《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》亦稱(cheng)《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》、《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)春(chun)秋(qiu)》,是專門解釋《春(chun)秋(qiu)》的(de)一部典籍,其(qi)起訖(qi)年(nian)代與《春(chun)秋(qiu)》一致,即(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前722年(nian)至(zhi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前481年(nian),其(qi)釋史十分簡略,而著(zhu)重闡釋《春(chun)秋(qiu)》所謂(wei)的(de)“微言大義(yi)(yi)”,用問答的(de)方式(shi)解經。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》與《春(chun)秋(qiu)》起訖(qi)時(shi)間相同。相傳(chuan)其(qi)作者為子夏(xia)的(de)弟子,戰國時(shi)齊人公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高。起初只是口說流(liu)傳(chuan),西漢景帝(di)時(shi),傳(chuan)至(zhi)玄孫公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽,由公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)壽與胡母生(子都)一起將(jiang)《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》著(zhu)于竹帛(bo)。《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)》有東(dong)漢何休(xiu)撰(zhuan)《春(chun)秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)解詁》、唐朝徐彥作《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)疏》、清(qing)朝陳立撰(zhuan)《公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)義(yi)(yi)疏》。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》的(de)(de)作者(zhe)舊題是戰國(guo)時齊(qi)人公羊(yang)高(gao),他(ta)受學于(yu)孔子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)夏,后來成為傳(chuan)《春秋(qiu)》的(de)(de)三(san)大家之(zhi)一。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》是(shi)春秋(qiu)三(san)傳(chuan)之一即注釋《春秋(qiu)》的書,有左氏(shi)、公羊(yang)、谷梁(liang)三(san)家,稱為(wei)“春秋(qiu)三(san)傳(chuan)”。另有鄒(zou)氏(shi)、夾氏(shi)二家,早(zao)在漢朝即已失傳(chuan)。《漢書·藝文(wen)志》,《史記·十二諸侯年表》,將春秋(qiu)三(san)傳(chuan)的淵源說得很(hen)詳細。晉(jin)范寧評《春秋(qiu)》三(san)傳(chuan)的特(te)色(se)說:“《左氏(shi)》艷而富,其(qi)失也(ye)巫(指多敘(xu)鬼神之事)。《谷梁(liang)》清而婉(wan),其(qi)失也(ye)短(duan)。《公羊(yang)》辯而裁,其(qi)失也(ye)俗。”
《尚書》和《春秋(qiu)》∶“左(zuo)史記(ji)言,右史記(ji)事,言為《尚書》,事為《春秋(qiu)》。”這是中國古代有記(ji)載(zai)的(de)(甲骨文)最早的(de)兩部書。
《春(chun)(chun)秋》是記事(shi)的(de),后多(duo)散佚(yi),僅(jin)留下(xia)經孔子整(zheng)理(li)的(de)魯國的(de)《春(chun)(chun)秋》,漢代有重新編撰整(zheng)理(li)的(de)“春(chun)(chun)秋三(san)傳(chuan)”,即(ji)《公羊傳(chuan)》、《谷(榖)梁(liang)傳(chuan)》、《左傳(chuan)》。《春(chun)(chun)秋》和《左傳(chuan)》是編年體(ti)史書。
春秋(qiu)經(jing)文,言(yan)簡義深,如無注釋,則無法了解(jie)。注釋春秋(qiu)的(de)書,有左氏(shi)、公羊、谷(榖)梁三家(jia),稱為春秋(qiu)三傳(chuan)。另有鄒氏(shi)、夾氏(shi)二家(jia),早在漢朝即已失傳(chuan)。所以自漢至(zhi)今,學者只藉三傳(chuan)研(yan)讀春秋(qiu)。
《公羊(yang)春秋》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)家學,最初只是(shi)口耳相傳(chuan),至公羊(yang)高(gao)的玄孫公羊(yang)壽(shou)(漢(han)(han)景帝時人(ren))方(fang)與齊人(ren)胡毋生(《漢(han)(han)書》作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)胡母生,復姓(xing)胡毋,名子都,生是(shi)“先(xian)生”的意思)合作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),將《春秋公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》定稿“著(zhu)于竹帛”。所以《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)》的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者,班固《漢(han)(han)書·藝文志》籠統地稱之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“公羊(yang)子”,顏師(shi)古說(shuo)是(shi)公羊(yang)高(gao),《四庫(ku)全書總目》則署(shu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)漢(han)(han)公羊(yang)壽(shou),說(shuo)法(fa)不一。
《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)體裁特點,是經傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)合并,傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)(wen)逐句(ju)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)述《春秋》經文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)大義,與《左傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》以記(ji)載史(shi)實為(wei)主(zhu)不(bu)同。《公羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》是今文(wen)(wen)經學的(de)(de)重要經籍,歷代今文(wen)(wen)經學家(jia)時(shi)常用它作(zuo)為(wei)議論政治(zhi)的(de)(de)工具。同時(shi)它還是研究(jiu)先秦至漢間儒家(jia)思想的(de)(de)重要資料。
后世注釋(shi)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》的書籍(ji)主要有東漢何休(xiu)撰(zhuan)《春秋公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)解詁》、唐朝(chao)徐(xu)彥作(zuo)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳疏(shu)》、清朝(chao)陳立撰(zhuan)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)義疏(shu)》。
鄭玄在《六藝論(lun)》中有所(suo)批(pi)評:“左氏善於(wu)(wu)禮,公羊善於(wu)(wu)讖(chen),谷梁(liang)善於(wu)(wu)經。”
東晉(jin)范甯(《後漢(han)(han)書》作者范曄之祖父(fu))在他所撰的《春秋榖梁(liang)經傳集解序》中評論《春秋》三傳的特(te)色說(shuo):"《左氏》艷而富,其(qi)失也(ye)巫。《谷梁(liang)》清而婉,其(qi)失也(ye)短。《公(gong)羊》辯而裁,其(qi)失也(ye)俗。"《公(gong)羊傳》的成(cheng)就在於(wu)發揮《春秋》的褒貶,從而找出“微言大(da)義”和(he)“非常(chang)異(yi)義可怪(guai)之論”(皆東漢(han)(han)何休語)。
原文
原文:靈公(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)無(wu)道,使(shi)諸大(da)(da)(da)夫皆內朝,然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)處(chu)乎臺上引(yin)彈(dan)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)彈(dan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),己趨(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)辟丸,是(shi)樂(le)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已矣(yi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)已朝而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),與(yu)諸大(da)(da)(da)夫立(li)于(yu)朝,有人(ren)荷(he)畚,自閨(gui)(gui)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue):“彼(bi)何(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),夫畚曷為(wei)(wei)出(chu)乎閨(gui)(gui)?”