【碘和甲(jia)狀腺】加(jia)碘鹽好還是無碘鹽好?碘和甲(jia)狀腺炎、甲(jia)亢的關系
一、碘是制造甲狀腺激素的原料
碘(dian)(dian)(dian)是人體(ti)(ti)必(bi)需的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)微量(liang)(liang)元素,它(ta)在我們身(shen)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)量(liang)(liang)雖然(ran)少到只有50毫克,僅為鐵含(han)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)八十分(fen)(fen)之一(yi),但對(dui)維(wei)持人體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)一(yi)些決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)新陳代謝卻是十分(fen)(fen)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。碘(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系最為密切。甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)具有超強和(he)獨特的(de)(de)(de)攝(she)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li),能(neng)(neng)將食物中(zhong)50%的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)吸收入內,環境中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)放射(she)性(xing)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)也被甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)所吸收。碘(dian)(dian)(dian)在甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)組織(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)比起其(qi)他(ta)(ta)器官和(he)組織(zhi)要(yao)高出(chu)數千(qian)倍。碘(dian)(dian)(dian)是制造(zao)甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)激素的(de)(de)(de)原料,它(ta)對(dui)人體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)就是通過甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)激素來(lai)實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)。甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)激素可以促進(jin)大(da)腦和(he)體(ti)(ti)格的(de)(de)(de)生長發育;維(wei)持人體(ti)(ti)重要(yao)器官的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)和(he)活(huo)力(li)(li),如保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)心率(lv)(lv)在每分(fen)(fen)鐘70次(ci)左右,保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)心肌(ji)收縮的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)量(liang)(liang);維(wei)持身(shen)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)恒溫狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態等,還(huan)與人體(ti)(ti)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)各(ge)種(zhong)組織(zhi)和(he)細胞正常活(huo)動(dong)息息相關(guan)(guan)。我們飲食中(zhong)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)攝(she)入量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)變化,無論是過少還(huan)是過多,都可以直接或(huo)間接影響甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)。當甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)現(xian)疾病,甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)激素的(de)(de)(de)生成異常,就會嚴重危害(hai)人體(ti)(ti)健康(kang)。如甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)激素過多的(de)(de)(de)甲亢(kang)心率(lv)(lv)會很快,甲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)激素減少的(de)(de)(de)甲減心率(lv)(lv)會變慢(man),血壓也會隨之變化,胃腸蠕動(dong)也會相應的(de)(de)(de)過快或(huo)緩慢(man)等等。
二、缺碘會導致呆小癥和大脖子病
碘可以說是(shi)(shi)人(ren)體惟一的(de)(de)智力元素(su),平時(shi)(shi)我們見到的(de)(de)智力低(di)下和先天畸形兒(er)(er)形成的(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin),很多(duo)就是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)缺碘。國際醫學界的(de)(de)檢測結(jie)果顯示,人(ren)類智力的(de)(de)損害(hai)中有(you)80%是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為缺碘導致的(de)(de)。碘在人(ren)的(de)(de)一生(sheng)(sheng)中都起著不(bu)可忽視(shi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用,那么什么時(shi)(shi)段(duan)人(ren)最需要碘呢(ni)?孕期(qi)的(de)(de)前三個(ge)月(yue)是(shi)(shi)胎兒(er)(er)腦(nao)發育(yu)時(shi)(shi)期(qi),同時(shi)(shi)新生(sheng)(sheng)兒(er)(er)0歲到2歲是(shi)(shi)腦(nao)細胞(bao)發育(yu)最快,也是(shi)(shi)最好的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)段(duan),占人(ren)一生(sheng)(sheng)智力發展的(de)(de)90%以上,此時(shi)(shi)碘營養(yang)是(shi)(shi)否正常(chang),決定(ding)著智力發育(yu)的(de)(de)關鍵,若在這時(shi)(shi)缺碘,哪怕是(shi)(shi)輕微缺,都會造成不(bu)同程(cheng)度的(de)(de)智力損害(hai),而這種損害(hai)卻是(shi)(shi)終生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)可逆(ni)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)。兒(er)(er)童碘缺乏引起的(de)(de)甲減(jian),還有(you)一個(ge)明顯的(de)(de)特(te)征就是(shi)(shi)身材特(te)別矮(ai)小(xiao),所以被稱之為“呆小(xiao)癥(zheng)”。
