寺廟歷史
顯(xian)通寺(si)始建(jian)于東漢明(ming)帝永平(ping)(ping)年間(公元(yuan)58年-公元(yuan)75年),相傳白馬(ma)寺(si)建(jian)成以后(hou),兩位天(tian)竺(zhu)高(gao)僧(seng)邇葉(xie)摩騰、竺(zhu)法蘭從洛陽(yang)來到五臺(tai)山(shan)(shan),建(jian)起(qi)了這(zhe)座寺(si)院,取名(ming)大(da)(da)孚(fu)靈鷺寺(si),世稱“中國第二(er)古寺(si)”,它與洛陽(yang)白馬(ma)寺(si)同為中國最早的(de)寺(si)廟之一;2003-2004年9月,再次改(gai)擴建(jian)工程完工,新建(jian)的(de)大(da)(da)雄寶殿建(jian)筑面積(ji)達999平(ping)(ping)方米1982年,列入(ru)全國重點文物保護(hu)單位,后(hou)并入(ru)五臺(tai)山(shan)(shan)古建(jian)筑群。
建筑布局
在全寺(si)中軸線上(shang),寺(si)前銅塔聳立(li),七重殿(dian)(dian)宇布從南到北(bei),依次為觀(guan)音(yin)殿(dian)(dian)、大文(wen)殊殿(dian)(dian)、大雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)(dian)、無(wu)量殿(dian)(dian)、千(qian)缽文(wen)殊殿(dian)(dian)、銅殿(dian)(dian)、藏經樓,此(ci)外,還有鐘(zhong)樓、僧舍和各(ge)種配殿(dian)(dian)。
顯(xian)通(tong)寺的(de)(de)大(da)雄(xiong)寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)舉(ju)行佛(fo)事(shi)活動主(zhu)要場所(suo),是(shi)(shi)顯(xian)通(tong)寺的(de)(de)第三重大(da)殿(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)供著(zhu)三尊佛(fo)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang):中是(shi)(shi)釋迦牟尼(ni)佛(fo),西是(shi)(shi)阿(a)彌陀(tuo)佛(fo),東是(shi)(shi)藥(yao)師(shi)佛(fo);兩旁有十八羅漢(han)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)背后有觀(guan)音(yin)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、普賢三尊菩(pu)(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。觀(guan)音(yin)殿(dian)(dian)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei),中間供著(zhu)觀(guan)音(yin)菩(pu)(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),左右供著(zhu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)普賢菩(pu)(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。大(da)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)殿(dian)(dian),是(shi)(shi)顯(xian)通(tong)寺的(de)(de)第二重大(da)殿(dian)(dian)。大(da)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei),供著(zhu)七尊文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)菩(pu)(pu)薩像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang):正中的(de)(de)為(wei)大(da)智文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);前(qian)面(mian)的(de)(de)五位,從左至右,依次為(wei)西臺(tai)獅子文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),南臺(tai)智慧文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),中臺(tai)孺者文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),北臺(tai)無垢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),東臺(tai)聰(cong)明文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu);大(da)智文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)后面(mian)是(shi)(shi)甘露文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)前(qian)有護(hu)法神韋馱像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),兩側有十八羅漢(han)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。
寺內建筑
銅殿
銅殿高(gao)8.3米,寬(kuan)4.7米,深(shen)4.5米,用銅10萬斤鑄成的(de)。殿建平面見(jian)方(fang),寬(kuan)9尺,深(shen)8尺,高(gao)丈余,外(wai)觀兩層(ceng),內為一室(shi),四(si)(si)角四(si)(si)柱(zhu),柱(zhu)礎似鼓(gu)。殿內上層(ceng)四(si)(si)面6扇門,下面四(si)(si)面八扇門,殿內四(si)(si)壁(bi)上有小(xiao)佛(fo)萬尊,金光閃閃,灼灼照人。殿內四(si)(si)壁(bi)鑄滿了佛(fo)像,號稱萬佛(fo);殿中央(yang)供(gong)奉著高(gao)3尺的(de)銅佛(fo)。
