《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》亦稱《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》、《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》,是專門解釋(shi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》的一(yi)部典籍,其起訖年(nian)(nian)代與(yu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》一(yi)致,即公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前722年(nian)(nian)至公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元前481年(nian)(nian),其釋(shi)史十(shi)分簡(jian)略,而(er)著重闡釋(shi)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》所謂的“微(wei)言大義(yi)”,用(yong)問答的方式(shi)解經。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》與(yu)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)》起訖時(shi)間相(xiang)同。相(xiang)傳其作(zuo)者(zhe)為子夏的弟(di)子,戰國時(shi)齊人公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高。起初(chu)只是口說流傳,西漢(han)景(jing)帝(di)時(shi),傳至玄孫(sun)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽,由公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽與(yu)胡母生(sheng)(子都(dou))一(yi)起將(jiang)《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》著于竹帛。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》有東漢(han)何休(xiu)撰《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)解詁(gu)》、唐(tang)朝(chao)(chao)徐彥作(zuo)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳疏(shu)》、清朝(chao)(chao)陳立撰《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)義(yi)疏(shu)》。
《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》的作者舊題是戰國時(shi)齊(qi)人公(gong)羊(yang)高,他受學于孔子(zi)弟子(zi)子(zi)夏(xia),后(hou)來成為(wei)傳《春秋》的三大家之一。
《公羊(yang)傳》是春(chun)秋三傳之一即(ji)注釋《春(chun)秋》的書,有左氏、公羊(yang)、谷(gu)梁(liang)三家,稱為“春(chun)秋三傳”。另有鄒(zou)氏、夾氏二家,早(zao)在漢朝即(ji)已(yi)失(shi)傳。《漢書·藝文志》,《史記·十(shi)二諸侯年表》,將春(chun)秋三傳的淵源說得很(hen)詳(xiang)細。晉范寧評《春(chun)秋》三傳的特色說:“《左氏》艷而(er)富,其失(shi)也(ye)巫(wu)(指多敘鬼神之事)。《谷(gu)梁(liang)》清(qing)而(er)婉,其失(shi)也(ye)短(duan)。《公羊(yang)》辯(bian)而(er)裁(cai),其失(shi)也(ye)俗。”
《尚(shang)書(shu)》和(he)《春秋》∶“左史記(ji)(ji)言,右史記(ji)(ji)事,言為《尚(shang)書(shu)》,事為《春秋》。”這是中國(guo)古(gu)代有記(ji)(ji)載的(de)(甲骨文)最早的(de)兩部書(shu)。
《春(chun)秋(qiu)》是記事的(de)(de)(de),后(hou)多(duo)散佚,僅(jin)留下(xia)經(jing)孔子整理的(de)(de)(de)魯國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》,漢(han)代有重新編撰整理的(de)(de)(de)“春(chun)秋(qiu)三傳”,即《公(gong)羊傳》、《谷(gu)(榖)梁傳》、《左傳》。《春(chun)秋(qiu)》和《左傳》是編年體史書(shu)。
春(chun)秋(qiu)經文(wen),言簡義深,如無(wu)注(zhu)釋,則無(wu)法了解。注(zhu)釋春(chun)秋(qiu)的書,有(you)左氏(shi)、公(gong)羊、谷(榖)梁三(san)家(jia),稱為春(chun)秋(qiu)三(san)傳(chuan)。另(ling)有(you)鄒氏(shi)、夾氏(shi)二(er)家(jia),早在(zai)漢(han)朝即已失(shi)傳(chuan)。所(suo)以自漢(han)至今,學(xue)者只(zhi)藉三(san)傳(chuan)研(yan)讀春(chun)秋(qiu)。
《公羊(yang)春秋(qiu)》作(zuo)(zuo)為家學,最初只是口耳相傳(chuan),至(zhi)公羊(yang)高的玄(xuan)孫(sun)公羊(yang)壽(shou)(漢景帝(di)時人(ren))方與齊人(ren)胡(hu)毋生(《漢書(shu)(shu)》作(zuo)(zuo)胡(hu)母生,復姓胡(hu)毋,名子都(dou),生是“先生”的意思)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo),將《春秋(qiu)公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》定稿(gao)“著于竹(zhu)帛(bo)”。所以《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》的作(zuo)(zuo)者,班(ban)固《漢書(shu)(shu)·藝文志》籠統地稱之(zhi)為“公羊(yang)子”,顏師古說是公羊(yang)高,《四庫全書(shu)(shu)總目》則署作(zuo)(zuo)漢公羊(yang)壽(shou),說法不一。
《公羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)體裁特點,是經傳(chuan)(chuan)合并,傳(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)逐句傳(chuan)(chuan)述《春秋》經文(wen)的(de)(de)大義,與《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》以記載史(shi)實為主不(bu)同。《公羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》是今(jin)文(wen)經學的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)經籍,歷代今(jin)文(wen)經學家時常用它作為議論政治的(de)(de)工具。同時它還(huan)是研究先秦至(zhi)漢間儒(ru)家思想的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)資料(liao)。
后世注(zhu)釋《公羊傳(chuan)》的書籍主要有(you)東漢何休撰(zhuan)《春秋公羊解詁》、唐朝徐彥(yan)作《公羊傳(chuan)疏》、清朝陳(chen)立(li)撰(zhuan)《公羊義疏》。
鄭玄在《六藝論》中(zhong)有(you)所批評:“左氏善(shan)於禮,公羊善(shan)於讖,谷(gu)梁(liang)善(shan)於經。”
東(dong)晉范甯(《後漢書》作者范曄之(zhi)祖父)在(zai)他所撰的(de)《春(chun)(chun)秋榖梁(liang)經傳(chuan)(chuan)集解序》中評論《春(chun)(chun)秋》三傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)特色說:"《左氏》艷而(er)富,其失(shi)也巫。《谷梁(liang)》清而(er)婉(wan),其失(shi)也短。《公(gong)羊(yang)》辯而(er)裁(cai),其失(shi)也俗(su)。"《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)成就在(zai)於發揮《春(chun)(chun)秋》的(de)褒貶,從而(er)找出“微言(yan)大(da)義”和“非常異義可怪之(zhi)論”(皆東(dong)漢何休語)。
原文
原文:靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)道,使諸大(da)夫(fu)皆內朝(chao)(chao),然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)處乎(hu)臺上(shang)引彈(dan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)彈(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),己趨(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)辟丸(wan),是(shi)樂(le)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已矣(yi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)已朝(chao)(chao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),與諸大(da)夫(fu)立(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao)(chao),有人(ren)(ren)荷(he)畚,自(zi)閨而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“彼何(he)也(ye)(ye),夫(fu)畚曷(he)為(wei)(wei)出(chu)乎(hu)閨?”呼(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不至,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子大(da)夫(fu)也(ye)(ye),欲視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)就(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)就(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)赫然(ran)(ran)(ran)死人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“是(shi)何(he)也(ye)(ye)?