缺碘(dian)(dian)性(xing)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)人(ren)(ren)身上則主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)出現甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺腫大、結(jie)節,即老百姓平時所說的(de)(de)“大脖子病(bing)(bing)”。這種病(bing)(bing)往往有區域(yu)性(xing),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)由于環(huan)境中(zhong)如土壤(rang)、水、食物中(zhong)缺碘(dian)(dian),甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺中(zhong)含(han)碘(dian)(dian)量減少,機體(ti)為(wei)(wei)適用這種缺碘(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態,以維持正常的(de)(de)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺功能而發(fa)生(sheng)代償性(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺腫大。我國曾經是(shi)(shi)缺碘(dian)(dian)性(xing)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)高發(fa)國家之一。為(wei)(wei)了預防碘(dian)(dian)缺乏(fa)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),國家從1994年開(kai)始(shi)實行食鹽加碘(dian)(dian),取得了明顯(xian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)效。現在(zai)(zai)缺碘(dian)(dian)引起(qi)的(de)(de)呆(dai)小癥(zheng)在(zai)(zai)我國已消(xiao)除(chu),地方性(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺腫也(ye)(ye)基本得到控制。相反由其他原因引起(qi)的(de)(de)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)腺病(bing)(bing)卻在(zai)(zai)增加。正因為(wei)(wei)如此(ci),大家對(dui)碘(dian)(dian)缺乏(fa)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)警惕性(xing)放松了。但對(dui)缺碘(dian)(dian)地區和人(ren)(ren)群(qun)來說,光靠其他含(han)碘(dian)(dian)食物補(bu)碘(dian)(dian)難(nan)已保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)體(ti)需求量,胎兒和嬰幼兒將是(shi)(shi)最先受(shou)到危害的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)群(qun),碘(dian)(dian)缺乏(fa)病(bing)(bing)也(ye)(ye)將會(hui)卷(juan)土重來。
三、食物補碘最為可靠和安全
人體的(de)碘80%-90%來源(yuan)于食物和飲(yin)水(shui)。一(yi)般情況下(xia),我們通(tong)過日常飲(yin)食如碘鹽和海產品就能滿足(zu)身體內碘的(de)需(xu)求。普(pu)通(tong)成人每(mei)天(tian)(tian)需(xu)要(yao)約100-150微克碘。我們食用的(de)碘鹽加碘量為20-50mg/kg,即20-50μg/g,按這個標(biao)(biao)準計算,每(mei)天(tian)(tian)吃(chi)4~5克碘鹽,碘的(de)量就已經達標(biao)(biao),吃(chi)得咸的(de)人就有可能超標(biao)(biao)。
有關衛生部門也提出,所謂“服碘超標”與大家飲食中鹽的(de)(de)(de)過量(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)一(yi)定關系。除了碘(dian)鹽(yan)以外,食物中海(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)、肉類、水中都含(han)有(you)一(yi)定量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)元素(su)(su)。特別是(shi)海(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)大多為高碘(dian)食物。海(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)中的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)是(shi)陸地(di)植物的(de)(de)(de)幾倍甚至幾十倍。比如(ru)(ru)我(wo)們吃的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)帶,其碘(dian)含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)每千(qian)克就有(you)10毫克。紫菜、蝦皮等(deng)也(ye)屬于含(han)碘(dian)排(pai)行前列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)食品(pin)。碘(dian)也(ye)可(ke)以隨藥物進入體內。如(ru)(ru)西藥的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)片(pian)、華素(su)(su)片(pian),中藥的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)藻、昆布(bu)、海(hai)(hai)浮石等(deng),做CT等(deng)檢查的(de)(de)(de)造影劑等(deng),都含(han)有(you)一(yi)定量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)。