呼(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)至,曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大(da)(da)(da)夫也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),欲視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)就(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)就(jiu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)赫然(ran)(ran)(ran)死(si)人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue):“是(shi)何(he)(he)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)?”曰(yue):“膳(shan)宰也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),熊(xiong)蹯不(bu)(bu)(bu)熟,公(gong)(gong)怒以(yi)斗摮(ao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),支解將使(shi)我(wo)棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue):“嘻(xi)!”趨(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru)。靈公(gong)(gong)望見趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)訴而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)再拜。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)逡巡北面再拜稽首,趨(qu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),靈公(gong)(gong)心怍焉(yan)(yan)(yan),欲殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。于(yu)是(shi)使(shi)勇士(shi)(shi)某者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)往(wang)殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),勇士(shi)(shi)入(ru)(ru)其(qi)(qi)大(da)(da)(da)門(men),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)門(men)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);入(ru)(ru)其(qi)(qi)閨(gui)(gui),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)閨(gui)(gui)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe);上其(qi)(qi)堂(tang),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)。俯而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)窺其(qi)(qi)戶,方食(shi)(shi)魚飧(sun)。勇士(shi)(shi)曰(yue):“嘻(xi)!子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)誠仁人(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)!吾(wu)(wu)入(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)門(men),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan)(yan);入(ru)(ru)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)閨(gui)(gui),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan)(yan);上子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang),則(ze)無(wu)人(ren)焉(yan)(yan)(yan);是(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)易也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)(wei)晉國重(zhong)卿而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi)魚飧(sun),是(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儉(jian)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。君(jun)(jun)將使(shi)我(wo)殺(sha)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),吾(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍殺(sha)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。雖然(ran)(ran)(ran),吾(wu)(wu)亦不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)復(fu)見吾(wu)(wu)君(jun)(jun)矣(yi)。”遂(sui)刎(wen)頸而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)死(si)。靈公(gong)(gong)聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)怒,滋欲殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚(shen),眾莫可(ke)使(shi)往(wang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。于(yu)是(shi)伏甲(jia)于(yu)宮(gong)中(zhong),召趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)車右祁彌明(ming)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力士(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),仡然(ran)(ran)(ran)從(cong)乎趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru),放乎堂(tang)下而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)已食(shi)(shi),靈公(gong)(gong)謂盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)聞(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劍,蓋(gai)利劍也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以(yi)示我(wo),吾(wu)(wu)將觀焉(yan)(yan)(yan)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)起(qi)將進劍,祁彌明(ming)自下呼(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):“盾(dun)(dun)(dun)食(shi)(shi)飽則(ze)出(chu),何(he)(he)故拔劍于(yu)君(jun)(jun)所?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),躇(chu)階而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)走。靈公(gong)(gong)有周狗,謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒(ao)(ao),呼(hu)獒(ao)(ao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)屬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),獒(ao)(ao)亦躇(chu)階而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。祁彌明(ming)逆而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)踆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),絕(jue)其(qi)(qi)頷。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)顧曰(yue):“君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒(ao)(ao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)若臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獒(ao)(ao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)!”然(ran)(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)宮(gong)中(zhong)申鼓(gu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)起(qi),有起(qi)于(yu)甲(jia)中(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)抱趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)乘(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)顧曰(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)何(he)(he)以(yi)得此于(yu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)?”曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)某時所食(shi)(shi)活我(wo)于(yu)暴桑(sang)下者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)曰(yue):“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)名為(wei)(wei)誰?”曰(yue):“吾(wu)(wu)君(jun)(jun)孰為(wei)(wei)介?子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘(cheng)矣(yi),何(he)(he)問吾(wu)(wu)名?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)驅而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)出(chu),眾無(wu)留(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿緣民眾不(bu)(bu)(bu)說,起(qi)弒靈公(gong)(gong),然(ran)(ran)(ran)后(hou)迎趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)入(ru)(ru),與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)立(li)于(yu)朝,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)立(li)成公(gong)(gong)黑(hei)臀(tun)。