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“膳宰也(ye)(ye),熊(xiong)蹯不熟,公(gong)(gong)怒(nu)以(yi)斗摮而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),支解將使我棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“嘻(xi)!”趨(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru)。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)望見趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)訴而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)再(zai)拜。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)逡巡北面(mian)再(zai)拜稽首,趨(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)心怍焉(yan),欲殺(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)使勇(yong)士(shi)某(mou)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)往(wang)殺(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),勇(yong)士(shi)入(ru)(ru)其(qi)大(da)門,則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)門焉(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);入(ru)(ru)其(qi)閨,則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)閨焉(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);上(shang)其(qi)堂(tang),則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)焉(yan)。俯而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)窺其(qi)戶,方食(shi)(shi)魚(yu)飧。勇(yong)士(shi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“嘻(xi)!子誠仁人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)!吾(wu)(wu)入(ru)(ru)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)門,則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)焉(yan);入(ru)(ru)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閨,則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)焉(yan);上(shang)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang),則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)無(wu)人(ren)(ren)焉(yan);是(shi)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易(yi)也(ye)(ye)。子為(wei)(wei)晉國(guo)(guo)重卿(qing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi)魚(yu)飧,是(shi)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儉也(ye)(ye)。君將使我殺(sha)(sha)子,吾(wu)(wu)不忍殺(sha)(sha)子也(ye)(ye)。雖然(ran)(ran)(ran),吾(wu)(wu)亦(yi)不可(ke)復見吾(wu)(wu)君矣(yi)。”遂刎頸(jing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怒(nu),滋欲殺(sha)(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚,眾(zhong)(zhong)莫(mo)可(ke)使往(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)伏甲(jia)于(yu)(yu)(yu)宮(gong)中,召趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)車(che)右祁彌明(ming)(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力士(shi)也(ye)(ye),仡然(ran)(ran)(ran)從乎(hu)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru),放乎(hu)堂(tang)下而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)已食(shi)(shi),靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)謂(wei)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)聞(wen)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劍,蓋利劍也(ye)(ye),子以(yi)示我,吾(wu)(wu)將觀焉(yan)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)起(qi)將進劍,祁彌明(ming)(ming)自(zi)下呼(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)食(shi)(shi)飽(bao)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)出(chu),何(he)故拔(ba)劍于(yu)(yu)(yu)君所?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),躇階而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)走。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)有周狗,謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒,呼(hu)獒而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),獒亦(yi)躇階而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。祁彌明(ming)(ming)逆而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)踆(qun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),絕其(qi)頷。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)顧曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒不若(ruo)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒也(ye)(ye)!”然(ran)(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)宮(gong)中申鼓而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)起(qi),有起(qi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)甲(jia)中者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)抱趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)顧曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)何(he)以(yi)得此于(yu)(yu)(yu)子?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子某(mou)時所食(shi)(shi)活我于(yu)(yu)(yu)暴(bao)桑下者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“子名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)誰?”曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)君孰為(wei)(wei)介(jie)?子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘矣(yi),何(he)問吾(wu)(wu)名(ming)(ming)?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)驅而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),眾(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)留(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿緣(yuan)民眾(zhong)(zhong)不說,起(qi)弒靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong),然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)迎趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru),與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)于(yu)(yu)(yu)朝(chao)(chao),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)成公(gong)(gong)黑臀。
