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黃草壩上的黃草

興義(yi)，原名黃草壩（金(jin)釵(chai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)），因(yin)盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)黃草而得名。解放前，興義(yi)市石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)收購的(de)最高年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達35擔（每(mei)擔約(yue)50kg）。黃草，在(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分類(lei)學上(shang)屬(shu)于(yu)蘭科(ke)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)是蘭科(ke)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的(de)一個大(da)家族，全(quan)(quan)世界(jie)約(yue)產(chan)(chan)(chan)1000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，廣泛分布于(yu)亞洲熱帶(dai)(dai)和(he)(he)亞熱帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)至大(da)洋洲。中(zhong)國產(chan)(chan)(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)75種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，主產(chan)(chan)(chan)秦嶺(ling)以南(nan)(nan)諸省區(qu)，尤(you)以云南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)部(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)最多。貴州省經過多年(nian)的(de)調(diao)查(cha)研究統計，全(quan)(quan)省產(chan)(chan)(chan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黔(qian)西南(nan)(nan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，興義(yi)市產(chan)(chan)(chan)16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上(shang)，分別是細(xi)(xi)(xi)葉石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、羅河石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、疊鞘石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、流(liu)蘇(su)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、束花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、紫(zi)瓣石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、美(mei)花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、齒瓣石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、兜唇石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、玫瑰石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、鐵皮石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、盤江石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、鉤狀石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、勐(meng)海石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、重唇石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、細(xi)(xi)(xi)莖(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斛(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)屬(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)按照莖(jing)的(de)粗細(xi)(xi)(xi)不同(tong)被加工成中(zhong)藥材后(hou)，民間常分為(wei)大(da)黃草、中(zhong)黃草和(he)(he)小黃草，每(mei)一類(lei)中(zhong)都有多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。

解放后，1951年(nian)收(shou)購的(de)(de)黃草(cao)(cao)(cao)達30多(duo)擔(dan)，1964年(nian)上(shang)升到50多(duo)擔(dan)，“文化大革命”期(qi)間年(nian)收(shou)購量為20多(duo)擔(dan)。在(zai)二(er)十(shi)(shi)世紀(ji)的(de)(de)六、七十(shi)(shi)年(nian)代(dai)，據有關人(ren)士(shi)介紹興義的(de)(de)石(shi)斛(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)隨處可見，到二(er)十(shi)(shi)世紀(ji)八十(shi)(shi)年(nian)代(dai)石(shi)斛(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)在(zai)自(zi)然界中(zhong)仍(reng)然可以(yi)找到，并有初(chu)步的(de)(de)人(ren)工栽(zai)培(pei)，進(jin)入二(er)十(shi)(shi)世紀(ji)八十(shi)(shi)年(nian)代(dai)后期(qi)，由于石(shi)斛(hu)用途的(de)(de)拓展(zhan)，新藥的(de)(de)開(kai)發，石(shi)斛(hu)的(de)(de)市場(chang)需求(qiu)量加大，各地(di)均在(zai)市場(chang)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)沖擊下(xia)進(jin)行大量收(shou)購，由于帶(dai)兜采(cai)集等不(bu)合理的(de)(de)采(cai)收(shou)方(fang)式，野生(sheng)(sheng)石(shi)斛(hu)資(zi)源急劇下(xia)降，造成資(zi)源快(kuai)速(su)瀕危(wei)，首先是黑節草(cao)(cao)(cao)（鐵皮石(shi)斛(hu)）告(gao)急，其次是金釵(chai)石(shi)斛(hu)（石(shi)斛(hu)）在(zai)興義消失蹤跡(ji)，再就(jiu)是小黃草(cao)(cao)(cao)（美花石(shi)斛(hu)、粉花石(shi)斛(hu)）罕(han)見。黃草(cao)(cao)(cao)原植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)一種一種地(di)變為瀕危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)種，以(yi)至被(bei)列入國際瀕危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)（禁止貿(mao)易(yi)）的(de)(de)名單及“國家重點保護(hu)野生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名錄”中(zhong)。