歷史
位于北京市海淀區玉泉山小東門外,頤和園(yuan)(yuan)昆(kun)明湖西。占地(di)75公頃,其中水面13公頃。為"三(san)山五(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)"之一(yi)。金代(dai)始(shi)建(jian)芙蓉殿(亦名玉泉行宮)。明正(zheng)德年間(jian)(1506~1521)建(jian)上下華(hua)嚴寺。清康(kang)熙十(shi)九年(1680)建(jian)行宮,初名澄心園(yuan)(yuan),三(san)十(shi)一(yi)年(1692)更(geng)名靜(jing)明園(yuan)(yuan)。乾(qian)隆年間(jian)大規模擴建(jian),形成(cheng)"靜(jing)明園(yuan)(yuan)十(shi)六景",時為靜(jing)明園(yuan)(yuan)鼎盛(sheng)時期(qi)。
玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)山(shan)(shan),金、元(yuan)以來的(de)(de)“燕京八景(jing)”之(zhi)一(yi),名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)垂(chui)虹(hong)”,清(qing)(qing)乾隆(long)時(shi)改稱“泉(quan)(quan)(quan)趵突(tu)”,并賜為“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)第(di)一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)”。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)山(shan)(shan)最早(zao)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑為金章(zhang)宗避(bi)暑(shu)之(zhi)所(suo)“芙蓉殿”,稱玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)宮。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)峰(feng)(feng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)位于(yu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)山(shan)(shan)主峰(feng)(feng),為八角七級(ji)仿木構(gou)樓閣式石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta),高(gao)47.7米,"玉(yu)(yu)(yu)峰(feng)(feng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)影"為十(shi)(shi)六景(jing)之(zhi)一(yi);華藏塔(ta)(ta)(ta),為八角七級(ji)密(mi)檐式漢白玉(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta);澄(cheng)照關(guan),關(guan)上(shang)雉堞相連,高(gao)逾6米;楞伽洞(dong)(dong),洞(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)量清(qing)(qing)代密(mi)宗摩崖造像,藝術價值極高(gao)。 至明(ming)代正統年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間,明(ming)英宗在此建(jian)上(shang)、下(xia)華嚴寺,及金山(shan)(shan)寺、崇(chong)真觀、望湖亭等(deng)(deng)(deng)建(jian)筑。清(qing)(qing)康(kang)熙(xi)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1680年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))將玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)山(shan)(shan)辟為行(xing)(xing)宮,名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“澄(cheng)心園(yuan)”,康(kang)熙(xi)三十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1692年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)為“靜明(ming)園(yuan)”。乾隆(long)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1750年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))再次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)加修葺,增建(jian)了玉(yu)(yu)(yu)峰(feng)(feng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)等(deng)(deng)(deng)景(jing)觀并命名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)了“靜明(ming)園(yuan)十(shi)(shi)六景(jing)”。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)峰(feng)(feng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)影”“裂(lie)帛湖光”“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)趵突(tu)”等(deng)(deng)(deng)飲譽(yu)京都。 靜明(ming)園(yuan)全盛(sheng)時(shi)期(qi),山(shan)(shan)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)峰(feng)(feng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、妙高(gao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)等(deng)(deng)(deng)四座不同(tong)形式的(de)(de)佛塔(ta)(ta)(ta),有(you)(you)(you)(you)“塔(ta)(ta)(ta)山(shan)(shan)”之(zhi)譽(yu)。山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)南(nan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“廓然大(da)(da)(da)公(gong)”“涵萬象”等(deng)(deng)(deng)庭(ting)院(yuan)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)湖,湖中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)三島,俗日“一(yi)池三島”。湖之(zhi)兩岸(an)(an)足“玉(yu)(yu)(yu)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)趵突(tu)”,泉(quan)(quan)(quan)側有(you)(you)(you)(you)“天(tian)(tian)下(xia)第(di)一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)(quan)”御碑,可謂(wei)全園(yuan)景(jing)觀薈萃之(zhi)地。 東(dong)山(shan)(shan)景(jing)區有(you)(you)(you)(you)影鏡(jing)湖,樓閣錯落,叢生翠竹(zhu)故名(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)“風篁清(qing)(qing)聽”。湖東(dong)岸(an)(an)臨水(shui)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“延(yan)綠廳”水(shui)榭,西(xi)岸(an)(an)為“影鏡(jing)涵虛(xu)”一(yi)景(jing)。湖南(nan)岸(an)(an)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“分鑒曲”“寫琴廊”等(deng)(deng)(deng)景(jing)觀。 西(xi)山(shan)(shan)景(jing)區有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)組園(yuan)內最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑群(qun),坐東(dong)朝(chao)西(xi),中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)岳(yue)廟(miao),院(yuan)落四進,分別(bie)供(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)岳(yue)大(da)(da)(da)帝(di),吳天(tian)(tian)至尊(zun),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)皇(huang)大(da)(da)(da)帝(di)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。東(dong)岳(yue)廟(miao)之(zhi)南(nan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“圣緣寺”,也(ye)為四進院(yuan)落,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)第(di)四進院(yuan)落有(you)(you)(you)(you)琉璃塔(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)座,別(bie)具(ju)姿態。東(dong)岳(yue)廟(miao)之(zhi)北為“清(qing)(qing)涼禪窟”,足一(yi)座小(xiao)園(yuan)林(lin),正殿坐北朝(chao)南(nan),中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)亭臺(tai)樓榭曲廊相接,錯落于(yu)假山(shan)(shan)疊石(shi)之(zhi)間。這是一(yi)組佛道并立的(de)(de)建(jian)筑,足當(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)佛道合一(yi)政策的(de)(de)反映。
靜(jing)明園于1860年(nian)遭(zao)英法聯軍(jun)、八(ba)國(guo)(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun)兩次焚毀。辛亥革(ge)命后,一度開(kai)(kai)(kai)辦玉(yu)泉山汽水公司,時亦開(kai)(kai)(kai)放游覽。1949年(nian)后,為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)機關使(shi)用(yong),進行了大(da)規模的修繕和(he)綠化。民國(guo)(guo)(guo)后曾作為(wei)公園對外開(kai)(kai)(kai)放,解(jie)放初(chu)期由某中央單位(wei)使(shi)用(yong)。1957年(nian)公布為(wei)北京(jing)市文物保護(hu)單位(wei)。2006年(nian)05月25日,靜(jing)明園作為(wei)清代(dai)古建筑,被國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院批準列(lie)入第六批全國(guo)(guo)(guo)重點文物保護(hu)單位(wei)名單。
靜明園布局
園內有(you)諸(zhu)多景物,較(jiao)著名的有(you):
玉泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),被乾隆命名為“天下第(di)一泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)”,金(jin)代(dai)稱“玉泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)垂(chui)虹”,玉泉(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)趵(bao)突,為燕京(jing)八景(jing)之一。
玉峰塔,位(wei)于玉泉山(shan)主峰,為(wei)(wei)八(ba)角(jiao)七級仿(fang)木構樓閣式石(shi)塔,高47.7米,以(yi)“玉峰塔影”為(wei)(wei)名,是十六景之一(yi)。
華藏(zang)塔,一(yi)座八角七(qi)級(ji)密檐式漢白玉石塔。
澄照關(guan),關(guan)上雉堞(die)相連(lian),高(gao)度超過6米。
楞(leng)伽洞,洞中大量藝術價(jia)值極高的清代(dai)密(mi)宗(zong)摩崖造像(xiang)。