對普通(tong)百姓來說(shuo),食(shi)用碘(dian)(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)和(he)平時(shi)(shi)食(shi)用一些(xie)海產(chan)是(shi)(shi)補(bu)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)最有效可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法,也是(shi)(shi)我國繼續防治碘(dian)(dian)(dian)缺乏疾(ji)病的(de)基本措施(shi)。除(chu)缺碘(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)重點(dian)地區外,一般地方(fang)(fang)的(de)妊娠和(he)哺乳婦女、嬰幼兒等(deng)特殊人群也是(shi)(shi)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)營養重點(dian)關注的(de)對象。懷孕時(shi)(shi)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求量(liang)比平常要增加50%左右,則(ze)應(ying)適當多吃海產(chan)品來補(bu)充(chong)。孕婦在(zai)補(bu)充(chong)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi),如查尿(niao)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)含量(liang)低于(yu)100微克/升尿(niao),則(ze)要加大碘(dian)(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)攝入或服(fu)用碘(dian)(dian)(dian)丸,但必須(xu)在(zai)醫生的(de)指導下,采(cai)用正確劑量(liang)進行補(bu)充(chong),以防止攝碘(dian)(dian)(dian)過高。由(you)于(yu)中(zhong)老年(nian)婦女是(shi)(shi)甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)疾(ji)病的(de)高發人群,則(ze)不宜吃過多的(de)海帶等(deng)含碘(dian)(dian)(dian)食(shi)物,以免誘發甲狀(zhuang)腺(xian)疾(ji)病。
四、為防高碘,碘鹽在悄然變化
由于我(wo)國(guo)(guo)幅員廣闊(kuo),不(bu)同地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)域之(zhi)間水中(zhong)的(de)含(han)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和居民膳食(shi)結(jie)構不(bu)同,存(cun)在低碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和高(gao)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區差。一(yi)般來(lai)(lai)說,缺(que)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)山區多于平原,內地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)多于沿海。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)高(gao)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區則主要分布在黃河故道(dao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區,原因是當地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)井水碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)含(han)量過(guo)高(gao)。還有的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)屬于非缺(que)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區等等。國(guo)(guo)際上(shang)公認的(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)研(yan)究成果發現,碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)攝(she)(she)入量與甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)疾病的(de)關(guan)系(xi)成U字型的(de)關(guan)系(xi),即(ji)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)攝(she)(she)入量的(de)過(guo)高(gao)與過(guo)低都(dou)會導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)疾病的(de)增加。自從我(wo)國(guo)(guo)實行食(shi)鹽(yan)全部(bu)加碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),缺(que)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)起的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)性甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)腫病人減少,但(dan)對于原來(lai)(lai)的(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)營養狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態充足的(de)人口來(lai)(lai)說,就存(cun)在著碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)量的(de)危(wei)險。碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)量可以導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)對健康(kang)不(bu)良影響,包(bao)括(kuo)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)致(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)功(gong)能亢進癥(zheng)和自身免疫甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)(xian)病等。進年(nian)來(lai)(lai),“能不(bu)能吃碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)?”、“高(gao)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區陪吃碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)”等一(yi)度成為老(lao)百姓(xing)熱議的(de)話題(ti)。
