十七孔橋(qiao)(qiao)是(shi)古代(dai)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁建筑的(de)杰作(zuo)。它位于北京市(shi)西郊頤和園內,是(shi)連接昆明湖東岸與南(nan)湖島的(de)一座長橋(qiao)(qiao)。清乾隆時(1736一1795)建,是(shi)園內較大(da)的(de)石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)。 橋(qiao)(qiao)由17個橋(qiao)(qiao)洞組(zu)成(cheng),長150米,飛跨(kua)于東堤和南(nan)湖島,狀若(ruo)長虹臥波。其造型(xing)兼有(you)(you)北京盧溝橋(qiao)(qiao)、蘇(su)州寶帶橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)特點。橋(qiao)(qiao)上石(shi)雕(diao)極其精美,每個橋(qiao)(qiao)欄(lan)的(de)望柱上都雕(diao)有(you)(you)神態各異(yi)的(de)獅子(zi),大(da)小共544個。兩(liang)橋(qiao)(qiao)頭還有(you)(you)石(shi)雕(diao)異(yi)獸,十分生動。橋(qiao)(qiao)額北面(mian)書“靈鼉(tuo)偃月”,南(nan)面(mian)書“修蝀凌波”,蘊涵著深厚的(de)文化底蘊, 具(ju)有(you)(you)極高的(de)美學價值、學術(shu)價值和使用價值。
欣賞(shang)(shang)十七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)之(zhi)美(mei)(mei),有(you)四時之(zhi)美(mei)(mei),有(you)晨昏之(zhi)美(mei)(mei),但更重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從不(bu)(bu)同角度去領略,即站(zhan)在園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)各(ge)處(chu)(chu)望(wang)(wang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),和(he)站(zhan)在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上望(wang)(wang)園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)各(ge)處(chu)(chu)。比如站(zhan)在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上眺望(wang)(wang)萬壽山(shan),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)十七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最好鏡頭。扶(fu)著(zhu)漢(han)白(bai)玉(yu)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄(lan)(lan)(lan),欣賞(shang)(shang)萬壽山(shan),水波、雕欄(lan)(lan)(lan)、長(chang)(chang)廊、綠(lv)樹(shu)、崇閣、黃瓦、青(qing)天(tian)、白(bai)云,渾然一(yi)(yi)體,如世界上真有(you)“蓬萊仙山(shan)”,也(ye)不(bu)(bu)會勝(sheng)過這(zhe)(zhe)里。北(bei)京春(chun)天(tian)多風(feng),在風(feng)天(tian)站(zhan)在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)邊,望(wang)(wang)著(zhu)昆明(ming)湖(hu)(hu)動(dong)蕩(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)波濤,似乎萬壽山(shan)也(ye)會浮(fu)動(dong)起(qi)來,一(yi)(yi)線白(bai)石(shi)(shi)欄(lan)(lan)(lan)桿也(ye)成為(wei)一(yi)(yi)條幌動(dong)著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍珠項鏈(lian)了。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)站(zhan)在萬壽山(shan)麓(lu)看(kan)“十七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”,這(zhe)(zhe)在庚(geng)子前(qian)自然是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)辦不(bu)(bu)到的(de)(de)(de)(de),但頤(yi)和(he)園(yuan)(yuan)開放(fang)之(zhi)后,這(zhe)(zhe)便成為(wei)游人不(bu)(bu)可忽略的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個美(mei)(mei)麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)畫(hua)面了。從知春(chun)亭(ting)一(yi)(yi)帶,往北(bei),再(zai)折而西,沿湖(hu)(hu)走,隨處(chu)(chu)都能望(wang)(wang)到這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)臥波長(chang)(chang)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),宜晴,宜雨,宜雪(xue),宜月,無(wu)(wu)時不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)靜靜地(di)臥在那(nei)里,如果你能坐船在湖(hu)(hu)中(zhong)欣賞(shang)(shang)她,那(nei)就更美(mei)(mei)了。讀者中(zhong)有(you)誰知道嗎?她是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)獨有(you)偶的(de)(de)(de)(de),她有(you)個“姐姐”,在蘇(su)州“石(shi)(shi)湖(hu)(hu)”,“石(shi)(shi)湖(hu)(hu)串月”的(de)(de)(de)(de)“杏春(chun)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”,同她的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型一(yi)(yi)樣,只是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)她華(hua)麗(li)。如果說“十七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“宮廷妃(fei)子”,那(nei)石(shi)(shi)湖(hu)(hu)杏春(chun)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)該(gai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)浣紗女了吧。