譯文:晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)行(xing)正道,讓大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫們(men)都(dou)到(dao)(dao)內朝上朝,自(zi)(zi)己卻(que)(que)站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)臺(tai)子(zi)上用(yong)彈(dan)弓射上朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫,他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫們(men)奔走躲避彈(dan)丸,晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)以(yi)此取(qu)樂而(er)已。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)次(ci)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)上完(wan)朝出(chu)(chu)來(lai),與大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫們(men)站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)外(wai)朝,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)抬了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)筐(kuang)(kuang)從宮中(zhong)小門出(chu)(chu)來(lai),趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“那(nei)是(shi)什(shen)(shen)么,筐(kuang)(kuang)為(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么從小門出(chu)(chu)來(lai)?”叫那(nei)人(ren)(ren)(ren),那(nei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)卻(que)(que)不(bu)過來(lai),說(shuo):“您(nin)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)夫,想看(kan)就(jiu)(jiu)過來(lai)看(kan)看(kan)吧。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)湊近(jin)一(yi)看(kan),赫然(ran)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)死人(ren)(ren)(ren)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)什(shen)(shen)么人(ren)(ren)(ren)?”那(nei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)回答:“是(shi)膳宰,他沒(mei)(mei)把熊掌(zhang)做(zuo)熟,國(guo)(guo)君生氣拿(na)斗打他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)把他打死了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),肢解了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)尸體(ti)讓我(wo)(wo)丟出(chu)(chu)去(qu)(qu)。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)“啊(a)”了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)聲,就(jiu)(jiu)快(kuai)步(bu)進宮。靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)看(kan)見(jian)(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進來(lai),驚恐地向他拜了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)兩(liang)拜。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)遲疑(yi)不(bu)前,向北面(mian)兩(liang)拜磕頭(tou)(tou)至地,然(ran)后就(jiu)(jiu)快(kuai)步(bu)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)心(xin)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)愧,就(jiu)(jiu)想殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。于是(shi)派勇(yong)(yong)士(shi)某人(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)(qu)殺(sha)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。勇(yong)(yong)士(shi)進入(ru)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)門,沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)守(shou)護;進入(ru)院內小門,也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)守(shou)護;走上廳(ting)堂(tang),也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。勇(yong)(yong)士(shi)低頭(tou)(tou)從門縫偷(tou)看(kan),看(kan)見(jian)(jian)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)正在(zai)吃(chi)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)飯(fan)。勇(yong)(yong)士(shi)說(shuo):“啊(a),他真(zhen)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)仁義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。我(wo)(wo)進大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)門沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren),進入(ru)內室沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren),走上廳(ting)堂(tang)也(ye)沒(mei)(mei)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren),可(ke)見(jian)(jian)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節省(sheng)啊(a)。他是(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重臣,卻(que)(que)吃(chi)只有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)飯(fan),可(ke)見(jian)(jian)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡樸啊(a)。國(guo)(guo)君讓我(wo)(wo)殺(sha)他,我(wo)(wo)不(bu)忍心(xin)殺(sha)他。雖然(ran)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣,我(wo)(wo)也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)再見(jian)(jian)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。”于是(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)自(zi)(zi)刎而(er)死。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)聽(ting)說(shuo)后非常生氣,就(jiu)(jiu)更想殺(sha)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),但眾(zhong)多手下卻(que)(que)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)能(neng)派去(qu)(qu)執(zhi)行(xing)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)項任務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。