銅(tong)殿是在(zai)明代萬歷三十(shi)七(qi)年(公元1609年)萬歷皇帝母親李(li)太(tai)后(hou)之師妙峰(feng)和(he)(he)尚(shang),集全國13省市(shi)布施,先后(hou)鑄成三座銅(tong)殿,一置峨眉山,一置南京寶華山,一置五臺(tai)山。三個銅(tong)殿均在(zai)湖北省荊州澆鑄,運(yun)至現場組裝,如今僅存五臺(tai)山這一座了。銅(tong)殿方形,外觀(guan)重檐兩層,高約5米,四周隔(ge)扇上欞(ling)花圖案和(he)(he)壺門花鳥裝飾。
內壁四面鑄滿小(xiao)佛(fo)萬(wan)尊,中央臺(tai)上端坐一尊大(da)(da)佛(fo),故稱“萬(wan)佛(fo)如來”,殿前原有同期鑄造銅塔(ta)(ta)五座(zuo)(zuo),按東(dong)西(xi)(xi)南北中方位布置,象征五座(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)頂,可惜在日(ri)(ri)本(ben)侵(qin)華期間,被日(ri)(ri)本(ben)侵(qin)略者(zhe)盜走了(le)三(san)座(zuo)(zuo),僅東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩座(zuo)(zuo)原塔(ta)(ta)尚存(cun)。塔(ta)(ta)有13層,高8米,塔(ta)(ta)身滿鑄佛(fo)像圖案(an),底座(zuo)(zuo)正方形,四角各鑄一尊力士,手托,肩扛或(huo)頭(tou)頂塔(ta)(ta)身。兩塔(ta)(ta)下(xia)西(xi)(xi)南角有大(da)(da)如拇指的小(xiao)銅廟(miao),內坐小(xiao)指大(da)(da)的土地像。后又以(yi)鐵補鑄三(san)座(zuo)(zuo)塔(ta)(ta)立于原處。銅殿、銅塔(ta)(ta)皆(jie)飾以(yi)金箔。
藏經殿
銅(tong)(tong)殿兩旁(pang)又各(ge)有一座潔白小巧的重(zhong)檐磚(zhuan)殿。最(zui)高層的藏經殿,俗稱后(hou)殿,原放藏經,已辟為(wei)文(wen)物陳(chen)列室(shi)。其中手工藝(yi)品(pin)有北魏孝(xiao)文(wen)帝時黃金(jin)鎮(zhen)風(feng)印和(he)銅(tong)(tong)鑄旃檀佛,南北朝的石(shi)雕觀音和(he)脅(xie)侍瑪薩,清代燒制的濟公和(he)尚瓷像、蘇(su)武(wu)牧羊花(hua)瓶、木雕善財童子和(he)觀音,銅(tong)(tong)鑄劉海戲金(jin)蟾(chan)和(he)四十八臂觀音,以及(ji)水晶塔、銀塔和(he)各(ge)色景泰藍供件等。
書(shu)畫有北宋(song)開(kai)寶年(nian)問印刷(shua)的(de)(de)(de)雷鋒(feng)塔(ta)藏經(jing)(jing),元初趙子(zi)昂夫婦畫的(de)(de)(de)馬和觀(guan)音,明沈周繪(hui)的(de)(de)(de)關云長,明丁云鵬在小小的(de)(de)(de)菩(pu)提葉(xie)上(shang)(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)八羅漢等。最尊(zun)貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)要數原奉供五(wu)臺碧(bi)山(shan)寺,顯通寺文物陳列內展(zhan)出的(de)(de)(de)華嚴經(jing)(jing)字(zi)塔(ta)。字(zi)塔(ta)長l丈7尺,寬5尺,由白(bai)綾和黃綾裱(biao)糊而成(cheng),上(shang)(shang)書(shu)《華嚴經(jing)(jing)》80卷,計600043字(zi)。綾上(shang)(shang)寫(xie)字(zi)不算奇(qi),奇(qi)的(de)(de)(de)是用(yong)一部經(jing)(jing)文正好組成(cheng)了一幅寶塔(ta)圖案。遠望象(xiang)是綾上(shang)(shang)用(yong)工筆畫的(de)(de)(de)七級高塔(ta),塔(ta)身嵌以(yi)樓(lou)閣佛(fo)像(xiang),飛檐吊以(yi)風鐘,塔(ta)邊(bian)飾以(yi)花卉(hui),十(shi)分形象(xiang)。蓮花的(de)(de)(de)細莖(jing),風鐘的(de)(de)(de)吊繩,佛(fo)像(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)眉(mei)毛,都是一行(xing)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)小字(zi)。華嚴經(jing)(jing)字(zi)塔(ta)系清康熙年(nian)間蘇州三(san)寶弟子(zi)許(xu)德心用(yong)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)功夫書(shu)成(cheng)。
無量殿
五臺山(shan)顯(xian)通(tong)寺無量殿(dian)分上(shang)下兩層,明七間(jian)(jian)暗三間(jian)(jian),仿木結構,面(mian)寬28.2米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深16米(mi)(mi),高(gao)20.3米(mi)(mi),重檐歇山(shan)頂,磚(zhuan)(zhuan)券而成,三個連續拱并列(lie),左右山(shan)墻成為拱腳,各間(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)依靠開(kai)拱門聯(lian)系(xi),雕刻(ke)精(jing)湛(zhan),是中國(guo)古代磚(zhuan)(zhuan)石建筑藝術的杰作。外(wai)檐磚(zhuan)(zhuan)刻(ke)斗栱花(hua)卉,內雕藻(zao)井懸空,形似(si)花(hua)蓋(gai)寶頂,殿(dian)內供有無量佛。
殿內保存的(de)《華嚴經(jing)》字塔(ta),屬(shu)稀世珍寶,塔(ta)是由長(chang)5.7米、寬1.7米的(de)白綾(ling)組成(cheng)一幅七層寶塔(ta)圖像,回(hui)欄曲檻,斗(dou)栱華檐(yan),白綾(ling)上用(yong)蠅頭(tou)小楷寫《華嚴經(jing)》八十(shi)卷,共有600043字,它是康(kang)熙年間(jian)蘇州人許德(de)興用(yong)十(shi)二(er)年的(de)時間(jian)寫成(cheng)的(de)。無量殿正面每層有七個閣洞,閣洞上嵌有磚雕匾額,有的(de)題“普光(guang)明殿”,有的(de)題“法菩提場”,有的(de)題“逝多(duo)園林(lin)”等(deng)。
大佛殿