公(gong)(gong)(gong)交:在東宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)、北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai)和(he)新建宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外(wai)(wai)(wai),分別設有多路(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)站。人(ren)們可以(yi)方(fang)(fang)便地(di)乘(cheng)車(che)(che)(che)去你想去的(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)。各路(lu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che),除332路(lu)和(he)375路(lu)末班車(che)(che)(che)較晚(wan)外(wai)(wai)(wai),其余車(che)(che)(che)次的(de)末班車(che)(che)(che)大(da)都(dou)在晚(wan)八點左右收車(che)(che)(che)。需要(yao)注意的(de)是(shi)(shi),乘(cheng)客一定要(yao)弄清楚:北(bei)京頤(yi)和(he)園(yuan)占地(di)面(mian)積很(hen)大(da),宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)入口(kou)(kou)很(hen)多。從可以(yi)購買(mai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)票進入公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)的(de)入口(kou)(kou)而言,有:頤(yi)和(he)園(yuan)正門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(東宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))、新建宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、南(nan)如(ru)(ru)意門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)如(ru)(ru)意門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),以(yi)及中(zhong)央黨校對面(mian)新開辟的(de)園(yuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)等(deng)。 通常(chang),外(wai)(wai)(wai)地(di)游(you)人(ren)和(he)不(bu)常(chang)來的(de)本(ben)地(di)游(you)人(ren)會從東宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和(he)新建宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)三(san)個入口(kou)(kou)入園(yuan)。但是(shi)(shi),新建宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)與頤(yi)和(he)園(yuan)東宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)要(yao)有近兩(liang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里路(lu)程(cheng)(其間沒(mei)有公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)),東宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)至北(bei)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)又要(yao)有近兩(liang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里路(lu)程(cheng)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)事(shi)前沒(mei)說清楚,無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)坐公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)還是(shi)(shi)乘(cheng)坐出(chu)租汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)都(dou)可能造成雙方(fang)(fang)之間的(de)不(bu)愉快(kuai)。為此,特將頤(yi)和(he)園(yuan)主要(yao)景點和(he)三(san)個主要(yao)入口(kou)(kou)宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)位置附(fu)于(yu)一張(zhang)圖上,請游(you)人(ren)先(xian)參照我們建議的(de)游(you)覽路(lu)線(xian)(xian),再選擇好進園(yuan)的(de)入口(kou)(kou)。 另外(wai)(wai)(wai),下面(mian)所列的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)(che)中(zhong)可以(yi)換乘(cheng)地(di)鐵的(de)有:808路(lu)、運通106線(xian)(xian)、717路(lu)、817路(lu)、374路(lu)支(zhi)線(xian)(xian)、374路(lu)、新建宮(gong)(gong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)專(zhuan)線(xian)(xian)、375路(lu)、904路(lu)、375路(lu)支(zhi)線(xian)(xian)。
自駕:頤和(he)園(yuan)在清華和(he)北大向西大約(yue)5公里左右(you),開車(che)較為方便