于是(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)就(jiu)(jiu)在(zai)宮中(zhong)埋(mai)伏好甲兵(bing),叫趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)來(lai)吃(chi)飯(fan)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)右武(wu)士(shi)叫祁(qi)彌明(ming),是(shi)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)力士(shi),壯勇(yong)(yong)地跟著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)入(ru)宮,來(lai)到(dao)(dao)堂(tang)下站(zhan)(zhan)好。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃(chi)好了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)對趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)說(shuo):“聽(ting)說(shuo)你的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劍是(shi)一(yi)把利劍,你拿(na)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)給(gei)我(wo)(wo),我(wo)(wo)觀(guan)賞一(yi)下。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)站(zhan)(zhan)起來(lai)想把劍呈現給(gei)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong),祁(qi)彌明(ming)在(zai)堂(tang)下大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)喊:“趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)吃(chi)飽了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)就(jiu)(jiu)出(chu)(chu)來(lai),為(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么在(zai)國(guo)(guo)君的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住(zhu)所里(li)拔(ba)劍呢?”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)聽(ting)頓(dun)時明(ming)白了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),急(ji)忙沿階跑下來(lai)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)條訓練有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狗,叫作(zuo)獒。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)喊來(lai)獒叫它(ta)去(qu)(qu)追趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。獒也(ye)迅速地沿階追下來(lai)。祁(qi)彌明(ming)迎上去(qu)(qu)飛起一(yi)腳,踢斷了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)獒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下巴(ba)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回頭(tou)(tou)說(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)君您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獒不(bu)如臣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獒啊(a)!”然(ran)而(er)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時宮中(zhong)埋(mai)伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲兵(bing)擊鼓(gu)沖了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)上來(lai),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)抱(bao)起趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)放到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)車(che)上。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)回頭(tou)(tou)問(wen):“我(wo)(wo)為(wei)(wei)什(shen)(shen)么會讓您(nin)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)么對待我(wo)(wo)?”甲兵(bing)說(shuo):“您(nin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)次(ci)在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)桑樹下給(gei)我(wo)(wo)吃(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),讓我(wo)(wo)得以(yi)活命。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)問(wen):“您(nin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字是(shi)什(shen)(shen)么?”甲兵(bing)說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君為(wei)(wei)誰埋(mai)伏下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甲兵(bing)?您(nin)趕快(kuai)乘車(che)走吧,何必問(wen)我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字。”趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)驅車(che)沖了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)出(chu)(chu)去(qu)(qu),甲兵(bing)們(men)都(dou)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)進行(xing)阻(zu)攔。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)穿以(yi)民(min)眾(zhong)不(bu)滿為(wei)(wei)由,起兵(bing)弒殺(sha)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong),然(ran)后迎接趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)進入(ru)國(guo)(guo)都(dou),與趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)盾(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)一(yi)起執(zhi)掌(zhang)朝政,立成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)黑臀(tun)為(wei)(wei)君。
《春(chun)秋公羊傳》作為今(jin)文學派的(de)中堅,有(you)獨特的(de)理論色彩(cai)。主要有(you)三項:
1、政治性。講“改制”,宣揚“大一統”,撥亂反正,為后(hou)王(wang)立法(fa)。
2、變易(yi)性。它形成了一(yi)套(tao)“三世(shi)說”歷史哲學理論體系。《公(gong)羊傳》講“所(suo)(suo)見異(yi)(yi)辭,所(suo)(suo)聞(wen)(wen)異(yi)(yi)辭,所(suo)(suo)傳聞(wen)(wen)異(yi)(yi)辭”是(shi)其雛形。董仲舒(shu)加(jia)以發揮,劃分(fen)春秋十二(er)公(gong)為“所(suo)(suo)見世(shi)”、“所(suo)(suo)聞(wen)(wen)世(shi)”、“所(suo)(suo)傳聞(wen)(wen)世(shi)”,表明春秋時(shi)期二(er)百四十二(er)年不(bu)是(shi)鐵(tie)板一(yi)塊(kuai),或凝固不(bu)變,而是(shi)可按一(yi)定(ding)標準(zhun)劃分(fen)為不(bu)同的階段。
3、《春秋公羊傳》的“三世說”:“所(suo)傳聞(wen)世”是“據亂世”,“內其國外(wai)其夏”;“所(suo)聞(wen)世”是“升平世”,“內諸夏外(wai)夷狄(di)”;“所(suo)見世”是“太平世”,“夷狄(di)進(jin)至于爵,天下遠近大小若一(yi)”。
按(an)照(zhao)今文(wen)(wen)公羊家的闡發,《春秋》之“義”的重要內容之一(yi)是“張三世(shi)”。即孔(kong)子將春秋242年的歷史,劃分成(cheng)了(le)“據亂世(shi)”、“升平世(shi)”、“太(tai)平世(shi)”。今文(wen)(wen)家的這種認識有兩點值(zhi)得注(zhu)意:
1、他們所“描(miao)述”的(de)歷(li)史(shi)運動,并不(bu)符(fu)(fu)合(he)史(shi)實但(dan)卻符(fu)(fu)合(he)“理想(xiang)”。從春秋(qiu)“本(ben)然”的(de)歷(li)史(shi)來(lai)看,“三世說”的(de)誣妄顯而易見(jian)。顧頡剛(gang)《春秋(qiu)三傳及國語之綜合(he)研究(jiu)》即指出:“此三世之說殊難稽信(xin)也。事實上(shang)春秋(qiu)時愈降則愈不(bu)太平(ping),政亂民苦無(wu)可(ke)告訴,可(ke)謂(wei)太平(ping)乎?”