大(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)殿重建于(yu)清光緒二十五(wu)年(nian)(公元(yuan)1899年(nian)),系木結構(gou)建筑(zhu)。大(da)(da)雄寶(bao)(bao)殿,是(shi)舉辦盛大(da)(da)佛(fo)(fo)事(shi)活動(dong)的(de)(de)場(chang)所。此殿占地一畝(mu)二分(fen),高(gao)大(da)(da)肅穆。殿內正(zheng)前方的(de)(de)橫梁上,高(gao)懸康(kang)熙御筆(bi)“真如權應”木匾,下面條幅橫懸,兩旁錦幡(fan)垂(chui)掛。殿臺上,并列主(zhu)佛(fo)(fo)三(san)尊(zun),中間是(shi)釋迦牟尼佛(fo)(fo),東(dong)面是(shi)藥師佛(fo)(fo),西面是(shi)阿彌陀佛(fo)(fo),殿墻兩側是(shi)十八羅漢,均為明(ming)、清雕塑。佛(fo)(fo)前的(de)(de)地面十分(fen)寬敞,經(jing)(jing)案上佛(fo)(fo)燈高(gao)照(zhao),寶(bao)(bao)鼎(ding)焚香,擺(bai)著(zhu)(zhu)各(ge)色供果,敬有美麗鮮花。東(dong)面的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)案頭,還(huan)擺(bai)著(zhu)(zhu)鼓、磬、鐺(dang)、木魚等(deng)佛(fo)(fo)家樂器。不(bu)僅本寺僧(seng)人(ren)在這(zhe)座殿內做早晚功課,每逢大(da)(da)的(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)事(shi)活動(dong)日(ri),由五(wu)臺山(shan)佛(fo)(fo)教協(xie)會主(zhu)持,各(ge)寺廟的(de)(de)僧(seng)尼都要身披袈裟,匯集到這(zhe)里舉行禮(li)佛(fo)(fo)儀式。
文殊殿
大文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)殿是(shi)(shi)顯通(tong)(tong)寺(si)的(de)第二重大殿。重建于1746年(清乾(qian)隆11年),系木結構建筑。五臺(tai)(tai)山是(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)菩薩(sa)的(de)道場,各(ge)寺(si)廟均以供(gong)(gong)奉文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)菩薩(sa)為主。自然(ran)顯通(tong)(tong)寺(si)也(ye)不例外(wai)。所不同(tong)的(de)是(shi)(shi),顯通(tong)(tong)寺(si)的(de)大文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)殿內,供(gong)(gong)著七尊文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)菩薩(sa)像:正中(zhong)的(de)為大智(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu);前面(mian)的(de)五位,從左至右,依次為西臺(tai)(tai)獅子(zi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu),南臺(tai)(tai)智(zhi)慧文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu),中(zhong)臺(tai)(tai)孺者文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu),北臺(tai)(tai)無垢文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu),東臺(tai)(tai)聰(cong)明文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu);大智(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)后面(mian)是(shi)(shi)甘露文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)。此(ci)外(wai),文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)像前有(you)(you)護(hu)法神韋(wei)馱(tuo)像,兩側(ce)有(you)(you)十八羅(luo)漢(han)像。大雄(xiong)寶殿是(shi)(shi)顯通(tong)(tong)寺(si)的(de)第三重大殿,殿內供(gong)(gong)著三世佛像:中(zhong)為釋迦牟尼佛,西為阿彌陀佛,東為藥師佛;兩旁(pang)有(you)(you)十八羅(luo)漢(han)像;背(bei)后有(you)(you)觀音(yin)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)殊(shu)(shu)(shu)、普賢(xian)三尊菩薩(sa)像。
寺廟評價
顯通寺(si)是(shi)五臺山(shan)建立的(de)第(di)一座佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)寺(si)院,是(shi)五臺山(shan)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)發源(yuan)地和發展中心,其發展歷史不(bu)僅見證了中國(guo)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)發展的(de)歷程,而且(qie)是(shi)五臺山(shan)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)縮影,同時(shi)也是(shi)研究(jiu)中國(guo)北方佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)活標(biao)本。寺(si)內除文(wen)物建筑(zhu)本體外,還保存(cun)有豐富(fu)的(de)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)藝(yi)術珍品,蘊藏著極(ji)為豐富(fu)的(de)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵,具有較高的(de)歷史、科(ke)學(xue)和藝(yi)術價值。(五臺山(shan)宗教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)物部門評)
旅游貼士
交通
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