項目(mu)序號:1419
項目編號:Ⅳ-165
公布時間:2021(第五批)
類別:傳統戲劇
所(suo)屬地(di)區:吉林省
類型:新增項目
申報地(di)區(qu)或單位:吉林省松原市
保護(hu)單(dan)位(wei):松原(yuan)市(shi)滿族新城戲傳(chuan)承保護(hu)中心
八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)原先是滿(man)族(zu)人(ren)民(min)在(zai)行(xing)圍射獵的(de)閑暇之余所(suo)進行(xing)的(de)民(min)間藝(yi)術,大約在(zai)清(qing)(qing)朝乾(qian)隆年間(1736-1795),逐(zhu)(zhu)漸發展為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)曲藝(yi)形(xing)式。八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)一(yi)(yi)般是多(duo)人(ren)坐唱(chang)的(de)形(xing)式,樂器分別由演(yan)唱(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)操奏(zou),主唱(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)擊(ji)打八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu),又有單口、對口、拆唱(chang)、群(qun)唱(chang)以及化(hua)裝表演(yan)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)表現形(xing)式。在(zai)清(qing)(qing)代(dai)的(de)時(shi)候,扶(fu)余曾是北方的(de)重鎮之一(yi)(yi),文(wen)化(hua)較發達,土著居民(min)以滿(man)族(zu)較多(duo)。根據八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)老藝(yi)人(ren)程殿選(1884-1969)介(jie)紹,自清(qing)(qing)朝后(hou)期至(zhi)20世紀30年代(dai),曲藝(yi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)在(zai)扶(fu)余頗(po)為流行(xing)。當時(shi),逢(feng)年過節(jie),喜慶(qing)堂(tang)會(hui),均(jun)演(yan)唱(chang)八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)。八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)藝(yi)人(ren)還經常演(yan)出(chu)于城鎮的(de)書場、茶肆、集市、農村等(deng)地。從抗日(ri)戰爭后(hou)期至(zhi)建國前夕,八(ba)(ba)(ba)角鼓(gu)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸趨于消沉。
自清朝末期至中華國年(nian)間,扶余境內演唱(chang)(chang)八角鼓成風。民間的喜慶和(he)官紳的堂(tang)會無不演唱(chang)(chang)八角鼓。演唱(chang)(chang)者滿族、漢族皆有,職業(ye)演員和(he)業(ye)余團體并存。在(zai)漢族演唱(chang)(chang)者中,以程(cheng)(cheng)殿選的聲望比較高,他既是持(chi)鼓主唱(chang)(chang)者,又(you)是演出組織(zhi)者。中華人(ren)民共和(he)國建(jian)立之后(hou),音樂工作(zuo)者徐達音等按程(cheng)(cheng)殿選口授,記錄、整理了(le)四十個曲目和(he)二十七個曲牌。
1955年,在(zai)有關部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主持下,八(ba)角鼓作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)滿(man)族文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺產被(bei)重新(xin)挖掘、搶救。1959年,扶余當(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)主管部門(men)組(zu)織(zhi)一(yi)批八(ba)角鼓老藝人和(he)新(xin)文(wen)藝工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者對(dui)八(ba)角鼓進行(xing)了(le)戲(xi)曲化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)改(gai)編工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),開始在(zai)八(ba)角鼓基礎上(shang)創(chuang)建新(xin)劇(ju)種(zhong)。同時還成立了(le)扶余縣(xian)新(xin)劇(ju)種(zhong)實(shi)驗(yan)劇(ju)團(tuan),編演實(shi)驗(yan)劇(ju)目(mu)《箭帕(pa)緣》。因《箭帕(pa)緣》的(de)(de)(de)(de)首演取得巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)成功,次年就將新(xin)劇(ju)種(zhong)正式(shi)命名為(wei)(wei)新(xin)城(cheng)戲(xi),改(gai)實(shi)驗(yan)劇(ju)團(tuan)為(wei)(wei)新(xin)城(cheng)戲(xi)劇(ju)團(tuan)。此后接(jie)連創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)和(he)移植了(le)一(yi)批劇(ju)目(mu),使(shi)劇(ju)種(zhong)在(zai)縣(xian)內扎下深厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術根基。經過文(wen)藝工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)多年探(tan)索和(he)實(shi)踐,將八(ba)角鼓曲牌中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)〔靠山調(diao)〕、〔四句板(ban)(ban)〕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)主要聲腔(qiang)(qiang),在(zai)此基礎上(shang)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)了(le)慢板(ban)(ban)、原(yuan)板(ban)(ban)、數板(ban)(ban)、行(xing)板(ban)(ban)、彈頌板(ban)(ban)、快四板(ban)(ban)等多種(zhong)板(ban)(ban)式(shi),并且在(zai)結(jie)合(he)(he)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)運用了(le)諸如(ru)〔太平年〕、〔揀(jian)菊花(hua)〕、〔娃(wa)娃(wa)腔(qiang)(qiang)〕、〔茨山〕等曲牌格調(diao),使(shi)它成為(wei)(wei)板(ban)(ban)式(shi)變化(hua)(hua)體與曲牌聯套(tao)體相結(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劇(ju)種(zhong)。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)音樂唱腔(qiang)(qiang)溫婉抒情(qing),清脆明朗。
“文化大革命”期間,新(xin)城戲劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)改為文工團(tuan),劇(ju)(ju)種的建(jian)設(she)受到影響。1978年在恢復(fu)新(xin)城戲劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)之(zhi)后,劇(ju)(ju)種建(jian)設(she)又再度掀起高(gao)潮(chao)。八十年代初,劇(ju)(ju)團(tuan)和縣(xian)文化主管部門決定突出滿族特(te)點(dian),建(jian)設(she)新(xin)城戲劇(ju)(ju)種,同時又成立了扶余縣(xian)新(xin)城戲藝術研究室,著手(shou)編演滿族題材的新(xin)劇(ju)(ju)目《紅羅女》,并在音樂、表(biao)演和服裝、化妝等方(fang)面進一步(bu)向滿族歌舞(wu)靠(kao)攏。
至1966年,新城戲戲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團編創和移植了(le)二十多(duo)個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)目,先(xian)后上演達一千七(qi)百余(yu)場(chang),并曾先(xian)后至白(bai)城、長春、四平(ping)等巡回演出。扶余(yu)縣(xian)新城戲劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團這個(ge)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)種(zhong)唯(wei)一的專(zhuan)業劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團,主要活動在扶余(yu)及白(bai)城一帶和附近各(ge)縣(xian),此外,在扶余(yu)還有一些業余(yu)劇(ju)(ju)(ju)團或(huo)文藝宣傳隊也演出新城戲。
曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藝八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)音樂(le)為聯曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)體(ti)(ti),現今存留的(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)有(you)(you)〔四句板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)〕、〔茨(ci)山(shan)〕、〔揀菊花〕、〔太(tai)平(ping)年〕、〔靠山(shan)調〕、〔柳青娘〕、〔數(shu)(shu)(shu)唱〕等(deng)二(er)十七個。發展為新(xin)城戲后,八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)逐漸(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)為板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)(ti)和聯曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)結合的(de)(de)(de)綜合體(ti)(ti)式,其(qi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)部分是(shi)以八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)〔四句板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)〕、〔靠山(shan)調〕兩個曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)為基礎,吸收了其(qi)他曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)個別樂(le)句發展而成(cheng)(cheng)。經(jing)過多年的(de)(de)(de)探索實(shi)踐,八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)逐漸(jian)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、三眼、原板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、彈頌板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、行板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、快四板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、數(shu)(shu)(shu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、垛板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、流水、快板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、散板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(包括導板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和快打(da)慢唱)等(deng)各(ge)種板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式。根據演出的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要,也(ye)(ye)經(jing)常(chang)使用(yong)(yong)一(yi)些獨立的(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai),如(ru)〔太(tai)平(ping)年〕、〔剪剪花〕、〔茨(ci)山(shan)〕、〔數(shu)(shu)(shu)唱〕、〔娃娃腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)〕等(deng)。八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)在板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)(yong)上(shang)也(ye)(ye)比(bi)較靈活:有(you)(you)時板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)和曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)結合使用(yong)(yong),有(you)(you)時只用(yong)(yong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),有(you)(you)時則(ze)是(shi)把曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)聯接起來使用(yong)(yong)。唱腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)主要特點是(shi)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)律(lv)經(jing)常(chang)使用(yong)(yong)四、五(wu)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)連續(xu)跳進,又二(er)度(du)(du)上(shang)行的(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)法,加之旋(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)律(lv)進行跳動幅度(du)(du)較大(有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)竟(jing)達(da)兩個八(ba)度(du)(du)),拖腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)長而委婉,因而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了其(qi)獨特的(de)(de)(de)風格(ge)。男女分腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)采用(yong)(yong)同調異腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)方法,即男女腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)基本(ben)上(shang)相(xiang)差四、五(wu)度(du)(du)。八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)主奏樂(le)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)高(gao)胡(hu),配以二(er)胡(hu)、揚琴(qin)、三弦組成(cheng)(cheng)四大件。但也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式和曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)牌(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)如(ru)彈頌板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban),就(jiu)只用(yong)(yong)琵琶和古箏,打(da)擊(ji)樂(le)器(qi)(qi)則(ze)配以八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)只用(yong)(yong)揚琴(qin)和八(ba)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鼓(gu)(gu)。
新(xin)城(cheng)戲(xi)音樂整(zheng)體(ti)上以(yi)八角鼓為基礎,吸收(shou)滿(man)族(zu)(zu)民(min)(min)間音樂(滿(man)族(zu)(zu)民(min)(min)歌(ge)、太平鼓等(deng)),以(yi)板式變化為主(zhu),兼用(yong)曲牌。行當以(yi)生(sheng)(小(xiao)生(sheng)、老生(sheng))、旦(dan)(青衣(yi)、花旦(dan))、丑(文(wen)丑)為主(zhu),長于表(biao)現悲歡離合的(de)故(gu)事(shi)情節以(yi)及輕松喜(xi)悅的(de)故(gu)事(shi)。1963年以(yi)后,曾(ceng)編演一(yi)些多(duo)行當的(de)文(wen)武并重的(de)劇(ju)(ju)目。表(biao)演取(qu)京劇(ju)(ju)的(de)唱、做、打兼收(shou)滿(man)族(zu)(zu)民(min)(min)間舞蹈(dao),具有滿(man)族(zu)(zu)歌(ge)舞特色。念白(bai)可以(yi)分為韻白(bai)與散(san)白(bai)兩種。韻白(bai)類似評劇(ju)(ju)的(de)上韻,多(duo)用(yong)于古代(dai)戲(xi)官(guan)宦和才子佳人(ren)。散(san)白(bai)是東北地(di)方語音的(de)說白(bai),多(duo)用(yong)于古代(dai)戲(xi)中(zhong)平民(min)(min)百姓和滑稽(ji)腳(jiao)色。在現代(dai)戲(xi)中(zhong)一(yi)律運用(yong)散(san)白(bai)。
2021年(nian)5月(yue)24日,吉林省松原市申(shen)報的滿族新城(cheng)戲經(jing)國(guo)務院(yuan)批(pi)準列入第五批(pi)國(guo)家級非物質文(wen)化遺產(chan)代(dai)表(biao)性(xing)項目名錄。