新興香荔該產品具有果實皮薄而紅,肉白蠟色,爽脆多汁,甘甜帶香,核小,可食率高等優點,啖之口內留香持久,與糯米糍、桂味、黑葉等荔枝不相伯仲。在新興縣廣泛種植,成為新興最早的特產。新興香荔,廣東省新興縣特產荔枝,中國國家地理標志產品。新興香荔系嶺南十大佳果之一,新興“三大寶”之一 。
種植環境
新(xin)興縣地處廣(guang)東省中部(bu)偏西(xi),屬(shu)亞熱(re)帶季(ji)風氣(qi)候,季(ji)節分明,霜期短。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫21.5℃,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)總(zong)(zong)時(shi)數(shu)1696小時(shi),日(ri)(ri)均(jun)4.65小時(shi),日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)率39.2%。太陽(yang)輻射總(zong)(zong)量年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)每平(ping)(ping)方102.4千卡。日(ri)(ri)照(zhao)穩定≥10℃的歷年(nian)總(zong)(zong)積溫平(ping)(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)7398.2℃。境內中部(bu)年(nian)均(jun)有(you)霜日(ri)(ri)數(shu)5.9天,初(chu)霜日(ri)(ri)一(yi)般出現在12月份,霜期20-60天之間。年(nian)降雨(yu)量1663.7毫(hao)米,多(duo)集中在5、6月和8、9月份。
種植歷史
新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)(xian)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),起(qi)源于福(fu)建省(sheng)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“狀(zhuang)元紅(hong)”。明代,新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)黑葉(xie)、進奉、桂味等。1406年(nian)(nian)(nian)(明永(yong)樂(le)四年(nian)(nian)(nian))進士黎常(新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)(xian)籍人)從福(fu)建引進狀(zhuang)元紅(hong)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹苗回縣(xian)(xian)培(pei)育成新(xin)(xin)(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),因其果小(xiao),顏色鮮紅(hong),核(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)如米,肉脆味香(xiang)(xiang),有(you)別于其他荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)得名“新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)”。1758年(nian)(nian)(nian)(清乾隆二十三年(nian)(nian)(nian))《新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》載:“香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兩(liang)粵所無,唯新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)之(zhi)。或無核(he)(he)(he),或有(you)核(he)(he)(he)而(er)絕小(xiao)。他處蒔之(zhi)則變(bian)。”《羅浮志(zhi)》也(ye)(ye)載:“荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),出新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),實小(xiao)核(he)(he)(he)焦而(er)香(xiang)(xiang)美(mei)……甘(gan)酸宜人。其核(he)(he)(he)細(xi)者(zhe)謂之(zhi)焦核(he)(he)(he),荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)最珍(zhen)者(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。”《廣州雜記》更贊譽新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的珍(zhen)稀:“粵荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)多(duo)不及閩……而(er)新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者(zhe)過之(zhi)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)干,美(mei)于閩之(zhi)狀(zhuang)元紅(hong),官其地者(zhe)亦不可多(duo)得,彼(bi)人取荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)漿(jiang)為(wei)(wei)酒……色香(xiang)(xiang)味俱(ju)美(mei)。”清代,新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)被列為(wei)(wei)貢品(pin)。其時,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)收獲時節,必由(you)縣(xian)(xian)官派遣差役下鄉(xiang),四出查勘,遇有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)農戶,便(bian)指派解額上(shang)(shang)送,違者(zhe)則以欺騙論罪。1900年(nian)(nian)(nian)(清光緒(xu)二十六年(nian)(nian)(nian))新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)知縣(xian)(xian)王耀(yao)曾到任,深察(cha)民情,即于縣(xian)(xian)署后曠地(中山公園)蒔植(zhi)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)樹百余株,以為(wei)(wei)解貢之(zhi)用。