1、童謠(北京童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:北京市宣武區
(3)保護單位:北京市宣武師范學校附屬第一小學
2、童謠(紹興童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:浙江省紹興市
(3)保護單位:紹興市文化館、紹興市非物質文化遺產保護中心
3、童謠(閩南童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:福建省廈門市
(3)保護單位:廈門市集美區灌口小學(福建省廈門實驗小學集美分校)
4、童謠(納西族童謠),編號:Ⅰ-78
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報地(di)區(qu)或單位:云(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)麗江市古(gu)城區(qu)
童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)指傳(chuan)唱(chang)于兒童(tong)(tong)之口的(de)(de)沒有樂(le)譜的(de)(de)歌(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)流傳(chuan)于全國各地的(de)(de)一種由特殊群(qun)體念唱(chang)、傳(chuan)播,具有特殊意義的(de)(de)民謠(yao)(yao)(yao)種類。童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)我國已有千(qian)年的(de)(de)歷史(shi),歷朝官修正(zheng)史(shi)及雜(za)傳(chuan)、筆記、小說中不乏童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)記錄。童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)主要有書面、口頭兩(liang)種傳(chuan)承方式,其語言(yan)淺顯易懂,內(nei)(nei)容樸實自然,是(shi)民間(jian)文學藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)優(you)秀(xiu)代表。童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)中積淀了(le)優(you)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)民族文化,蘊涵(han)著(zhu)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)教(jiao)育內(nei)(nei)容。
北京童謠表現了各時期北京的城市性格和北京人的思想感情,承載著我國幾千年的歷史,感染滲透力強,是可挖掘、可借鑒的寶貴教育資源。北京童謠按內(nei)容可分為三類:第(di)一類是(shi)長輩、父母(mu)為教育兒童而編唱的童謠;第(di)二類是(shi)描述成(cheng)人生活(huo)、情感、觀念(nian)、見解(jie)的童謠;第(di)三類是(shi)根據(ju)古(gu)代儀式(shi)中(zhong)的慣(guan)用語或歷史題材加工而成(cheng)的童謠。童謠有多種表現形(xing)式(shi),包括頂(ding)針格、串(chuan)話、繞口令、謠諺格、搖籃曲、謎(mi)語格、連鎖調(diao)、數數歌(ge)、問答歌(ge)、排比格等(deng)。在創作過程中(zhong)要合(he)轍押(ya)韻(yun),包括雙句(ju)押(ya)韻(yun)、句(ju)句(ju)押(ya)韻(yun)、每兩句(ju)一押(ya)韻(yun)等(deng)押(ya)韻(yun)方式(shi)。如《東直門掛著匾》、《大(da)頭兒大(da)》、《一園(yuan)青菜成(cheng)了精》、《過水面》、《風婆婆》、《金箍嚕棒》等(deng)。
如今(jin),北京(jing)(jing)童(tong)謠(yao)這種反(fan)映孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)們(men)(men)童(tong)真童(tong)趣、對(dui)無數人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)成長(chang)(chang)產(chan)生(sheng)過重要影響的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)學樣式正逐(zhu)漸(jian)淡出孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo),千百(bai)年來(lai)一(yi)直為(wei)(wei)人(ren)們(men)(men)傳唱的(de)(de)(de)耳(er)熟能詳的(de)(de)(de)童(tong)謠(yao)已開(kai)始(shi)為(wei)(wei)今(jin)天的(de)(de)(de)孩(hai)(hai)子(zi)們(men)(men)所遺忘。必須(xu)立即著手保護、傳承、發展(zhan)北京(jing)(jing)童(tong)謠(yao)這一(yi)民族瑰寶,使之更(geng)好地為(wei)(wei)少(shao)年兒童(tong)的(de)(de)(de)成長(chang)(chang)服(fu)務(wu)。
閩(min)南(nan)童(tong)謠(yao)是以閩(min)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)創作(zuo)和(he)傳唱的兒童(tong)歌(ge)謠(yao),流(liu)行于閩(min)南(nan)、臺灣地區(qu)和(he)東(dong)南(nan)亞華僑華裔居住地,是歷代閩(min)南(nan)百(bai)姓根據(ju)兒童(tong)的理(li)解能(neng)力、心理(li)特(te)點,用閩(min)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)復雜而富有音(yin)樂(le)美的韻語和(he)平仄節奏創作(zuo),并在傳唱過程中不(bu)斷修改、補充而形成(cheng)的民間(jian)文(wen)學形式(shi)。
閩南(nan)(nan)童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)的(de)(de)(de)起源、沿革沒有詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)文字記載,但從福建地方典(dian)籍中看,唐代閩地的(de)(de)(de)民間童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)《月光光》與今天(tian)閩南(nan)(nan)各地流傳的(de)(de)(de)同名童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)雖然文字上存在差異,但主(zhu)題(ti)和結構十分相似(si),因此(ci)閩南(nan)(nan)童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)在唐代已(yi)經(jing)出現。明朝(chao)中葉以(yi)后,隨著閩南(nan)(nan)人大(da)批過臺灣、下南(nan)(nan)洋,閩南(nan)(nan)童(tong)(tong)謠(yao)也隨之傳播(bo)到臺灣、南(nan)(nan)洋。
