一.自(zi)然(ran)生態環境(jing)和人文歷史因素
1、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地貌情況:長樂(le)是一(yi)(yi)個準半島(dao),地貌屬低山丘陵小區。低山丘陵略成(cheng)“工”字型,分布于中部(bu)和南(nan)部(bu)。東部(bu)為開(kai)闊(kuo)的(de)濱海平原(yuan),最(zui)低處海拔(ba)2~5米(mi)。西部(bu)為營前-玉田平原(yuan),貫以溪川,屬福州平原(yuan)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分。境(jing)內山丘屬戴云山脈東翼的(de)延伸支脈。長樂(le)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為沙壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu), 土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)比較肥沃,土(tu)(tu)(tu)質疏松(song),耕性(xing)較好,適(shi)種性(xing)廣,十分適(shi)宜番(fan)(fan)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)種植(zhi),種植(zhi)出(chu)的(de)番(fan)(fan)薯(shu)(shu)表面美觀光滑(hua),薯(shu)(shu)塊大,均(jun)勻。且土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有機(ji)質、全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)和全(quan)(quan)鉀含量較豐(feng)富(fu),有機(ji)質3.06-3.9g/kg,堿(jian)解氮(dan)52-64mg/kg,速(su)效(xiao)鉀91-133mg/kg。有研究表明鉀對番(fan)(fan)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)莖葉生長有一(yi)(yi)定的(de)促進作(zuo)用,鉀對薯(shu)(shu)塊的(de)增產效(xiao)應顯著,同時鉀可以改(gai)善番(fan)(fan)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)品(pin)質。(施鉀對甘薯(shu)(shu)生長、產量及品(pin)質的(de)影響,尹子娟,云南(nan)農業大學(xue)農學(xue)與生物技術學(xue)院)
2、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況(kuang):長(chang)樂中部(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)丘陵低(di)地(di)將境(jing)(jing)內水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)一分為二:西部(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)西北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)屬閩江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi),自南(nan)往北(bei)注(zhu)入閩江,構成營前—洋(yang)嶼(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)(太(tai)平(ping)港水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang));東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang)樂平(ping)原上密布的(de)(de)河汊與(yu)(yu)(yu)天然(ran)港道,構成南(nan)洋(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)北(bei)洋(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)。北(bei)洋(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)北(bei)入閩江,南(nan)洋(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)北(bei)經(jing)渡橋與(yu)(yu)(yu)北(bei)洋(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)溝通(tong),從潭頭港等(deng)地(di)注(zhu)入東(dong)海;西經(jing)北(bei)山與(yu)(yu)(yu)太(tai)平(ping)港水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)網(wang)相通(tong),注(zhu)入閩江;東(dong)經(jing)文武砂、十(shi)八孔、漳港仙岐等(deng)地(di)注(zhu)入東(dong)海。河網(wang)密度平(ping)均每(mei)平(ping)方公里2公里。河流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)短促,為獨立(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi),大多(duo)源自境(jing)(jing)內低(di)山區(qu)。由于長(chang)樂地(di)處沿海,年平(ping)均逕(jing)流(liu)(liu)深(shen)600~900毫(hao)米(mi),屬福(fu)建省低(di)值區(qu),地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)全靠降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)補給。年平(ping)均地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)逕(jing)流(liu)(liu)量4.084億(yi)立(li)方米(mi),逕(jing)流(liu)(liu)分布從西南(nan)向東(dong)北(bei)遞減,年逕(jing)流(liu)(liu)系(xi)數都在0.6以(yi)(yi)下(xia)。長(chang)樂境(jing)(jing)內地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)均屬于低(di)礦化(hua)度、總硬度低(di)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),天然(ran)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)較(jiao)好,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)達到國(guo)家(jia)飲用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)2級(ji)以(yi)(yi)上標準,優質(zhi)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源選就長(chang)樂番薯(shu)優良(liang)的(de)(de)品(pin)質(zhi)。