譯文:晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公不(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)正(zheng)道,讓(rang)(rang)(rang)大(da)(da)夫們都到(dao)內朝(chao)上(shang)(shang)朝(chao),自己卻(que)(que)站在臺子上(shang)(shang)用彈弓(gong)射上(shang)(shang)朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)夫,他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)夫們奔走(zou)(zou)躲避彈丸,晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公以(yi)此取樂而已。有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)上(shang)(shang)完朝(chao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),與大(da)(da)夫們站在外朝(chao),有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)抬(tai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)筐從宮(gong)中小門(men)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“那是(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么,筐為(wei)什(shen)么從小門(men)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)?”叫那人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),那人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)卻(que)(que)不(bu)(bu)(bu)過來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),說:“您(nin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)夫,想(xiang)(xiang)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)過來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)吧。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)湊近一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan),赫然是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)死(si)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)?”那人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)回答:“是(shi)(shi)(shi)膳宰,他(ta)沒(mei)(mei)把(ba)熊掌做(zuo)熟(shu),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)生氣拿斗打他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)把(ba)他(ta)打死(si)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),肢解了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)尸(shi)體讓(rang)(rang)(rang)我(wo)丟出(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)“啊”了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聲,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)快(kuai)步(bu)進(jin)(jin)宮(gong)。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)見(jian)(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進(jin)(jin)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),驚恐地向他(ta)拜(bai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)兩拜(bai)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)遲疑不(bu)(bu)(bu)前,向北面兩拜(bai)磕頭(tou)至地,然后就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)快(kuai)步(bu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公心(xin)中有(you)(you)愧,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)想(xiang)(xiang)殺(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)派勇士(shi)(shi)某人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)殺(sha)(sha)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。勇士(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)入趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)門(men),沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)守(shou)護(hu);進(jin)(jin)入院(yuan)內小門(men),也沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)守(shou)護(hu);走(zou)(zou)上(shang)(shang)廳(ting)(ting)堂(tang),也沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。勇士(shi)(shi)低(di)頭(tou)從門(men)縫偷(tou)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan),看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)見(jian)(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)正(zheng)在吃(chi)只有(you)(you)魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)飯。勇士(shi)(shi)說:“啊,他(ta)真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)仁(ren)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。我(wo)進(jin)(jin)大(da)(da)門(men)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),進(jin)(jin)入內室(shi)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),走(zou)(zou)上(shang)(shang)廳(ting)(ting)堂(tang)也沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)(kan)(kan)(kan)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),可見(jian)(jian)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)省(sheng)啊。他(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重臣,卻(que)(que)吃(chi)只有(you)(you)魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)飯,可見(jian)(jian)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簡樸啊。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)讓(rang)(rang)(rang)我(wo)殺(sha)(sha)他(ta),我(wo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)心(xin)殺(sha)(sha)他(ta)。雖然這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang),我(wo)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)能再(zai)見(jian)(jian)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)自刎而死(si)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公聽(ting)(ting)說后非常生氣,就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)更(geng)想(xiang)(xiang)殺(sha)(sha)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),但眾(zhong)多手下(xia)(xia)卻(que)(que)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)能派去(qu)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)這(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)任務的(de)(de)(de)(de)。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)在宮(gong)中埋(mai)(mai)伏(fu)(fu)好(hao)(hao)甲(jia)(jia)兵(bing)(bing)(bing),叫趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)吃(chi)飯。