至(zhi)少從(cong)漢代起(qi),今文公(gong)羊(yang)家(jia)已經對于人(ren)類(lei)歷史(shi)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)規律性進(jin)行了富有想(xiang)象力的(de)(de)(de)探討。根(gen)據公(gong)羊(yang)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)論述,人(ren)類(lei)歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)演(yan)進(jin),從(cong)“據亂世(shi)”進(jin)入相對平和穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)“升平世(shi)”,再到“太平世(shi)”,是(shi)一(yi)條“理(li)想(xiang)”的(de)(de)(de)社會發展軌轍。在這套理(li)論中(zhong),蘊涵著“歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)是(shi)有規律的(de)(de)(de)”這樣一(yi)種可貴的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想(xiang)胚芽。
2、“三(san)(san)世(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)”在(zai)本質的(de)規(gui)定(ding)性上是循(xun)環論(lun)的(de)。但在(zai)據(ju)亂世(shi)(shi)(shi)――升平世(shi)(shi)(shi)――太(tai)平世(shi)(shi)(shi)“三(san)(san)世(shi)(shi)(shi)”循(xun)環范圍內,又存在(zai)著一個不(bu)斷“向前”發(fa)展的(de)序列(lie),因而也就是一個“進化”的(de)序列(lie)。何休注(zhu)《公羊傳》,更糅合(he)了《禮(li)記·禮(li)運》關于(yu)大同、小康的(de)描繪,發(fa)展成為具有一定(ding)系統(tong)性的(de)“三(san)(san)世(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)”歷(li)(li)(li)史哲學(xue),論(lun)證歷(li)(li)(li)史是進化的(de),變易和(he)變革是歷(li)(li)(li)史的(de)普遍法則。
何休注《春(chun)秋公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》時(shi)(shi)的進一(yi)步發揮(hui):所(suo)(suo)見者,謂昭定哀,己與父(fu)時(shi)(shi)事也;所(suo)(suo)聞(wen)者,謂文宣成襄,王父(fu)時(shi)(shi)事也;所(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)(chuan)聞(wen)者,謂隱桓(huan)莊(zhuang)閔僖,高祖(zu)曾(ceng)祖(zu)時(shi)(shi)事也。……於(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)(chuan)聞(wen)之世,見治起於(wu)(wu)衰亂(luan)之中(zhong),用心尚粗糙,故內其國而外諸夏;……於(wu)(wu)所(suo)(suo)聞(wen)之世,見治升平(ping),內諸夏而外夷狄(di);……至(zhi)所(suo)(suo)見之世,著治太平(ping),夷狄(di)進至(zhi)於(wu)(wu)爵(jue),天下(xia)遠(yuan)近大小若一(yi)。……所(suo)(suo)以三世者,禮為父(fu)母三年,為祖(zu)父(fu)母期,為曾(ceng)祖(zu)父(fu)母齊衰三月(yue),立愛(ai)自親始(shi),故《春(chun)秋》據哀錄隱,上治祖(zu)禰(ni)。(《春(chun)秋公(gong)羊經傳(chuan)(chuan)解詁·隱公(gong)元年》)
照何休(xiu)的(de)解釋,春秋二百四十二年(nian)的(de)歷史(shi),經過了所(suo)傳聞的(de)衰亂(luan)世、所(suo)聞的(de)升平世和所(suo)見的(de)太平世這樣三個(ge)(ge)階段。而所(suo)以(yi)會(hui)是三個(ge)(ge)階段者,蓋由于“禮”是尚(shang)三的(de)等(deng)等(deng)。這是何休(xiu)的(de)歷史(shi)進(jin)化論,公羊(yang)傳本身(shen)并沒(mei)有這么多意思。自(zi)東漢以(yi)后,封建社會(hui)結構趨(qu)于穩定,主張“尊(zun)古(gu)”的(de)古(gu)文經學更適于作為(wei)政(zheng)治指(zhi)導思想,取代了主張“改(gai)制”、“變易”的(de)今文學說(shuo)的(de)尊(zun)崇地位。今文公羊(yang)學說(shuo)從此消沉一千(qian)余年(nian),迄清(qing)中葉方被重(zhong)新提起(qi)。
《公羊傳》寫定于漢初,系用漢代通行(xing)的隸書書寫,它是(shi)(shi)今文經學中富(fu)有理論色彩的代表性典籍(ji)。公羊學者認(ren)為,《春(chun)秋(qiu)經》是(shi)(shi)孔子(zi)借(jie)春(chun)秋(qiu)242年(nian)史(shi)事以表示自己的政治觀點(dian),處處包含“微言(yan)大義”。這同(tong)古文學派認(ren)為《春(chun)秋(qiu)經》是(shi)(shi)一部歷史(shi)著作(zuo)不同(tong)。
《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》其戰(zhan)國初(chu)至(zhi)漢(han)初(chu)的傳(chuan)(chuan)承系統是:子(zi)夏→公(gong)羊(yang)高→公(gong)羊(yang)平→公(gong)羊(yang)地→公(gong)羊(yang)敢→公(gong)羊(yang)壽→胡毋子(zi)都(生(sheng));公(gong)羊(yang)學派(pai)對《春秋(qiu)》的研究開(kai)始僅口說(shuo)流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan),至(zhi)漢(han)景(jing)帝時,胡母(mu)生(sheng)和他(ta)的老(lao)師公(gong)羊(yang)壽用(yong)漢(han)代(dai)的隸書“著(zhu)于竹帛(bo)”,才使《公(gong)羊(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)》成書。