頤和園依山水,園中昆明湖約占全園面積的四分之三(3/4)。昆明湖中有一(yi)座南湖島,是(shi)由一(yi)座美麗的(de)十七孔橋和岸上相連(lian)。 頤和園(yuan)(yuan),原是(shi)作為帝王的(de)行宮與游賞花園(yuan)(yuan),面積達290公頃(4350畝),整座園(yuan)(yuan)林,以(yi)萬壽山(shan)上的(de)佛香閣為中心,依不同(tong)的(de)地點和地形,配置了(le)殿、堂、樓、閣、廊(lang)、亭(ting)等等,精致而優美。
十(shi)(shi)(shi)七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)西連南(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)島,東接廓如(ru)亭飛(fei)跨于(yu)東堤和南(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)島之(zhi)(zhi)間,不但是前往南(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)島的(de)通道(dao),而且是湖(hu)區的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要景點。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)身(shen)長(chang)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)五十(shi)(shi)(shi)米(mi),寬(kuan)八米(mi),由十(shi)(shi)(shi)七個(ge)(ge)券洞組成,是頤和園內較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)。遠遠望去像一(yi)(yi)道(dao)長(chang)虹飛(fei)跨在碧(bi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)(shang)所有(you)匾聯(lian),均為清乾隆皇帝(di)所撰寫(xie)。在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)端橫聯(lian)上(shang)(shang)刻(ke)(ke)有(you)“修蝀(dong)凌波(bo)(bo)(bo)”四(si)個(ge)(ge)字,形(xing)容(rong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)如(ru)同一(yi)(yi)道(dao)彩(cai)虹,飛(fei)架于(yu)昆明(ming)湖(hu)碧(bi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)北端橫聯(lian)則有(you)“靈鼉(tuo)偃月”幾個(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)字,又把十(shi)(shi)(shi)七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)比(bi)喻成水中神(shen)(shen)獸,橫臥水中如(ru)半月狀。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)北端的(de)另一(yi)(yi)副對聯(lian)寫(xie)著:“虹臥石(shi)(shi)梁(liang)(liang)岸引長(chang)風吹不斷(duan),波(bo)(bo)(bo)回蘭漿影翻明(ming)月照(zhao)還望”。此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)風景,在優雅(ya)寧靜之(zhi)(zhi)夜游賞更加怡人。十(shi)(shi)(shi)七孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)(shang)石(shi)(shi)雕(diao)極其精(jing)美,每(mei)(mei)個(ge)(ge)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄的(de)望柱上(shang)(shang)都(dou)雕(diao)有(you)神(shen)(shen)態各(ge)異(yi)的(de)獅(shi)子(zi),大(da)(da)小共(gong)五百(bai)四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)只(zhi)。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)兩(liang)邊的(de)白石(shi)(shi)欄桿,共(gong)有(you)128根(gen)望柱,每(mei)(mei)根(gen)望柱上(shang)(shang)都(dou)雕(diao)刻(ke)(ke)著精(jing)美的(de)姿態各(ge)異(yi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)獅(shi),有(you)的(de)母(mu)子(zi)相抱,有(you)的(de)玩耍(shua)嬉鬧(nao),有(you)的(de)你追(zhui)我趕(gan),有(you)的(de)凝(ning)神(shen)(shen)觀景,個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)惟(wei)妙惟(wei)肖。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)頭各(ge)有(you)兩(liang)只(zhi)大(da)(da)水獸,很像麒麟,十(shi)(shi)(shi)分威武。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)兩(liang)頭有(you)四(si)只(zhi)石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)異(yi)獸,形(xing)象威猛異(yi)常(chang),極為生(sheng)動。
出文昌(chang)閣向南(nan)(nan)(nan),湖濱(bin)小島(dao)上即知春亭(ting),因島(dao)上遍植桃柳,最早顯(xian)春意(yi)(yi),故得此(ci)名。站立亭(ting)中(zhong)遠眺(tiao)近望,遠、中(zhong)、近景(jing)一覽無遺,是觀(guan)全園景(jing)色的(de)最佳地點(dian)。岸邊還有(you)元朝宰相耶律(lv)楚材祠。再向南(nan)(nan)(nan)行,即可(ke)見全園最大(da)的(de)廓如(ru)亭(ting),八角重(zhong)檐,由內外三層24根圓柱和16根方柱支撐(cheng),獨具特色。該亭(ting)如(ru)一秤錘(chui),壓在十七(qi)孔橋(qiao)東(dong)端,挑起橋(qiao)西側(ce)的(de)重(zhong)點(dian)景(jing)區南(nan)(nan)(nan)湖島(dao)。廓如(ru)亭(ting)旁邊有(you)一銅牛,鑄于(yu)1775年,是特有(you)景(jing)觀(guan),青銅牛身下是石雕的(de)海浪紋須(xu)彌座(zuo),表示(shi)鎮水之意(yi)(yi)。