此(ci)后,新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名負內外。該縣(xian)(xian)各地均有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),以環城(cheng)、洞口、車崗、上(shang)(shang)沙、東成、集成、船崗為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)產區。民國期(qi)間(jian),該縣(xian)(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積有(you)900~1000畝,荔(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹2.7~3萬(wan)株。每(mei)逢“大年(nian)(nian)(nian)”,總(zong)產約10多(duo)萬(wan)公斤。
1949年(nian)為694畝,2.54萬株,總產20萬公斤。1949年(nian)后(hou),成為廣東荔枝著(zhu)名(ming)品種之一。1951年(nian)9月,華南植物園科技人(ren)員在新(xin)興(xing)縣(xian)(xian)城郊井料崗圈接(jie)新(xin)興(xing)香荔樹苗50株送往蘇(su)聯莫斯科試種。1984年(nian)日本京都(dou)大學教授柳(liu)田圣山到新(xin)興(xing)縣(xian)(xian)觀光后(hou),著(zhu)文稱(cheng)新(xin)興(xing)是“荔枝的(de)故鄉”。
新(xin)興香荔具(ju)有(you)嶺(ling)南(nan)荔枝珍品的盛譽,又具(ju)有(you)栽(zai)培管理(li)(li)成(cheng)(cheng)樹結果難的特(te)點,如管理(li)(li)不(bu)當,則不(bu)結果,或種(zhong)性退化,果實變(bian)小,細核率降(jiang)低(di),香味變(bian)淡(dan),酸性過濃(nong)。1957年后,該縣曾多次進(jin)行培植(zhi)、擴(kuo)種(zhong),但(dan)成(cheng)(cheng)效不(bu)顯著。至(zhi)1978年,全(quan)縣香荔秧植(zhi)面積4939畝(mu)(mu),有(you)荔枝樹74085株,其中成(cheng)(cheng)樹面積3326畝(mu)(mu),共49890株。是(shi)年,總產30.98萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)。1985年種(zhong)植(zhi)面積發展(zhan)至(zhi)6755畝(mu)(mu),總產40.83萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)。因(yin)產量少,供不(bu)應求情(qing)況日(ri)益突(tu)出。
新興的農業土(tu)壤(rang)調查(cha)表明,該縣所有低丘緩(huan)坡地(di)(di)(di)和旱(han)耕地(di)(di)(di)的土(tu)壤(rang)均(jun)為壤(rang)土(tu)和紅壤(rang)土(tu),而(er)香荔絕(jue)大部分種植(zhi)在這些類型的土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)上。據觀察,新興香荔對(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)適應性較(jiao)廣,在村邊、房(fang)前屋后、旱(han)地(di)(di)(di)、山坡上種植(zhi)均(jun)能正常(chang)生長(chang)。新興縣氣候地(di)(di)(di)理條件對(dui)荔枝生長(chang)非常(chang)有利。
生產情況
根(gen)據資料顯示,新興香(xiang)荔到(dao)20世紀60年(nian)代后期(qi),其種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積(ji)為2100多畝(mu)(mu),結(jie)果樹為1800多畝(mu)(mu),產(chan)量多年(nian)在500噸(dun)左右(you)。20世紀80年(nian)代中期(qi),該品種(zhong)種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)面積(ji)擴(kuo)大到(dao)6500畝(mu)(mu),至1990年(nian)擴(kuo)大到(dao)1.1萬(wan);2004年(nian)總面積(ji)達(da)2.15萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),投(tou)產(chan)面積(ji)1.76萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu),總產(chan)5620噸(dun),為歷史最高產(chan)量。
新興(xing)香荔品質(zhi)極優,每年(nian)都是(shi)供(gong)不應求,其主要表現在:
(1)產量少;
(2)品質優;
(3)遲(chi)熟。收獲期(qi)(qi)在7月上(shang)旬至中旬前(qian)期(qi)(qi),比糯米糍及桂味遲(chi)5-7天,是荔枝上(shang)市(shi)最(zui)遲(chi)的(de)品種。其新興一帶市(shi)場占有率在40-60%之間。
生物特性
新興香荔(li)在小樓和三(san)江鎮有少(shao)量栽培。葉(xie)(xie)披針形(xing)或長橢圓形(xing),葉(xie)(xie)尖漸尖,葉(xie)(xie)緣呈波浪狀;果小,平(ping)(ping)均單果重10.6克,長卵形(xing),果肩平(ping)(ping);果皮(pi)深紅(hong)色,皮(pi)滑,龜裂(lie)片隆起,裂(lie)片峰(feng)銳尖;果肉白蠟(la)色,質爽脆,味清甜(tian)帶濃(nong)香,多(duo)汁,含可(ke)溶(rong)性固形(xing)物18%左右,100毫(hao)升果汁含維(wei)生素C21.12~23.32毫(hao)克,酸0.29~0.33克,可(ke)食率77.6%。種子極小,全部退化為(wei)焦(jiao)核;2月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)~3月(yue)中旬(xun)開(kai)花,6月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)果成熟。
該品(pin)種肉厚質爽脆,有濃香(xiang)味,種子極小,品(pin)質優;但果(guo)很小,產量不高,而且(qie)大小年結果(guo)現象明顯。