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)右武(wu)士(shi)(shi)叫祁彌明,是(shi)(shi)(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)力士(shi)(shi),壯勇地跟著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)入宮(gong),來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)到(dao)堂(tang)下(xia)(xia)站好(hao)(hao)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃(chi)好(hao)(hao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公對趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)說:“聽(ting)(ting)說你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劍是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)利(li)劍,你(ni)拿出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)給我(wo),我(wo)觀賞一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)站起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)想(xiang)(xiang)把(ba)劍呈(cheng)現給晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公,祁彌明在堂(tang)下(xia)(xia)大(da)(da)喊:“趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃(chi)飽了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),為(wei)什(shen)么在國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)所里(li)拔劍呢?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting)頓時(shi)明白(bai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),急忙沿階跑下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條訓練(lian)有(you)(you)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)狗,叫作獒(ao)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公喊來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)獒(ao)叫它去(qu)追趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。獒(ao)也迅速地沿階追下(xia)(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)。祁彌明迎(ying)上(shang)(shang)去(qu)飛起(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)腳,踢斷了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)獒(ao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)巴。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回頭(tou)說:“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獒(ao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)獒(ao)啊!”然而這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)宮(gong)中埋(mai)(mai)伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)擊鼓沖(chong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)上(shang)(shang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai),其(qi)中有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)抱起(qi)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)放到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)車(che)(che)上(shang)(shang)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回頭(tou)問(wen):“我(wo)為(wei)什(shen)么會讓(rang)(rang)(rang)您(nin)這(zhe)(zhe)么對待我(wo)?”甲(jia)(jia)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)說:“您(nin)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)在大(da)(da)桑樹下(xia)(xia)給我(wo)吃(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),讓(rang)(rang)(rang)我(wo)得以(yi)活命。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么?”甲(jia)(jia)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)說:“我(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)為(wei)誰埋(mai)(mai)伏(fu)(fu)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)?您(nin)趕快(kuai)乘車(che)(che)走(zou)(zou)吧,何必問(wen)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)名字(zi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)驅車(che)(che)沖(chong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)出(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu),甲(jia)(jia)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)們都沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)阻攔(lan)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿以(yi)民眾(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿為(wei)由,起(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)弒殺(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公,然后迎(ying)接(jie)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進(jin)(jin)入國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都,與趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)執(zhi)掌朝(chao)政,立成公黑(hei)臀(tun)為(wei)君(jun)。
《春(chun)秋(qiu)公羊(yang)傳》作(zuo)為今文學派的(de)中(zhong)堅,有獨特的(de)理論色彩。主要有三項:
1、政(zheng)治性。講“改制(zhi)”,宣(xuan)揚“大一(yi)統”,撥亂(luan)反正,為后王立法。
2、變(bian)易性。它形成了(le)一(yi)(yi)套“三(san)世(shi)說”歷史(shi)哲學(xue)理(li)論體系(xi)。《公羊傳》講“所(suo)(suo)見(jian)異辭(ci)(ci)(ci),所(suo)(suo)聞異辭(ci)(ci)(ci),所(suo)(suo)傳聞異辭(ci)(ci)(ci)”是(shi)其雛(chu)形。董仲舒(shu)加(jia)以發揮,劃(hua)分春秋十二公為(wei)“所(suo)(suo)見(jian)世(shi)”、“所(suo)(suo)聞世(shi)”、“所(suo)(suo)傳聞世(shi)”,表明春秋時期(qi)二百四(si)十二年不是(shi)鐵板一(yi)(yi)塊,或凝固不變(bian),而是(shi)可(ke)按一(yi)(yi)定標(biao)準劃(hua)分為(wei)不同的階段。
3、《春秋(qiu)公羊傳(chuan)》的“三世(shi)(shi)(shi)說”:“所傳(chuan)聞(wen)世(shi)(shi)(shi)”是(shi)“據亂世(shi)(shi)(shi)”,“內(nei)其國外其夏”;“所聞(wen)世(shi)(shi)(shi)”是(shi)“升平世(shi)(shi)(shi)”,“內(nei)諸夏外夷(yi)狄”;“所見世(shi)(shi)(shi)”是(shi)“太平世(shi)(shi)(shi)”,“夷(yi)狄進至于爵,天下遠(yuan)近(jin)大小(xiao)若一(yi)”。
按照今(jin)文公羊(yang)家的(de)(de)闡(chan)發,《春秋》之(zhi)“義”的(de)(de)重要內容(rong)之(zhi)一是(shi)“張三世”。即孔子(zi)將(jiang)春秋242年的(de)(de)歷史(shi),劃分(fen)成了“據亂世”、“升(sheng)平(ping)世”、“太(tai)平(ping)世”。今(jin)文家的(de)(de)這(zhe)種認識有兩點值得注意(yi):
1、他們所“描(miao)述”的歷史運動(dong),并不符合史實但卻符合“理想”。從春秋“本然”的歷史來看,“三世(shi)說”的誣(wu)妄(wang)顯而易(yi)見。顧頡(jie)剛《春秋三傳及(ji)國語之綜合研究》即指(zhi)出(chu):“此三世(shi)之說殊難稽(ji)信(xin)也(ye)。事實上(shang)春秋時愈(yu)降則愈(yu)不太(tai)平,政(zheng)亂民苦無可告訴(su),可謂(wei)太(tai)平乎?”
