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相關項目

1、童謠（北京童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2008年(第二批)，新增項目
（2）申報地區或單位：北京市宣武區
（3）保護單位：北京市宣武師范學校附屬第一小學
2、童謠（紹興童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2014年(第四批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區或單位：浙江省紹興市
（3）保護單位：紹興市文化館、紹興市非物質文化遺產保護中心
3、童謠（閩南童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2008年(第二批)，新增項目
（2）申報地區或單位：福建省廈門市
（3）保護單位：廈門市集美區灌口小學（福建省廈門實驗小學集美分校）
4、童謠（納西族童謠），編號：Ⅰ-78
（1）批次/類型：2021年(第五批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區或單(dan)位：云南省麗(li)江(jiang)市(shi)古(gu)城區

童謠簡介

童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)指(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)唱(chang)于兒童(tong)之口的(de)沒有(you)樂譜的(de)歌謠(yao)(yao)，是(shi)流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)于全國各地的(de)一種由特(te)殊(shu)(shu)群(qun)體念唱(chang)、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)，具有(you)特(te)殊(shu)(shu)意義的(de)民(min)謠(yao)(yao)種類。童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)在我國已有(you)千年的(de)歷史，歷朝官(guan)修正史及雜傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、筆(bi)記、小說中不乏(fa)童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)的(de)記錄。童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)主要有(you)書面、口頭兩種傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承方式，其(qi)語言淺顯易懂(dong)，內容(rong)樸實自(zi)然(ran)，是(shi)民(min)間文學(xue)藝術的(de)優(you)秀(xiu)代(dai)表。童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)中積(ji)淀了優(you)秀(xiu)的(de)民(min)族(zu)文化，蘊涵著豐富的(de)教育內容(rong)。

知名童謠

北京童謠

北京童謠表現了各時期北京的城市性格和北京人的思想感情，承載著我國幾千年的歷史，感染滲透力強，是可挖掘、可借鑒的寶貴教育資源。北京童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)按內容可(ke)分為(wei)三類(lei)(lei)(lei)：第(di)一(yi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)長輩、父母為(wei)教育兒童(tong)(tong)而(er)編唱的(de)童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)；第(di)二(er)類(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)描述成人生活、情感、觀(guan)念、見(jian)解的(de)童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)；第(di)三類(lei)(lei)(lei)是(shi)根據(ju)古(gu)代儀式(shi)中(zhong)的(de)慣(guan)用語或歷史題材加工而(er)成的(de)童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)。童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)有多種表(biao)現形式(shi)，包(bao)括頂針格、串話、繞(rao)口令、謠(yao)諺格、搖籃(lan)曲、謎語格、連鎖調、數數歌、問答歌、排比格等(deng)。在創作過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)要合(he)轍(che)押(ya)(ya)韻(yun)，包(bao)括雙(shuang)句押(ya)(ya)韻(yun)、句句押(ya)(ya)韻(yun)、每兩句一(yi)押(ya)(ya)韻(yun)等(deng)押(ya)(ya)韻(yun)方式(shi)。如《東直門掛著(zhu)匾》、《大頭兒大》、《一(yi)園(yuan)青菜(cai)成了精》、《過(guo)(guo)水面》、《風婆(po)婆(po)》、《金箍嚕棒》等(deng)。

如今，北(bei)京(jing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠這(zhe)種反映孩子們(men)童(tong)(tong)(tong)真童(tong)(tong)(tong)趣、對無(wu)數人的(de)(de)成長產(chan)生過重要影響的(de)(de)文(wen)學樣式正逐漸淡出孩子們(men)的(de)(de)生活，千百(bai)年來一直為(wei)(wei)人們(men)傳(chuan)唱的(de)(de)耳熟能詳的(de)(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠已(yi)開始為(wei)(wei)今天的(de)(de)孩子們(men)所遺忘。必須立即著手保(bao)護(hu)、傳(chuan)承(cheng)、發展北(bei)京(jing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠這(zhe)一民族(zu)瑰寶，使之更好地為(wei)(wei)少年兒童(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)成長服務。

閩南童謠

閩南(nan)童(tong)謠是(shi)(shi)以(yi)閩南(nan)方(fang)言(yan)創(chuang)作和(he)傳唱(chang)的(de)兒(er)童(tong)歌謠，流(liu)行于閩南(nan)、臺灣(wan)地區(qu)和(he)東南(nan)亞華(hua)僑華(hua)裔(yi)居住地，是(shi)(shi)歷代閩南(nan)百姓根據兒(er)童(tong)的(de)理(li)解能力、心理(li)特點，用閩南(nan)方(fang)言(yan)復雜而富有音樂美(mei)的(de)韻語(yu)和(he)平仄節奏創(chuang)作，并(bing)在(zai)傳唱(chang)過程中不斷修改、補充而形成(cheng)的(de)民間文學形式。