閩南童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)按(an)其(qi)內容可分為(wei)時政(如(ru)(ru)《拍日本》)、育兒(如(ru)(ru)《搖啊(a)搖》)、游(you)戲(xi)(如(ru)(ru)《拍手(shou)歌(ge)》)、動(dong)物(如(ru)(ru)《小蜜蜂》)、植物(如(ru)(ru)《果子(zi)歌(ge)》)、知識(如(ru)(ru)《一二三》)、民俗(如(ru)(ru)《圍爐過年》)、趣味(如(ru)(ru)《阿不(bu)倒》)等類(lei)(lei)。按(an)其(qi)形式則可分為(wei)搖籃(lan)曲(qu)(如(ru)(ru)《唔唔嚶(ying)》)、敘述式(如(ru)(ru)《和順歌(ge)》)、問答歌(ge)(如(ru)(ru)《草(cao)蜢公》)、連鎖調(如(ru)(ru)《白(bai)鷺鷥》)、謎語(如(ru)(ru)《一點一畫(hua)長》)、繞口令(如(ru)(ru)《銅釘釘銅板》)等類(lei)(lei)。按(an)表演形式又可分為(wei)念謠(yao)(yao)(即口頭朗讀或吟誦)、唱謠(yao)(yao)(將童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)配曲(qu)來唱)、戲(xi)謠(yao)(yao)(在做游(you)戲(xi)時念童(tong)謠(yao)(yao))、舞謠(yao)(yao)(邊念童(tong)謠(yao)(yao)邊舞蹈(dao))等種類(lei)(lei)。
閩(min)南童(tong)謠是(shi)一座豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)知識(shi)寶庫,是(shi)幫(bang)助兒童(tong)學習語言(yan)(yan)、認(ren)識(shi)社會、認(ren)識(shi)生活(huo)的(de)重(zhong)要手段之一。由于現代文(wen)化(hua)的(de)沖擊和方言(yan)(yan)的(de)流失(shi),閩(min)南童(tong)謠正漸漸遠離少年(nian)兒童(tong),必須(xu)采取各種有力措施,做好閩(min)南童(tong)謠的(de)搶救和保護(hu)工作。
紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)于古越地中心紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)及(ji)周(zhou)邊一帶,兒童(tong)(tong)(tong)為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)唱主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是中國(guo)民(min)間文(wen)學寶庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分。目前廣泛流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)于紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約有(you)(you)400首(shou),題材包羅萬象,主要(yao)有(you)(you)游戲童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、教誨童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、敘事體物童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng),以(yi)(yi)繞(rao)口令、謎語歌(ge)(ge)、數(shu)數(shu)歌(ge)(ge)、連(lian)鎖歌(ge)(ge)、字頭歌(ge)(ge)、顛倒(dao)歌(ge)(ge)、問答(da)歌(ge)(ge)等(deng)多種形式(shi)表現。紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)市位(wei)于浙江省中北(bei)部,以(yi)(yi)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)地理環(huan)境(jing)、悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展歷史(shi)、深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化底蘊、豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化表現形式(shi)聞(wen)名(ming)海內外,為(wei)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滋生(sheng)和發展提供了(le)充足的(de)(de)(de)(de)養分。紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歷史(shi)悠久。南朝范(fan)曄(ye)《后漢書·張(zhang)霸傳(chuan)(chuan)》載有(you)(you)《會(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》:“棄我戟,捐我矛,盜賊(zei)盡,吏皆休。”西晉陳壽《益都耆舊傳(chuan)(chuan)》又載有(you)(you)《會(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)歌(ge)(ge)》,為(wei)《會(hui)稽(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)題異文(wen)歌(ge)(ge)。清(qing)悟(wu)癡生(sheng)(會(hui)稽(ji)人)編《廣天(tian)籟集(ji)》,收錄(lu)(lu)浙江兒歌(ge)(ge)23首(shou);清(qing)范(fan)寅編《越諺》,收錄(lu)(lu)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)55首(shou)。1922年至1923年,共有(you)(you)69首(shou)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分別被錄(lu)(lu)入《繪圖(tu)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)觀》、《各省童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)集(ji)》;1928年至1934年,婁(lou)子匡出版(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)歌(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)》、《越歌(ge)(ge)百曲》及(ji)陶茂康創辦(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《民(min)間》叢刊,記錄(lu)(lu)了(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);民(min)國(guo)初年,周(zhou)作(zuo)人在紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)征集(ji)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),后加入北(bei)大(da)歌(ge)(ge)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)究會(hui),發表《(紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)兒歌(ge)(ge)述(shu)略)序》等(deng)多篇文(wen)章,又收集(ji)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)223首(shou)收錄(lu)(lu)在《童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)究手稿》中。以(yi)(yi)上活動(dong),奠定(ding)了(le)紹(shao)(shao)興(xing)童(tong)(tong)(tong)謠(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在民(min)間文(wen)學界的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)地位(wei)。