至少從(cong)漢代(dai)起,今文公(gong)羊家已經(jing)對(dui)于人(ren)(ren)類歷史(shi)(shi)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)規律(lv)性進行了富(fu)有想象(xiang)力的(de)(de)(de)探討。根據(ju)公(gong)羊家的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)述,人(ren)(ren)類歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)進,從(cong)“據(ju)亂世”進入相對(dui)平(ping)和穩定的(de)(de)(de)“升(sheng)平(ping)世”,再到“太平(ping)世”,是一(yi)條“理想”的(de)(de)(de)社會發(fa)展軌轍(che)。在這套理論(lun)中,蘊(yun)涵(han)著“歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)是有規律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)”這樣一(yi)種可貴的(de)(de)(de)思想胚芽。
2、“三世說(shuo)”在(zai)(zai)本質的(de)規定性(xing)上是(shi)循環(huan)(huan)論(lun)的(de)。但在(zai)(zai)據亂世――升平(ping)世――太平(ping)世“三世”循環(huan)(huan)范(fan)圍內(nei),又存在(zai)(zai)著一個(ge)不斷“向(xiang)前”發展的(de)序(xu)列,因而也就是(shi)一個(ge)“進(jin)化”的(de)序(xu)列。何休(xiu)注(zhu)《公羊傳》,更糅合了《禮記·禮運》關于大同(tong)、小康的(de)描繪(hui),發展成為具有一定系統(tong)性(xing)的(de)“三世說(shuo)”歷史哲學,論(lun)證(zheng)歷史是(shi)進(jin)化的(de),變易和變革(ge)是(shi)歷史的(de)普遍(bian)法則(ze)。
何休注《春秋公羊傳》時的進一步發揮:所(suo)(suo)見(jian)者,謂昭定哀,己與父(fu)(fu)時事也(ye);所(suo)(suo)聞者,謂文宣成襄,王父(fu)(fu)時事也(ye);所(suo)(suo)傳聞者,謂隱桓莊(zhuang)閔僖,高祖(zu)曾祖(zu)時事也(ye)。……於(wu)所(suo)(suo)傳聞之世,見(jian)治起於(wu)衰亂之中(zhong),用心尚粗(cu)糙,故(gu)內(nei)其國(guo)而外諸(zhu)夏(xia);……於(wu)所(suo)(suo)聞之世,見(jian)治升(sheng)平(ping),內(nei)諸(zhu)夏(xia)而外夷狄(di);……至(zhi)所(suo)(suo)見(jian)之世,著治太平(ping),夷狄(di)進至(zhi)於(wu)爵,天下遠近大小若一。……所(suo)(suo)以三(san)(san)世者,禮(li)為(wei)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)三(san)(san)年(nian),為(wei)祖(zu)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)期,為(wei)曾祖(zu)父(fu)(fu)母(mu)齊(qi)衰三(san)(san)月,立(li)愛自親始,故(gu)《春秋》據哀錄隱,上治祖(zu)禰。(《春秋公羊經傳解詁·隱公元年(nian)》)
照何(he)休(xiu)的(de)解釋,春秋二百(bai)四(si)十(shi)二年(nian)的(de)歷史,經(jing)過了所傳聞(wen)的(de)衰亂世、所聞(wen)的(de)升(sheng)平(ping)世和所見的(de)太(tai)平(ping)世這(zhe)(zhe)樣三個(ge)階(jie)段。而所以會是三個(ge)階(jie)段者,蓋(gai)由于“禮”是尚三的(de)等等。這(zhe)(zhe)是何(he)休(xiu)的(de)歷史進化論,公(gong)羊(yang)傳本(ben)身并沒有這(zhe)(zhe)么多意思(si)。自東(dong)漢以后(hou),封建社會結構趨(qu)于穩定,主張“尊古(gu)”的(de)古(gu)文經(jing)學(xue)更適于作(zuo)為政(zheng)治指導思(si)想(xiang),取代了主張“改(gai)制”、“變易”的(de)今文學(xue)說的(de)尊崇地位。今文公(gong)羊(yang)學(xue)說從此消(xiao)沉一千余年(nian),迄清中葉方被重新提起。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》寫定于(yu)漢初,系用漢代(dai)通行的隸(li)書書寫,它(ta)是(shi)今文(wen)經(jing)(jing)學(xue)中富有(you)理論色(se)彩的代(dai)表(biao)性典籍。公羊(yang)學(xue)者(zhe)認為,《春(chun)秋經(jing)(jing)》是(shi)孔子(zi)借春(chun)秋242年史事以表(biao)示自己的政治觀點,處處包(bao)含“微言大義”。這(zhe)同古文(wen)學(xue)派(pai)認為《春(chun)秋經(jing)(jing)》是(shi)一(yi)部歷史著作不同。
《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》其戰國初至(zhi)漢初的傳(chuan)承(cheng)系(xi)統是:子夏→公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)高→公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)平→公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)地→公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)敢→公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽→胡(hu)毋子都(dou)(生);公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)學派對《春(chun)秋》的研究(jiu)開始(shi)僅(jin)口說流傳(chuan),至(zhi)漢景(jing)帝時,胡(hu)母生和他的老師公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)壽用漢代的隸(li)書“著于竹帛”,才使《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)》成書。