閩(min)(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)的起源(yuan)、沿革沒有詳細(xi)的文字記載，但(dan)從福建地方典籍中看，唐(tang)代閩(min)(min)地的民間(jian)童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)《月(yue)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)》與(yu)今(jin)天閩(min)(min)南(nan)各地流傳(chuan)(chuan)的同名童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)雖然文字上存在差異，但(dan)主(zhu)題和(he)結構十分相似，因此(ci)閩(min)(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)在唐(tang)代已經(jing)出(chu)現。明朝中葉以后，隨著閩(min)(min)南(nan)人大批過臺灣、下(xia)南(nan)洋，閩(min)(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)也隨之傳(chuan)(chuan)播到臺灣、南(nan)洋。

閩南(nan)童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)按其內容可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)時(shi)政（如(ru)(ru)《拍(pai)日本》）、育兒（如(ru)(ru)《搖啊搖》）、游戲(xi)（如(ru)(ru)《拍(pai)手歌》）、動物(wu)（如(ru)(ru)《小蜜蜂(feng)》）、植物(wu)（如(ru)(ru)《果(guo)子歌》）、知識（如(ru)(ru)《一二三》）、民俗（如(ru)(ru)《圍爐過年》）、趣味（如(ru)(ru)《阿不倒(dao)》）等(deng)類(lei)。按其形式則可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)搖籃曲（如(ru)(ru)《唔唔嚶》）、敘述式（如(ru)(ru)《和(he)順歌》）、問答歌（如(ru)(ru)《草蜢公(gong)》）、連鎖調(diao)（如(ru)(ru)《白鷺鷥》）、謎語（如(ru)(ru)《一點(dian)一畫長》）、繞口令（如(ru)(ru)《銅釘釘銅板》）等(deng)類(lei)。按表演形式又(you)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)念謠(yao)(yao)(yao)（即口頭朗讀或(huo)吟誦(song)）、唱謠(yao)(yao)(yao)（將童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)配曲來唱）、戲(xi)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)（在做游戲(xi)時(shi)念童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)）、舞(wu)(wu)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)（邊(bian)念童謠(yao)(yao)(yao)邊(bian)舞(wu)(wu)蹈）等(deng)種類(lei)。

閩(min)南(nan)童謠是(shi)一座豐(feng)富的(de)知識(shi)寶庫，是(shi)幫助兒童學習語言、認識(shi)社會、認識(shi)生活(huo)的(de)重要(yao)手段之一。由(you)于現代文化的(de)沖(chong)擊和(he)方言的(de)流(liu)失，閩(min)南(nan)童謠正漸(jian)漸(jian)遠離少年兒童，必須采取(qu)各種有力措(cuo)施(shi)，做好閩(min)南(nan)童謠的(de)搶救和(he)保護工作。

紹興童謠

紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)流傳于(yu)(yu)古越(yue)地(di)中心紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)周邊一帶，兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)為傳唱主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，是(shi)(shi)中國民間文學寶庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要組(zu)成部(bu)分(fen)。目前廣泛流傳于(yu)(yu)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約有(you)400首(shou)，題(ti)材包羅萬象，主(zhu)要有(you)游(you)戲童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、教誨童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、敘事體物童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等，以(yi)(yi)繞口令(ling)、謎語歌(ge)(ge)(ge)、數(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)、連(lian)鎖(suo)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)、字頭歌(ge)(ge)(ge)、顛倒歌(ge)(ge)(ge)、問答歌(ge)(ge)(ge)等多種形式表現。紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)市位(wei)于(yu)(yu)浙江(jiang)省(sheng)中北(bei)部(bu)，以(yi)(yi)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)環境、悠(you)久(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展歷史、深(shen)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化底蘊(yun)、豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化表現形式聞名海內外，為童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滋生和發(fa)展提供了充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)養分(fen)。紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歷史悠(you)久(jiu)。南朝范曄《后漢書·張霸傳》載有(you)《會稽童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》：“棄我(wo)戟，捐我(wo)矛，盜賊盡(jin)，吏皆休。”西晉(jin)陳(chen)壽《益都耆舊傳》又載有(you)《會稽童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)》，為《會稽童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)同題(ti)異文歌(ge)(ge)(ge)。清悟癡生（會稽人(ren)）編《廣天籟集》，收(shou)(shou)錄(lu)(lu)浙江(jiang)兒(er)(er)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)23首(shou)；清范寅編《越(yue)諺》，收(shou)(shou)錄(lu)(lu)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)55首(shou)。1922年(nian)(nian)至1923年(nian)(nian)，共有(you)69首(shou)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)別被(bei)錄(lu)(lu)入《繪圖童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)觀》、《各省(sheng)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)集》；1928年(nian)(nian)至1934年(nian)(nian)，婁子(zi)匡出(chu)版的(de)(de)(de)(de)《紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》、《越(yue)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)百曲》及(ji)陶茂康創辦的(de)(de)(de)(de)《民間》叢刊(kan)，記錄(lu)(lu)了大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)；民國初年(nian)(nian)，周作人(ren)在(zai)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)征集童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，后加入北(bei)大(da)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)(jiu)會，發(fa)表《（紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)兒(er)(er)歌(ge)(ge)(ge)述(shu)略）序》等多篇文章(zhang)，又收(shou)(shou)集紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)223首(shou)收(shou)(shou)錄(lu)(lu)在(zai)《童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)(jiu)手稿(gao)》中。以(yi)(yi)上(shang)活動，奠定了紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)(xing)(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)民間文學界的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要地(di)位(wei)。