漢(han)初傳《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)》有(you)三(san)家,司馬遷在《儒(ru)林列傳》中說:“言《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》于齊(qi)(qi)、魯自胡毋(wu)生(sheng),于趙自董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu),……公(gong)(gong)孫弘治《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》不如董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)……故漢(han)興至于五(wu)世之(zhi)(zhi)間,唯董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)名為(wei)明于《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》,其傳《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)氏》也。胡毋(wu)生(sheng),齊(qi)(qi)人也,孝(xiao)景(jing)時(shi)為(wei)博士(shi),以(yi)老歸教授(shou),齊(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)言《春(chun)(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》者(zhe),多(duo)受胡毋(wu)生(sheng),公(gong)(gong)孫弘亦頗受焉。”在這三(san)家中,盡管(guan)董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)是(shi)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者(zhe),即他對《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)》的闡發比胡毋(wu)生(sheng)與公(gong)(gong)孫弘深刻,但始終(zhong)只是(shi)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)學》中的一(yi)派,并非是(shi)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)》學的唯一(yi)宗師。特別是(shi),東(dong)漢(han)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)》學的最大代表何休,在其名著(zhu)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)解(jie)詁》中,明確胡毋(wu)生(sheng)是(shi)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)》宗師,而一(yi)個字都未提(ti)及董(dong)仲(zhong)舒(shu)。
西漢(han)初期,時代需要封建大(da)一(yi)統(tong)的(de)政治(zhi)思想。《公(gong)(gong)羊春(chun)秋》就是(shi)齊學(xue)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)孔子《春(chun)秋》改造的(de)結果,因(yin)而受到了(le)漢(han)武帝(di)的(de)重(zhong)視(shi)。漢(han)景帝(di)時,胡母(mu)生和董仲(zhong)(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)(shu)被招為博(bo)士。二人同(tong)業(ye)《公(gong)(gong)羊春(chun)秋》(也有(you)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)認為,他是(shi)胡母(mu)生的(de)弟子),董仲(zhong)(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)(shu)曾著書稱其德(de)。正是(shi)董仲(zhong)(zhong)舒(shu)(shu)(shu)、胡母(mu)生為代表的(de)齊學(xue)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)將儒(ru)學(xue)理論改造成了(le)符合大(da)一(yi)統(tong)需要的(de)新儒(ru)學(xue),才取得漢(han)武帝(di)欣(xin)賞,獲得了(le)“罷黜百家,獨尊儒(ru)術”的(de)學(xue)術統(tong)治(zhi)地位(wei)。胡母(mu)生弟子眾多,有(you)名的(de)除公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)弘外,還有(you)蘭陵褚大(da)、東(dong)平嬴公(gong)(gong)、廣川段仲(zhong)(zhong)、溫之呂步舒(shu)(shu)(shu)。后來,又有(you)齊人任(ren)公(gong)(gong)、貢禹、管(guan)路、左(zuo)咸、魯(lu)眭(sui)孟、顏安(an)樂、嚴(yan)彭祖(zu)等均以治(zhi)《春(chun)秋公(gong)(gong)羊傳》得顯。
《公(gong)(gong)羊春秋(qiu)》在中(zhong)國傳統文化(hua)中(zhong)占有(you)重要地位(wei),東漢的(de)(de)何休、唐代(dai)的(de)(de)徐彥、清代(dai)中(zhong)后期常州學派(pai)的(de)(de)莊(zhuang)存與(yu)、孔廣森、劉逢祿(lu)、龔自珍、魏源(yuan),直到近代(dai)維新派(pai)的(de)(de)康有(you)為、梁(liang)啟超等,都是公(gong)(gong)羊學派(pai)中(zhong)有(you)影響的(de)(de)人物(wu)。
1995年,蔣慶出版《公羊學引論》一(yi)書(shu),為當代公羊學重(zhong)興(xing)之濫觴。
《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》的(de)(de)歷(li)史思(si)(si)想比《谷梁傳》更為豐富,其影響也(ye)更深(shen)遠。在(zai)漢代,公(gong)羊(yang)學(xue)大顯于世(shi)。魏晉(jin)以后雖經一(yi)千多年的(de)(de)消(xiao)沉,至鴉片戰爭前后卻重新(xin)復興,而且(qie)風靡一(yi)時,成為近代維新(xin)運(yun)動的(de)(de)思(si)(si)想武(wu)器,并且(qie)是(shi)十九世(shi)紀(ji)、二十世(shi)紀(ji)之(zhi)交(jiao)中國思(si)(si)想界接(jie)受西方進化論的(de)(de)思(si)(si)想基礎(chu)。“公(gong)羊(yang)學(xue)”的(de)(de)產生和兩次盛行,是(shi)思(si)(si)想史、史學(xue)史上發人深(shen)思(si)(si)的(de)(de)歷(li)史現象,其秘密在(zai)于《公(gong)羊(yang)傳》中蘊含著一(yi)套獨有的(de)(de)政治———歷(li)史哲學(xue)。
《公(gong)羊傳》寫定于漢初,系用漢代通行的(de)隸(li)字書寫,它是(shi)今文經學中富有(you)理論色彩的(de)代表性典籍。公(gong)羊學者認為,《春秋(qiu)經》是(shi)孔子借(jie)春秋(qiu)242年史事以表示自己的(de)政治(zhi)觀點,處處包(bao)含“微言大義”。這同古文學派認為《春秋(qiu)經》是(shi)一部(bu)歷(li)史著作不同。從(cong)這一根本(ben)點出發,《公(gong)羊傳》包(bao)含著一些可(ke)供人們發揮(hui)的(de)歷(li)史思想:
第(di)一(yi),《公羊傳》認為(wei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)在《春秋經》中貫穿了“大一(yi)統”、“撥亂反正”等政治(zhi)“大義(yi)”。大力(li)彰揚孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)擁戴周天子(zi)(zi)“天下共主”的立場,作(zuo)為(wei)儒(ru)家思想最重要的原(yuan)則,為(wei)戰國(guo)晚期正在進行的“統一(yi)”作(zuo)輿論(lun)的準(zhun)備。甚(shen)至(zhi)直接(jie)成(cheng)為(wei)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)專為(wei)漢代天子(zi)(zi)而(er)制定的治(zhi)國(guo)綱領!