漢初傳《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)》有三家,司馬遷在《儒(ru)林(lin)列傳》中(zhong)說:“言《春(chun)秋》于(yu)齊(qi)、魯自(zi)胡毋(wu)生(sheng),于(yu)趙自(zi)董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)(shu),……公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)弘(hong)治《春(chun)秋》不如董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)……故漢興至于(yu)五世(shi)之間,唯董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)名為明于(yu)《春(chun)秋》,其傳《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)氏》也。胡毋(wu)生(sheng),齊(qi)人也,孝景時為博士,以老歸教(jiao)授,齊(qi)之言《春(chun)秋》者,多受(shou)胡毋(wu)生(sheng),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)弘(hong)亦頗受(shou)焉。”在這三家中(zhong),盡管董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)佼佼者,即他(ta)對《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)》的(de)闡(chan)發比胡毋(wu)生(sheng)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)弘(hong)深刻,但始終只是(shi)(shi)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)學(xue)(xue)》中(zhong)的(de)一派,并(bing)非是(shi)(shi)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)》學(xue)(xue)的(de)唯一宗師(shi)。特別是(shi)(shi),東漢《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)》學(xue)(xue)的(de)最大(da)代(dai)表何休(xiu),在其名著(zhu)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)解詁(gu)》中(zhong),明確胡毋(wu)生(sheng)是(shi)(shi)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)》宗師(shi),而一個字都未(wei)提及董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)。
西漢(han)初期,時代需要封建大(da)一統(tong)的(de)政(zheng)治思(si)想。《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)春秋(qiu)》就是(shi)齊(qi)(qi)學(xue)學(xue)者(zhe)對孔(kong)子(zi)《春秋(qiu)》改造的(de)結果,因而受到了(le)漢(han)武帝的(de)重視(shi)。漢(han)景帝時,胡(hu)母(mu)生和董(dong)仲舒(shu)被招(zhao)為博士。二人同業(ye)《公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)春秋(qiu)》(也有(you)(you)學(xue)者(zhe)認為,他是(shi)胡(hu)母(mu)生的(de)弟子(zi)),董(dong)仲舒(shu)曾著書稱其德。正是(shi)董(dong)仲舒(shu)、胡(hu)母(mu)生為代表的(de)齊(qi)(qi)學(xue)學(xue)者(zhe)將儒(ru)學(xue)理論改造成了(le)符合大(da)一統(tong)需要的(de)新儒(ru)學(xue),才取得(de)漢(han)武帝欣賞,獲得(de)了(le)“罷黜百(bai)家,獨(du)尊(zun)儒(ru)術”的(de)學(xue)術統(tong)治地位。胡(hu)母(mu)生弟子(zi)眾多,有(you)(you)名的(de)除公(gong)孫(sun)弘外,還有(you)(you)蘭陵(ling)褚大(da)、東平嬴公(gong)、廣川(chuan)段仲、溫之呂步舒(shu)。后來,又有(you)(you)齊(qi)(qi)人任(ren)公(gong)、貢禹(yu)、管路、左咸、魯眭孟、顏(yan)安樂(le)、嚴彭祖(zu)等均以治《春秋(qiu)公(gong)羊(yang)(yang)傳》得(de)顯(xian)。
《公羊(yang)春秋》在(zai)中(zhong)國傳統文化中(zhong)占(zhan)有重(zhong)要地(di)位,東(dong)漢(han)的(de)何休、唐代(dai)的(de)徐彥、清代(dai)中(zhong)后期常州學(xue)派的(de)莊存與、孔廣森、劉(liu)逢祿(lu)、龔自珍、魏源,直到近代(dai)維新派的(de)康有為、梁啟超(chao)等,都是公羊(yang)學(xue)派中(zhong)有影響的(de)人物。
1995年,蔣慶(qing)出版《公羊學引論》一書,為(wei)當代公羊學重興之濫觴。
《公羊傳》的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)《谷梁(liang)傳》更(geng)為豐富,其影響(xiang)也更(geng)深遠。在漢代,公羊學(xue)大(da)顯于(yu)世(shi)。魏晉(jin)以后雖(sui)經一(yi)千多年的(de)(de)消(xiao)沉,至鴉(ya)片戰爭前后卻重新(xin)復興,而且風靡一(yi)時,成為近代維新(xin)運動的(de)(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)武(wu)器(qi),并且是十九世(shi)紀、二十世(shi)紀之交中國(guo)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)界(jie)接(jie)受(shou)西方進化論的(de)(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)基礎(chu)。“公羊學(xue)”的(de)(de)產生和兩次盛(sheng)行,是思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)史(shi)(shi)、史(shi)(shi)學(xue)史(shi)(shi)上發人深思(si)(si)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)現象,其秘密在于(yu)《公羊傳》中蘊含(han)著一(yi)套獨有(you)的(de)(de)政治———歷(li)史(shi)(shi)哲學(xue)。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》寫定于漢(han)初,系用漢(han)代通行的隸字(zi)書(shu)寫,它(ta)是(shi)(shi)今文經(jing)(jing)學中富有理論色彩的代表性典籍。公羊(yang)學者認為(wei),《春秋(qiu)經(jing)(jing)》是(shi)(shi)孔子(zi)借春秋(qiu)242年史事以表示自己的政治觀(guan)點,處處包含“微言(yan)大義”。這同古文學派認為(wei)《春秋(qiu)經(jing)(jing)》是(shi)(shi)一部歷(li)(li)史著作(zuo)不同。從這一根(gen)本點出發(fa),《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》包含著一些可供人(ren)們(men)發(fa)揮的歷(li)(li)史思想:
第一(yi),《公羊傳》認為(wei)孔(kong)子在《春秋經》中貫穿了“大(da)一(yi)統”、“撥亂反正”等政(zheng)治“大(da)義”。大(da)力彰揚孔(kong)子擁戴周天子“天下(xia)共主”的(de)(de)立場(chang),作為(wei)儒家思想(xiang)最重要的(de)(de)原則,為(wei)戰國(guo)晚期正在進行的(de)(de)“統一(yi)”作輿論的(de)(de)準備。甚至直接成為(wei)孔(kong)子專為(wei)漢代天子而制定(ding)的(de)(de)治國(guo)綱領!