其(qi)實(shi),為(wei)了防(fang)止(zhi)補碘(dian)(dian)過量,國(guo)(guo)(guo)家已(yi)(yi)采取了因地制宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政策,我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)從2000年(nian)起就已(yi)(yi)下調了碘(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)濃度標準,鹽(yan)(yan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)含(han)量已(yi)(yi)悄(qiao)然(ran)“瘦身”。而(er)且,在(zai)(zai)(zai)上海市等非(fei)碘(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)缺(que)乏(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)流行(xing)區開始供應無(wu)碘(dian)(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)衛生部門也組織專家進(jin)行(xing)了大(da)量調查,認為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食鹽(yan)(yan)加碘(dian)(dian)屬于安(an)全(quan)范圍。中國(guo)(guo)(guo)營養學會制定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《中國(guo)(guo)(guo)居(ju)民膳食營養素參考攝(she)入量》里,碘(dian)(dian)營養素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高攝(she)入量為(wei)每天(tian)800毫(hao)克(ke),攝(she)入量在(zai)(zai)(zai)這一數字以下都(dou)是(shi)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如北京(jing)地區居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)進(jin)食量平均在(zai)(zai)(zai)每天(tian)300毫(hao)克(ke)左右(you)。現在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)論是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)還是(shi)全(quan)世界,甲狀(zhuang)腺疾病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發病(bing)(bing)(bing)率(lv)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)增加,其(qi)原(yuan)因是(shi)多方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。當然(ran),我(wo)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)防(fang)治碘(dian)(dian)缺(que)乏(fa)疾病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,一定要摒棄“補碘(dian)(dian)寧多勿(wu)少(shao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤觀(guan)點。
五、甲狀腺疾病患者不宜補碘
高碘可(ke)誘發甲(jia)(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺疾病(bing)如甲(jia)(jia)(jia)亢(kang)、慢性甲(jia)(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺炎、甲(jia)(jia)(jia)減、甚(shen)至甲(jia)(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺癌。已有(you)這些疾病(bing)的(de)患者(zhe)多(duo)食(shi)含碘類食(shi)物也可(ke)加重疾病(bing)發展。因此甲(jia)(jia)(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺疾病(bing)患者(zhe)平時不宜多(duo)吃含碘食(shi)物,特別是甲(jia)(jia)(jia)亢(kang)患者(zhe),更要嚴(yan)格低(di)碘飲食(shi)。
甲狀腺制(zhi)造甲狀腺激素(su)首先(xian)必須把血(xue)液中(zhong)的(de)碘(dian)濃聚,平時可將血(xue)液中(zhong)的(de)碘(dian)濃聚25-50倍(bei),甲亢(kang)(kang)(kang)時可達350倍(bei)以上,生成釋放更多的(de)甲狀腺激素(su)導致(zhi)甲亢(kang)(kang)(kang)加重。醫學上將高(gao)碘(dian)引起的(de)甲亢(kang)(kang)(kang)稱(cheng)為“碘(dian)甲亢(kang)(kang)(kang)”。
在最近衛(wei)生(sheng)部公布的使用碘制劑(ji)預防核輻(fu)射的指導意(yi)見中,就列出了8種甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)相關疾病不宜使用。特別值得注意(yi)的事,古代中醫治療甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)腫(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)的方藥(yao)如(ru)(ru)海藻(zao)(zao)、昆布、四海舒郁丸、海藻(zao)(zao)玉(yu)壺湯中,都(dou)含(han)有大(da)(da)量含(han)碘植(zhi)物,只適宜缺碘性(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)腫(zhong)(zhong)這(zhe)種類型,民間(jian)習用的甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)病多(duo)吃海帶也(ye)同樣如(ru)(ru)此。日本(ben)人也(ye)發現攝入高碘食物海藻(zao)(zao),每天200毫克以后(hou),就有10%的人發生(sheng)了碘誘發的甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)腫(zhong)(zhong)。我國醫學界(jie)學者(zhe)對慢(man)性(xing)甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)炎患者(zhe)的甲(jia)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)腺(xian)功能(neng)進行調查(cha)也(ye)發現,高碘飲(yin)食患者(zhe)容易發生(sheng)甲(jia)減。
補碘小貼士:
1、普(pu)通人群進(jin)食碘(dian)鹽(yan)和日常飲食即可(ke)達(da)到碘(dian)營(ying)養的要(yao)求標準。
2、缺碘地區(qu)和妊娠(shen)婦女(nv)、嬰幼兒二(er)大人群要(yao)多(duo)補碘,多(duo)吃高碘食物。
3、甲(jia)狀腺病患者、中老年(nian)婦女不宜(yi)多食含碘(dian)食物和藥物。