第(di)二,《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)》又包含(han)有(you)歷史變易觀點(dian),人們(men)可以據之推演(yan),劃分歷史的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段。此即(ji)著名(ming)的(de)(de)公(gong)羊三世說(shuo)。更重要(yao)的(de)(de)是(shi),其對于三世異辭說(shuo)的(de)(de)解釋(shi)包含(han)一個很寶貴的(de)(de)觀點(dian):不(bu)把春秋(qiu)242年視為(wei)鐵板一塊、凝固不(bu)變,而看作(zuo)可按一定(ding)標準劃分為(wei)不(bu)同的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)階(jie)段。
第(di)三,《公(gong)羊傳》專(zhuan)講“微(wei)言大義(yi)”。上述兩項都是極重要的(de)“微(wei)言大義(yi)”,其他明顯的(de)還(huan)有:隱公(gong)三年講譏世卿;莊公(gong)四年講“九(jiu)世復仇”;閔公(gong)元年講“為(wei)(wei)尊(zun)者諱(hui),為(wei)(wei)親者諱(hui),為(wei)(wei)賢者諱(hui)”等。諸(zhu)如(ru)此類都可以大加引申比附。
總(zong)括來說,《公羊傳》的(de)歷史哲學具有政(zheng)治性(xing)、變(bian)易性(xing)和可比附性(xing)三大特(te)點,在儒家經典中并不(bu)多見。
《公羊傳(chuan)》的(de)(de)主要精神是宣揚(yang)儒家思想中撥亂(luan)反正、大(da)義(yi)滅親,對亂(luan)臣賊子要無(wu)情(qing)鎮(zhen)壓的(de)(de)一面,為強化(hua)中央(yang)專制集權和“大(da)一統”服(fu)務。《公羊傳(chuan)》尤為今文經(jing)學(xue)派所推崇,是今文經(jing)學(xue)的(de)(de)重要典籍,歷代今文經(jing)學(xue)家都常(chang)用它作為議論(lun)政治(zhi)的(de)(de)工具(ju)。它也是研(yan)究戰國、秦、漢間儒家思想的(de)(de)重要資料。?
三傳今古文之爭
三傳今古文之(zhi)(zhi)爭,自漢(han)代到近(jin)代,仍然得不(bu)到結論。四庫簡目綜評,左氏褒貶或有不(bu)確之(zhi)(zhi)處,但所(suo)述事實(shi),都是(shi)根(gen)據古代正(zheng)史,如果(guo)不(bu)明事跡(ji)的(de)始末,何能(neng)臆斷是(shi)非(fei)?所(suo)以,研讀春秋,必以左傳為根(gen)柢。
《公羊(yang)(yang)傳》自子夏到公羊(yang)(yang)壽,經過六(liu)傳,皆是口耳授受,又加經師附益,難免不失(shi)圣人之意,然而大義(yi)相傳,究(jiu)竟有其所(suo)受之本(ben)。谷梁子與公羊(yang)(yang)同(tong)師,文比公羊(yang)(yang)更少(shao),但有些精義(yi),或為公羊(yang)(yang)所(suo)不及。此論(lun)可謂公允。
左氏所(suo)記的(de)事(shi)實,有很多是(shi)出乎一(yi)般人(ren)了解(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)外者(zhe)(zhe),如莊公(gong)(gong)八年,齊侯在野外看見一(yi)頭大豕,竟是(shi)冤死的(de)公(gong)(gong)子彭生所(suo)變(bian),齊侯怒而射之(zhi)(zhi),豕人(ren)立而啼。又如昭公(gong)(gong)七年,鄭子產講述禹王之(zhi)(zhi)父鯀死后(hou)化為黃(huang)熊(xiong)(一(yi)作熊(xiong))。其它(ta)尚有很多鬼神(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),以(yi)及卜筮禍福之(zhi)(zhi)期等。這在講究(jiu)現(xian)實人(ren)生的(de)學者(zhe)(zhe)看來,確是(shi)奇異。所(suo)以(yi)范寧在他的(de)谷梁傳(chuan)序文里(li)說:“左氏艷(yan)而富,其失(shi)也巫”。然而理藉事(shi)明(ming),奇事(shi)愈(yu)多,則(ze)其供給學者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)見聞愈(yu)廣,學者(zhe)(zhe)可以(yi)深悉(xi)前因后(hou)果(guo),眼界為之(zhi)(zhi)大開(kai),探索經義(yi)自然便利。故以(yi)左傳(chuan)為主,兼采公(gong)(gong)谷二家,實為研(yan)讀(du)春秋(qiu)的(de)正途。
傳(chuan)(chuan)說《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》是(shi)戰國時代公(gong)羊高編撰的,先是(shi)師徒口耳相傳(chuan)(chuan),直(zhi)到(dao)西漢(han)景帝時才寫(xie)定成書(shu)。和《左傳(chuan)(chuan)》《谷梁傳(chuan)(chuan)》一樣,《公(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)》開(kai)始是(shi)與《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》分開(kai)流傳(chuan)(chuan)的,大概在西漢(han)后(hou)期哀帝時,著名學(xue)者(zhe)劉歆“引傳(chuan)(chuan)文(wen)以解(jie)經”,才把(ba)(ba)(ba)孔子(zi)編定的魯國史書(shu)《春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》尊為(wei)(wei)“經”,把(ba)(ba)(ba)《左氏春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》《公(gong)羊春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》《谷梁春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)》稱為(wei)(wei)解(jie)釋(shi)經書(shu)的“傳(chuan)(chuan)”,后(hou)人以傳(chuan)(chuan)附經,合為(wei)(wei)一編,從此便把(ba)(ba)(ba)這三本書(shu)合稱為(wei)(wei)“春(chun)(chun)秋(qiu)三傳(chuan)(chuan)”。
《漢書(shu)·藝文志》的“春秋”類(lei)有(you):“《公羊(yang)(yang)傳》十一(yi)卷”。班固注(zhu):“公羊(yang)(yang)子(zi)(zi),齊(qi)人(ren)。”唐代(dai)顏師古(gu)注(zhu):“名高(gao)”。“公羊(yang)(yang)”的含義是(shi)(shi)(shi)什么呢(ni)?有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)為是(shi)(shi)(shi)復姓,有(you)人(ren)懷疑“公羊(yang)(yang)”、“谷梁”都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi),“卜商(shang)”(即子(zi)(zi)夏)的轉音,近人(ren)蔡元培(pei)、顧頡剛(gang)等認(ren)(ren)為“公”和“谷”雙聲,“羊(yang)(yang)”和“梁”疊(die)韻,因(yin)而“公羊(yang)(yang)”即是(shi)(shi)(shi)“谷梁”,這(zhe)兩部書(shu)的作者可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)(shi)同一(yi)個人(ren),這(zhe)種分(fen)析不一(yi)定(ding)可(ke)信(xin)。
清(qing)代洪頤煊(xuan)《經(jing)義叢鈔》認為,“明”字的古音讀“芒”,“芒”和“羊(yang)”同韻,所以(yi)“《春秋》家公(gong)羊(yang)高,亦即《孟(meng)子》所謂公(gong)明高也”。此說也缺乏說服力。關于公(gong)羊(yang)子,正史上沒有發(fa)現其他記載。