第二(er),《公羊(yang)傳》又包含(han)(han)有(you)歷史變易觀點,人們可以據(ju)之推(tui)演,劃(hua)分(fen)歷史的發(fa)展階段。此即著名(ming)的公羊(yang)三世(shi)說(shuo)。更(geng)重要的是,其對于三世(shi)異辭說(shuo)的解釋包含(han)(han)一(yi)個(ge)很寶貴的觀點:不(bu)把春秋242年視為(wei)鐵(tie)板(ban)一(yi)塊、凝固不(bu)變,而看(kan)作可按(an)一(yi)定標準(zhun)劃(hua)分(fen)為(wei)不(bu)同(tong)的發(fa)展階段。
第三,《公(gong)羊傳》專講(jiang)“微(wei)言(yan)大(da)義(yi)(yi)”。上述兩項都是(shi)極重要的“微(wei)言(yan)大(da)義(yi)(yi)”,其他(ta)明顯(xian)的還有:隱(yin)公(gong)三年(nian)講(jiang)譏世(shi)卿;莊公(gong)四年(nian)講(jiang)“九世(shi)復仇”;閔公(gong)元年(nian)講(jiang)“為尊者(zhe)(zhe)諱(hui),為親者(zhe)(zhe)諱(hui),為賢者(zhe)(zhe)諱(hui)”等。諸如此類都可以大(da)加引申比(bi)附。
總括來說,《公羊(yang)傳》的歷(li)史(shi)哲(zhe)學具有政治性、變(bian)易性和可比附(fu)性三大特點,在(zai)儒家經典中并不多(duo)見。
《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》的(de)主要精神是宣揚儒家思想中撥(bo)亂反正、大(da)(da)義滅親,對(dui)亂臣賊子要無(wu)情鎮壓的(de)一面,為強化中央(yang)專制集權(quan)和“大(da)(da)一統”服務。《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》尤為今(jin)(jin)文(wen)經(jing)學(xue)派所推崇,是今(jin)(jin)文(wen)經(jing)學(xue)的(de)重(zhong)要典籍,歷(li)代今(jin)(jin)文(wen)經(jing)學(xue)家都常用它(ta)作為議(yi)論政治(zhi)的(de)工具(ju)。它(ta)也是研究戰國(guo)、秦(qin)、漢間儒家思想的(de)重(zhong)要資料。?
三傳今古文之爭
三傳今古文之爭,自漢代到(dao)近代,仍然(ran)得(de)不到(dao)結論(lun)。四庫簡目綜評(ping),左氏褒貶或有不確之處,但所(suo)述事實,都是(shi)(shi)根據古代正(zheng)史(shi),如果不明事跡的始末,何(he)能(neng)臆斷是(shi)(shi)非?所(suo)以(yi),研(yan)讀(du)春秋,必以(yi)左傳為根柢。
《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》自子夏到(dao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽,經過六傳(chuan),皆是口(kou)耳授受,又(you)加(jia)經師(shi)附(fu)益,難免不失(shi)圣人(ren)之意,然而大(da)義相傳(chuan),究(jiu)竟有其所受之本。谷梁子與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)同師(shi),文比公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)更少(shao),但有些精義,或為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)所不及。此論可謂公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)允。
左(zuo)氏所(suo)記的事(shi)實,有很多(duo)是出乎一(yi)般人(ren)了解之(zhi)外者,如莊(zhuang)公八(ba)年(nian),齊(qi)侯在野(ye)外看(kan)見一(yi)頭大(da)(da)豕,竟是冤死(si)(si)的公子彭生所(suo)變,齊(qi)侯怒(nu)而(er)射(she)之(zhi),豕人(ren)立而(er)啼。又如昭(zhao)公七年(nian),鄭子產講(jiang)述(shu)禹王之(zhi)父鯀死(si)(si)后(hou)化為黃熊(一(yi)作熊)。其(qi)它(ta)尚有很多(duo)鬼神之(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)及卜筮禍福之(zhi)期(qi)等。這在講(jiang)究現實人(ren)生的學(xue)者看(kan)來,確是奇異(yi)。所(suo)以(yi)范寧(ning)在他的谷梁傳序文里說:“左(zuo)氏艷(yan)而(er)富(fu),其(qi)失也巫”。然而(er)理藉事(shi)明,奇事(shi)愈(yu)多(duo),則其(qi)供(gong)給學(xue)者的見聞愈(yu)廣,學(xue)者可以(yi)深悉前因后(hou)果,眼界(jie)為之(zhi)大(da)(da)開,探索經義(yi)自然便利。故(gu)以(yi)左(zuo)傳為主,兼采公谷二(er)家,實為研讀(du)春秋的正途。
傳(chuan)說《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》是戰國時代(dai)公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高編(bian)撰(zhuan)的(de)(de),先是師徒口(kou)耳相(xiang)傳(chuan),直到西漢景帝時才寫定(ding)成書。和《左傳(chuan)》《谷梁傳(chuan)》一樣,《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》開(kai)始(shi)是與《春秋》分開(kai)流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de),大概在西漢后期哀帝時,著名學者劉歆“引傳(chuan)文以解(jie)經(jing)(jing)”,才把孔子編(bian)定(ding)的(de)(de)魯國史(shi)書《春秋》尊為(wei)“經(jing)(jing)”,把《左氏春秋》《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)春秋》《谷梁春秋》稱為(wei)解(jie)釋(shi)經(jing)(jing)書的(de)(de)“傳(chuan)”,后人以傳(chuan)附經(jing)(jing),合為(wei)一編(bian),從(cong)此(ci)便把這三(san)(san)本書合稱為(wei)“春秋三(san)(san)傳(chuan)”。
《漢書(shu)·藝文志》的“春秋”類(lei)有:“《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)》十一(yi)卷”。班固注(zhu):“公(gong)(gong)羊子,齊人。”唐代顏師古注(zhu):“名高”。“公(gong)(gong)羊”的含義是(shi)什么(me)呢(ni)?有人認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)復(fu)姓,有人懷疑“公(gong)(gong)羊”、“谷梁”都是(shi),“卜商”(即(ji)子夏)的轉(zhuan)音,近(jin)人蔡元培、顧頡剛等認為(wei)(wei)“公(gong)(gong)”和“谷”雙聲,“羊”和“梁”疊韻,因而“公(gong)(gong)羊”即(ji)是(shi)“谷梁”,這兩部書(shu)的作(zuo)者可能是(shi)同(tong)一(yi)個(ge)人,這種分析不(bu)一(yi)定可信。
清代洪(hong)頤煊《經義(yi)叢鈔》認為,“明”字的古音(yin)讀“芒”,“芒”和“羊(yang)(yang)”同韻,所(suo)以“《春秋》家公羊(yang)(yang)高,亦即(ji)《孟(meng)子》所(suo)謂公明高也”。此說(shuo)也缺乏說(shuo)服(fu)力(li)。關于公羊(yang)(yang)子,正史(shi)上沒(mei)有發(fa)現其他記載。