3、氣(qi)候(hou)情(qing)況:長(chang)(chang)樂屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶海(hai)洋性(xing)季(ji)風氣(qi)候(hou)區,暖和濕(shi)(shi)潤,夏(xia)長(chang)(chang)少酷(ku)暑,冬短(duan)少霜雪。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫19.3℃。1月平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫10.3℃,極端低溫-1.3℃;7月平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫28.3℃,極端高溫37.4℃。無(wu)霜期(qi)333天。降(jiang)水(shui)量1382.3毫(hao)米(mi)。境內空(kong)氣(qi)壓力較高,濕(shi)(shi)度(du)較大(da)(da),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)絕對濕(shi)(shi)度(du)19.7毫(hao)巴(ba),年(nian)(nian)際變化不大(da)(da),均(jun)在19.2~20.3毫(hao)巴(ba)。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)風速每秒4.1米(mi),大(da)(da)多東北風。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)太(tai)陽輻射(she)量107.7千卡(ka)/平(ping)方(fang)厘(li)米(mi),年(nian)(nian)均(jun)日照(zhao)(zhao)4400小時,日照(zhao)(zhao)百分率41.5%。全年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong),7~8月份(fen)日照(zhao)(zhao)最豐,由于充足的光照(zhao)(zhao)條件,使得長(chang)(chang)樂番薯(shu)能夠很(hen)好的進行有機(ji)質的積累(lei),淀粉(fen)含(han)量增加,長(chang)(chang)樂番薯(shu)的食味香(xiang)甜,粉(fen)質可(ke)口。長(chang)(chang)樂是適應長(chang)(chang)樂番薯(shu)生產的好地方(fang)。
二.地域范圍
長(chang)樂番薯地理(li)標志保(bao)護(hu)范圍包括長(chang)樂市轄區內的(de)潭頭鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、文(wen)嶺鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、湖南(nan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、鶴上鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、梅花(hua)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、江田鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、羅(luo)聯(lian)鄉、古槐鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、金(jin)峰鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、漳(zhang)港鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、文(wen)武砂鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),東到(dao)梅花(hua)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)梅東村,西到(dao)羅(luo)聯(lian)鄉東林村,南(nan)到(dao)江田鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)下(xia)沙村,北到(dao)潭頭鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)福星村,保(bao)護(hu)范圍為11個(ge)鄉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、172個(ge)村。地理(li)坐標: 北緯25°48′19"~26°05′43"、東經119°27′30"~119°51′26"之間,總(zong)保(bao)護(hu)面積46038公(gong)頃(qing),年生產面積2000公(gong)頃(qing),年產量15000噸。
三.產品品質特(te)性(xing)特(te)征
1、外在感官(guan)特征:長樂番薯薯塊呈紡錘形,大小均勻,光滑美觀,商品薯率高;肉質(zhi)細(xi)膩,纖維少,口感面、香、甜(tian);
2、內(nei)在品(pin)質指標:長樂(le)番薯含薯塊烘(hong)干率23-26%、薯干淀粉含量52.6-55.7g/100g、可溶性糖(tang)18.5-22.4g/100g、粗(cu)蛋(dan)白(bai)2.9-6.8g/100g、粗(cu)纖維2.5-3.9g/100g。
3、產品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量安全規定(ding):長樂(le)番薯(shu)產品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量應符合NY 5221-2005《無(wu)公害食品(pin)薯(shu)芋類蔬菜》標準(zhun)。
四.特定(ding)生(sheng)產方式(shi)
1、產(chan)地要求:宜選擇土質疏松(song)肥(fei)沃的壤土,或土層厚、土壤疏松(song)、通(tong)氣性好的沙、壤土進行深耕曬白(bai)。采用高畦(qi)栽(zai)培,擴大根系活(huo)動范圍,增大晝夜(ye)溫差,為番薯生(sheng)長創(chuang)造良好的土壤環(huan)境。一(yi)般要求畦(qi)寬(連溝(gou))90-110cm,畦(qi)高35cm。
