今病(bing)小(xiao)愈,趨造于朝,我不識能至(zhi)否乎。”使(shi)(shi)數人要于路,曰(yue):“請必無歸,而造于朝!”不得已(yi)而之景丑氏宿焉。
景子(zi)曰:“內則父(fu)子(zi),外(wai)則君臣(chen),人之(zhi)大倫也。父(fu)子(zi)主恩,君臣(chen)主敬(jing)。丑見(jian)王之(zhi)敬(jing)子(zi)也,未見(jian)所以敬(jing)王也。”
曰:“惡!是何言(yan)(yan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)!齊人無以(yi)仁義(yi)(yi)與(yu)王(wang)(wang)言(yan)(yan)者,豈以(yi)仁義(yi)(yi)為不(bu)美?其(qi)心曰:‘是何足與(yu)言(yan)(yan)仁義(yi)(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)’云(yun)爾,則不(bu)敬莫大乎是。我非堯舜之(zhi)道,不(bu)敢以(yi)陳于王(wang)(wang)前(qian),故齊人莫如我敬王(wang)(wang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”景子(zi)曰:“否(fou),非此之(zhi)謂(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。禮曰:‘父召無諾;君命(ming)召不(bu)俟駕(jia)。’固(gu)將朝也(ye)(ye)(ye),聞王(wang)(wang)命(ming)而遂不(bu)果,宜與(yu)夫禮若不(bu)相似然。”
曰:“豈謂是(shi)與(yu)?曾子曰:‘晉楚(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富,不(bu)可(ke)及也;彼(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)富,我(wo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)吾(wu)(wu)仁;彼(bi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)其(qi)爵(jue),我(wo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)吾(wu)(wu)義,吾(wu)(wu)何(he)慊(qian)乎(hu)哉?’夫(fu)豈不(bu)義而(er)(er)曾子言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?是(shi)或一道(dao)也。天(tian)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)達尊三:爵(jue)一,齒(chi)(chi)一,德(de)一。朝(chao)廷莫(mo)如爵(jue),鄉黨莫(mo)如齒(chi)(chi),輔(fu)世長民莫(mo)如德(de)。惡得有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)一以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)慢其(qi)二哉?故將大(da)有(you)(you)(you)為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君,必有(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)召(zhao)(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen);欲有(you)(you)(you)謀焉(yan)(yan),則(ze)(ze)就之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。其(qi)尊德(de)樂道(dao),不(bu)如是(shi),不(bu)足與(yu)有(you)(you)(you)為也。故湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于伊尹(yin),學焉(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)后臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故不(bu)勞而(er)(er)王;桓公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),學焉(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)后臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),故不(bu)勞而(er)(er)霸。今天(tian)下(xia)地丑德(de)齊,莫(mo)能相尚,無(wu)他(ta).好臣(chen)其(qi)所教(jiao),而(er)(er)不(bu)好臣(chen)其(qi)所受(shou)教(jiao)。湯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于伊尹(yin),桓公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),則(ze)(ze)不(bu)敢召(zhao)(zhao)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)且猶不(bu)可(ke)召(zhao)(zhao),而(er)(er)況不(bu)為管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)者乎(hu)?”
《孟子》的(de)語言明白曉暢,平實淺近,同時又精煉準確(que)。作為散文,《孟子》長于論辯,更具(ju)藝術的(de)表現力,具(ju)有文學散文的(de)性(xing)質。其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)論辯文,巧妙的(de)運用了(le)邏輯推理的(de)方法(fa),孟子得心應手地運用類比推理,往往是(shi)欲擒故縱,反復詰難(nan),迂回曲折(zhe)的(de)把對方引入(ru)自己(ji)預(yu)設的(de)結論中(zhong)(zhong),如《梁惠王下》。
氣勢浩然是(shi)《孟子(zi)》散文(wen)的重要風格特征。這(zhe)(zhe)種風格源于孟子(zi)人格修養的力量(liang)。具有這(zhe)(zhe)種浩然之氣的人,能(neng)夠在(zai)精神上壓倒對方,能(neng)夠做到(dao)藐視政治權勢,鄙夷物質貪(tan)欲,氣概(gai)非凡,剛正不(bu)阿,無(wu)私無(wu)畏。《孟子(zi)》中大量(liang)使用(yong)排偶(ou)句(ju)、疊句(ju)等修辭(ci)手法。來(lai)增強文(wen)章(zhang)的氣勢,使文(wen)氣磅礴,若(ruo)決江(jiang)河(he),沛(pei)然莫之能(neng)御。