《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》未(wei)成書之前(qian),口(kou)耳相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),它(ta)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承過程,據東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)何休《春秋公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)·序(xu)》唐徐彥疏引(yin)戴宏序(xu)說:“子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)(yu)公(gong)(gong)羊高(gao),高(gao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)(yu)其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)平(ping)(ping),平(ping)(ping)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)(yu)其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)地(di),地(di)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)(yu)其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)敢,敢傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)與(yu)(yu)其子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)壽(shou)。至漢(han)(han)(han)景帝時,壽(shou)乃(nai)共弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)齊人胡(hu)毋(wu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都著于竹帛。”這段話有三(san)(san)點值(zhi)得注意:第(di)一,說《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)自(zi)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)弟(di)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏。第(di)二,《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)成書從子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)夏(生于魯定公(gong)(gong)二年(nian)(nian),即公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)507年(nian)(nian))到漢(han)(han)(han)景帝初(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)156年(nian)(nian)),經過了340年(nian)(nian)左右。第(di)三(san)(san),漢(han)(han)(han)景帝時,《公(gong)(gong)羊傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》才寫定成書。
關(guan)于(yu)第(di)一點(dian),楊伯峻《經書(shu)淺(qian)談》指出:“《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》中‘大一統’這個觀念,要(yao)(yao)在秦漢以(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)才能有,這就(jiu)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)證明《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》不出于(yu)子(zi)夏(xia)。”他又說(shuo)(shuo):“總之,無(wu)論公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)高(gao)或谷梁赤(chi),都(dou)未必是子(zi)夏(xia)的(de)學生,托名子(zi)夏(xia),不過(guo)借以(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)重罷了(le)。”關(guan)于(yu)第(di)二點(dian),戴宏(hong)所說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)傳承線(xian)索(suo)明顯有誤,340年間公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)氏僅(jin)傳五代,每代要(yao)(yao)相距65年以(yi)(yi)(yi)上,這是不可能的(de)。關(guan)于(yu)第(di)三點(dian),說(shuo)(shuo)《公(gong)(gong)羊(yang)傳》作于(yu)漢景帝(di)時,大致可信。
《四庫全書總(zong)目(mu)提(ti)要(yao)·春秋(qiu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)注疏》認為:“今觀傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)中有‘子沈子曰(yue)’、‘子司馬子曰(yue)’、‘子女子曰(yue)’、‘子北宮子曰(yue)’,又有‘高子曰(yue)’、‘魯子曰(yue)’,蓋皆傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)授之(zhi)(zhi)經師,不(bu)盡(jin)出于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)子。定公(gong)(gong)(gong)元年傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)‘正棺于(yu)兩楹之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)’二句(ju),《谷梁(liang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》引之(zhi)(zhi),直(zhi)稱‘沈子’,不(bu)稱‘公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)’,是并(bing)(bing)其不(bu)著姓氏者,亦(yi)不(bu)盡(jin)出公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)子。且并(bing)(bing)有‘子公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)子曰(yue)’,尤不(bu)出于(yu)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang))高之(zhi)(zhi)明證(zheng)。”《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》既然是公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)子自己寫的(de)(de),就(jiu)不(bu)應引自己的(de)(de)說法(fa)。由此(ci)可以證(zheng)明,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》的(de)(de)作者不(bu)是公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)高,自然更(geng)不(bu)是子夏所(suo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)。看來,《公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)》可能是集體創作,最后由公(gong)(gong)(gong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)壽和他(ta)的(de)(de)弟(di)子胡毋子都(dou)寫成書。