《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》未成(cheng)書之(zhi)前(qian),口耳相(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),它(ta)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承過(guo)程,據東漢何休《春秋(qiu)公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)·序(xu)》唐徐彥疏引戴宏序(xu)說:“子(zi)夏(xia)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)公(gong)羊高,高傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)平,平傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)地,地傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)敢(gan),敢(gan)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)其(qi)子(zi)壽。至漢景帝(di)時,壽乃共弟子(zi)齊人胡毋子(zi)都著(zhu)于竹(zhu)帛。”這(zhe)段話有三(san)(san)點(dian)值(zhi)得(de)注意(yi):第一(yi),說《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)自孔子(zi)的(de)弟子(zi)子(zi)夏(xia)。第二,《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)成(cheng)書從子(zi)夏(xia)(生于魯定公(gong)二年,即公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)507年)到漢景帝(di)初(chu)(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)156年),經過(guo)了340年左右。第三(san)(san),漢景帝(di)時,《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》才寫定成(cheng)書。
關(guan)于(yu)第一(yi)點,楊(yang)伯(bo)峻《經書(shu)淺談(tan)》指出(chu):“《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》中(zhong)‘大一(yi)統’這個觀念(nian),要在秦漢以(yi)后才能有(you),這就足以(yi)證(zheng)明《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》不出(chu)于(yu)子夏(xia)。”他又(you)說(shuo):“總之(zhi),無(wu)論公(gong)羊高(gao)或谷梁赤,都未必是(shi)子夏(xia)的(de)學(xue)生,托名(ming)子夏(xia),不過借(jie)以(yi)自重罷了。”關(guan)于(yu)第二點,戴宏所說(shuo)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承線索明顯(xian)有(you)誤,340年(nian)間(jian)公(gong)羊氏(shi)僅傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)五代(dai),每代(dai)要相距65年(nian)以(yi)上,這是(shi)不可能的(de)。關(guan)于(yu)第三點,說(shuo)《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》作于(yu)漢景帝時,大致可信。
《四(si)庫(ku)全書總目提要·春秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)注疏》認為(wei):“今(jin)觀傳(chuan)(chuan)中有‘子(zi)(zi)沈(shen)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)司馬(ma)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)女子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘子(zi)(zi)北(bei)宮子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’,又有‘高子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’、‘魯子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’,蓋皆傳(chuan)(chuan)授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經師(shi),不(bu)盡(jin)出于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)。定(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年傳(chuan)(chuan)‘正棺于(yu)兩楹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間’二句,《谷梁傳(chuan)(chuan)》引(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),直稱(cheng)‘沈(shen)子(zi)(zi)’,不(bu)稱(cheng)‘公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)’,是(shi)并(bing)其不(bu)著姓氏(shi)者,亦不(bu)盡(jin)出公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)。且并(bing)有‘子(zi)(zi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue)’,尤不(bu)出于(yu)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang))高之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明證(zheng)。”《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》既然(ran)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)子(zi)(zi)自己寫(xie)的(de),就不(bu)應引(yin)(yin)自己的(de)說法。由(you)此可(ke)以(yi)證(zheng)明,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)作者不(bu)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高,自然(ran)更不(bu)是(shi)子(zi)(zi)夏所傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)。看(kan)來,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)集體創作,最后由(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽(shou)和(he)他(ta)的(de)弟子(zi)(zi)胡毋(wu)子(zi)(zi)都寫(xie)成書。