龍(long)檔由“板凳龍(long)”發展(zhan)而來,用(yong)木頭制(zhi)作成凳形(xing)的(de)龍(long)身,多節聯結(jie)成一條木板龍(long)身,它是浙南樂清地(di)區(qu)別具地(di)方特色的(de)傳統工藝美(mei)術之(zhi)一,也是江南人民長期以(yi)來進行自(zi)娛自(zi)樂的(de)一種民間文(wen)化活(huo)動形(xing)式。
樂(le)(le)清龍(long)檔歷(li)史(shi)悠久,元(yuan)大德(de)年間撰修的《樂(le)(le)清縣(xian)志》曾對樂(le)(le)清城(cheng)鄉元(yuan)宵(xiao)節活(huo)動有過生動的描寫(xie):“里社笙歌達(da)旦,通衢剪彩,與眾共(gong)賞,與民(min)同樂(le)(le)。”“火樹光騰城(cheng)不夜,銀花(hua)焰吐景長(chang)春。”樂(le)(le)清龍(long)檔據傳(chuan)始于明代,至(zhi)今(jin)已有500多年歷(li)史(shi)。
明代姜淮(huai)所著(zhu)《歧海瑣談(tan)》記載(zai),當時樂(le)清(qing)就有(you)盛(sheng)傳“村落糊楮,像龍(long)首(shou)(shou)尾,裁(cai)版為(wei)身(shen),機轉轆(lu)轤,篝燈于上,從(cong)以金鼓,沿門索(suo)賞,謂(wei)之龍(long)船燈。”首(shou)(shou)飾龍(long)制(zhi)作技藝是浙江南部溫州地區樂(le)清(qing)境內一種獨(du)特(te)的(de)民(min)間工藝,目前主(zhu)要集中(zhong)在樂(le)清(qing)市北白(bai)象鎮、柳(liu)市鎮等西(xi)鄉(xiang)一帶。樂(le)清(qing)古老的(de)吳越民(min)俗(su)遺存、濃(nong)郁的(de)海洋(yang)文(wen)化氣息和(he)商貿文(wen)化特(te)色(se),獨(du)特(te)的(de)地理位(wei)置(zhi)和(he)文(wen)化背(bei)景是首(shou)(shou)飾龍(long)制(zhi)作技藝誕生的(de)基礎。樂(le)清(qing)首(shou)(shou)飾龍(long)因其具有(you)獨(du)特(te)的(de)民(min)俗(su)文(wen)化價(jia)值和(he)極強(qiang)的(de)觀賞性(xing),一直受到當地群眾(zhong)的(de)喜愛。每年元宵節前后,樂(le)清(qing)各地都會舉(ju)行盛(sheng)大的(de)首(shou)(shou)飾龍(long)游行活動,人們期望首(shou)(shou)飾龍(long)能帶來風調雨順(shun)、五谷豐(feng)登。
“火(huo)樹光騰城不夜,銀花焰吐景長春(chun)。”樂(le)清西鄉(xiang)一(yi)(yi)帶有(you)著劃龍(long)船的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)習俗,一(yi)(yi)般都是正月(yue)(yue)初八上(shang)燈,正月(yue)(yue)十七(qi)光燈,而龍(long)檔(dang)正月(yue)(yue)初一(yi)(yi)就(jiu)開始拼裝。龍(long)檔(dang)隨著龍(long)船出游(you),鑼鼓開道,吹吹打(da)打(da),好(hao)不熱(re)鬧。翁垟鎮雪灣(wan)村的(de)木雕龍(long)檔(dang)始制作(zuo)于光緒四(si)年(1878年),至今已(yi)有(you)131年的(de)歷史(shi),由于年代久遠,它的(de)最早雕刻(ke)者已(yi)經無從考證。后幾(ji)經修復(fu)。
1952年以后相繼開展破除迷信(xin)和破四舊等運動(dong),村里(li)(li)不再劃龍(long)船(chuan),該龍(long)檔(dang)也被束(shu)之高閣,分(fen)別(bie)存放在村里(li)(li)兩戶(hu)大戶(hu)人家(jia)的樓閣上(shang)(shang)。也正因如此,在文化(hua)大革(ge)命年代紅衛(wei)兵到處(chu)抄家(jia)時,這條龍(long)檔(dang)才(cai)躲(duo)過了(le)一劫,被保(bao)存了(le)下來(lai)。據(ju)村民李希勤(qin)介紹,上(shang)(shang)世紀七十年代末,村里(li)(li)請樂(le)清(qing)龍(long)檔(dang)雕(diao)刻名家(jia)鄭祥奎、鄭勝存2人修復該龍(long)檔(dang)時,重新雕(diao)刻配置了(le)全(quan)部(bu)檔(dang)鑲人物雕(diao)刻和部(bu)分(fen)其(qi)他部(bu)位及(ji)有關配件(jian)。中(zhong)央(yang)電視臺來(lai)樂(le)清(qing)市拍(pai)攝(she)“千年古(gu)縣”時,這條古(gu)老(lao)龍(long)檔(dang)就(jiu)吸(xi)引了(le)他們的目光,被搬(ban)上(shang)(shang)央(yang)視的熒屏。
2007年,首飾(shi)(shi)(shi)龍制(zhi)作(zuo)技(ji)藝成功(gong)申報第(di)二批浙江省非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺產項(xiang)目。2007年9月(yue),樂(le)清首飾(shi)(shi)(shi)龍在(zai)(zai)“中(zhong)國非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺產保(bao)護成果展(zhan)”中(zhong)展(zhan)出(chu);2007年12月(yue)被(bei)中(zhong)國藝術研究(jiu)院收藏。當前(qian),樂(le)清有2家專業(ye)的首飾(shi)(shi)(shi)龍制(zhi)作(zuo)基地。該項(xiang)目價(jia)值重大,技(ji)藝難學,藝人(ren)年紀(ji)漸增,保(bao)護迫在(zai)(zai)眉睫。
樂(le)清龍檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)取(qu)材(cai)選用(yong)(yong)樟樹(shu)與田(tian)泥(ni)(ni)樹(shu),樟木雕刻檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)頭、檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)尾(wei)、檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)鑲(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)和(he)牌坊(fang)以及(ji)(ji)亭臺(tai)樓閣(ge),用(yong)(yong)田(tian)泥(ni)(ni)樹(shu)制(zhi)作檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、大檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)背(bei)、小(xiao)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)背(bei)和(he)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)柄。龍檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)一般長(chang)20至40米,把樟木和(he)田(tian)泥(ni)(ni)樹(shu)用(yong)(yong)木工(gong)(gong)(gong)鋸鋸成(cheng)塊形(xing)或扁方長(chang)形(xing)的板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)料(liao),再按(an)規格定(ding)好檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)背(bei)和(he)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的木料(liao),接著對(dui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)料(liao)按(an)規格加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)背(bei),并對(dui)塊料(liao)進行選題(ti)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)(如戲(xi)劇人(ren)(ren)物(wu)、三國、神話故(gu)(gu)事等題(ti)材(cai))。檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)背(bei)和(he)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間配好檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)鑲(xiang)(xiang)材(cai)料(liao),每個檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)鑲(xiang)(xiang)上定(ding)好各個歷史故(gu)(gu)事人(ren)(ren)物(wu),每個檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上有(you)猛獸,還有(you)故(gu)(gu)事人(ren)(ren)物(wu)上的旗桿(gan)斗。檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)頭和(he)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)尾(wei)配上亭臺(tai)樓閣(ge)及(ji)(ji)牌坊(fang),亭臺(tai)樓閣(ge)內又有(you)歷史人(ren)(ren)物(wu)和(he)活動的情節。檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)背(bei)、檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采用(yong)(yong)浮雕山水花鳥和(he)人(ren)(ren)物(wu)故(gu)(gu)事題(ti)材(cai)。整個雕刻完工(gong)(gong)(gong)后還要油漆加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、色彩(cai)描(miao)繪,整條龍檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)一律漆上朱紅,貼上金箔或紅、黃、藍(lan)、綠(lv)、紫各種色彩(cai)。最(zui)后把燈籠(long)(long)放置(zhi)在檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)中間,在游(you)行時點亮燈籠(long)(long),就顯(xian)出其(qi)玲(ling)瓏剔透、金碧(bi)輝煌的氣勢。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)出游時,彩旗燈牌鑼鼓開(kai)道,長竿燈籠引路,首飾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)其中,樂(le)清(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)隨后,末(mo)尾鼓樂(le)隊(dui)吹(chui)吹(chui)打打,一(yi)派“火樹銀花滿(man)街舞(wu)(wu)”的(de)盛景。整(zheng)條樂(le)清(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)由身強力壯的(de)青年背(bei)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang),每人身穿武功服,戴頭巾(jin),腳步合著(zhu)鑼鼓的(de)節奏(zou)邁(mai)進,顯得英姿勃(bo)勃(bo)。當樂(le)清(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)游行(xing)(xing)(xing)到指定地點,那(nei)里早已擺好香案,貢上(shang)祀品,點燃鞭(bian)炮(pao),迎接龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)隊(dui)伍的(de)到來。先由龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)在(zai)寬(kuan)闊(kuo)的(de)場地表演舞(wu)(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),幾十人扛(kang)著(zhu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)加(jia)快(kuai)步伐(fa),一(yi)會(hui)兒扛(kang)著(zhu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)卷(juan)圈式,一(yi)會(hui)兒波浪式跑動。而后龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)停在(zai)香案邊,讓群眾觀(guan)賞,并由游龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)隊(dui)伍里的(de)唱師在(zai)香案前唱賀詞。行(xing)(xing)(xing)罷禮儀,主人要(yao)(yao)放(fang)鞭(bian)炮(pao)歡送樂(le)清(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)出游。到了正(zheng)月十七(qi)落燈之夜,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)和(he)樂(le)清(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)本(ben)村各條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)和(he)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)能夠游行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)路上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)遍,這在(zai)本(ben)地被稱為“十七(qi)夜收傷”(有降魔伏(fu)妖之意),然后把竹(zhu)篾紙(zhi)糊成(cheng)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船(chuan)燒掉,以保一(yi)方平安。
樂(le)清龍(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)這一(yi)民(min)間(jian)燈彩游藝活動,除(chu)了(le)(le)老百姓用來(lai)娛(yu)樂(le)消(xiao)閑外,還包(bao)含(han)著人們的美好(hao)愿望(wang)——用樟木等(deng)制(zhi)作龍(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)來(lai)消(xiao)災辟邪保平安。每年(nian)正(zheng)月(yue)初(chu)十(上(shang)(shang)(shang)燈)至十七(qi)夜落燈(一(yi)般都(dou)是在正(zheng)月(yue)初(chu)七(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)燈,但有(you)的初(chu)二就開始上(shang)(shang)(shang)燈,樂(le)清龍(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang)提前上(shang)(shang)(shang)燈,是為了(le)(le)延(yan)長燈節的活動期限),而(er)后(hou)各(ge)村都(dou)拉出自己的龍(long)(long)檔(dang)(dang),匯集(ji)于一(yi)起相媲美,逐漸(jian)成為民(min)眾進行民(min)間(jian)文化娛(yu)樂(le)的活動形式。