2、品(pin)(pin)種選擇:選用熟期(qi)早、薯(shu)(shu)塊大小均勻、薯(shu)(shu)形(xing)美觀、表皮光滑、食味好的(de)品(pin)(pin)種。
3、生產(chan)過程管理(li)與控制技術:根據(ju)(ju)長樂市的(de)氣候(hou)特點和種(zhong)植習慣(guan),結合本品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)個體(ti)長勢(shi)旺的(de)特點,長樂番(fan)薯(shu)(shu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)小畦高(gao)(gao)壟(long),中耕(geng)(geng)提蔓,施(shi)夾邊(bian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)等當(dang)地傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)栽培模式(shi)。在(zai)6月中旬扦插(cha),單行株距(ju)扦插(cha)適宜密度(du)4.5萬株/公頃(qing),即株距(ju)28-33cm。一般要求畦寬(連溝)90-110cm,畦高(gao)(gao)35cm。作壟(long)時,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)腐熟有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)15t/公頃(qing)條(tiao)施(shi)于(yu)壟(long)心,然后(hou)做直、做平(ping)壟(long)面,便于(yu)扦插(cha)。在(zai)插(cha)后(hou)30d,結合提藤(teng)和中耕(geng)(geng),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)雙夾邊(bian)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)40斤/畝,為(wei)(wei)塊根膨大期提供足夠的(de)養分。番(fan)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)應掌握(wo)以下原(yuan)則:農(nong)家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)輔。基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)輔。追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)以前期為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),后(hou)期為(wei)(wei)輔。長樂番(fan)薯(shu)(shu)種(zhong)植使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)業投入品(pin)(pin)要嚴格按照 DB51/337-2003《無(wu)公害(hai)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)農(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)準(zhun)則》、DB52/ 471-2004《無(wu)公害(hai)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)準(zhun)則》執(zhi)行。長樂番(fan)薯(shu)(shu)病(bing)害(hai)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)番(fan)薯(shu)(shu)黑斑病(bing);蟲(chong)害(hai)主(zhu)要有(you)(you):象鼻蟲(chong)和斜紋(wen)夜蛾,要以農(nong)業和物(wu)理(li)防治(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),化(hua)(hua)學防治(zhi)為(wei)(wei)輔,杜(du)絕使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)藥,控制化(hua)(hua)學農(nong)藥使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量(liang)、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)次數,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)生物(wu)農(nong)藥和低毒低殘留農(nong)藥,嚴格執(zhi)行安(an)(an)全間(jian)隔期,確保(bao)番(fan)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)質量(liang)安(an)(an)全,適時防治(zhi)并加強病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)的(de)測報,掌握(wo)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)發生動(dong)態和規(gui)律,達到防治(zhi)指標時,根據(ju)(ju)環(huan)境和物(wu)候(hou)期適時對癥(zheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥。
4、產(chan)品(pin)處理:早中(zhong)熟品(pin)種(zhong)9月底10月初(chu)開始收(shou)獲(huo),遲(chi)熟品(pin)種(zhong)11月中(zhong)旬開始收(shou)獲(huo)。最遲(chi)收(shou)獲(huo)期(qi)(qi)在(zai)降霜(shuang)之(zhi)前(qian)。禁止(zhi)雨天收(shou)獲(huo)。收(shou)獲(huo)時(shi)要輕挖、輕裝、輕運(yun)、輕卸,防(fang)止(zhi)薯(shu)皮和(he)薯(shu)塊碰(peng)傷(shang)。貯存(cun)要求溫度在(zai)10-15℃空(kong)氣相對濕度在(zai)85%-90%。貯存(cun)場所應(ying)清潔衛生,做好防(fang)鼠、防(fang)毒工作。同時(shi)要有保溫措施(shi),防(fang)止(zhi)凍傷(shang)和(he)擠(ji)壓(ya),并注(zhu)意通風(feng)散熱。5、生產(chan)記錄要求:如實記錄生產(chan)投入(ru)品(pin),包括化肥農藥名稱(cheng)、來源(yuan)、用法、用量和(he)使用,停用日(ri)(ri)期(qi)(qi);收(shou)獲(huo)日(ri)(ri)期(qi)(qi),質量檢測情況、銷售(shou)情況、生產(chan)記錄應(ying)當保在(zai)兩年以上。